Selenium and sulfur have similar chemical structures. This allows Se to be absorbed and incorporated in the same assimilation pathways as S. Onions (Allium cepa L.) are a crop with unique S metabolism, responsible for growth and flavor intensity. Because of the antagonistic behavior of the two ions, the effects of Se on S and Se nutrient depletion and tissue accumulation were investigated. `Granex 33' onions were grown in nutrient solutions with one concentration of S and increasing Se concentrations. Selenium was applied as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg\uffc2\uffb7L-1. Selenium depletion from the nutrient solution increased linearly with increasing Na2SeO4 treatment concentrations. Sulfur depletion increased and then decreased with increasing Na2SeO4 treatment concentrations. Selenium and S accumulation were highest in leaf tissues, less in root tissues, and lowest in bulb tissues at plant maturity. Selenium accumulation increased linearly with increasing Na2SeO4 for all tissues analyzed. Sulfur accumulation in leaf and bulb tissues was quadratic in response to increasing SeO4-2, while S in root tissues decreased linearly with increasing Na2SeO4. Low concentrations of Na2SeO4 in our study enhanced S uptake and accumulation. Previously, Se was thought to competitively inhibit S uptake and metabolism.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dean A. Kopsell, William M. Randle,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.5.721"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20American%20Society%20for%20Horticultural%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.21273/jashs.122.5.721", "name": "item", "description": "10.21273/jashs.122.5.721", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.21273/jashs.122.5.721"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj13.0367", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-29", "title": "Management Of Furrow Irrigation And Nitrogen Application On Summer Maize", "description": "The efficient use of water and N represents a primary concern to agricultural production in Northwest China. The objective of this study was to assess the impacts of irrigation and fertilization on water and N use, soil volatilized NH3, soil NO3 leaching, and NO3 transfer in soil profiles. A 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment was conducted to assess the separation of N fertilizer and water with alternating furrow irrigation (SNWAFI) and conventional irrigation and fertilization (CIF) in a maize (Zea mays L.) production system. The yields with SNWAFI were 10 to 16% greater than with CIF. Compared with CIF, SNWAFI increased water use efficiencies (WUEs) by 13 to 33%, agronomic efficiency of fertilizer N by 36 to 56%, and NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the upper soil layers (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9360 cm) by 30 to 60%. However, SNWAFI reduced NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the deeper soil layers (60\uffe2\uff80\uff93200 cm) by 8 to 44% compared with CIF. The use of SNWAFI also decreased soil NH3 emission with the combination with lower irrigation (40 mm) and N rate (100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), which indicated that SNWAFI emitted less soil NH3 than CIF. Therefore, compared with CIF, SNWAFI increased maize yield WUE and N use efficiency, reduced N leaching, and curtailed soil NH3 loss with appropriate irrigation and N rates. The use of SNWAFI, leading to better spatial management of irrigation water and N application, can provide both agronomic and environmental benefits.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yang Yang, Chunju Zhou, Linquan Wang, Na Li, Yu-Xian Shangguan, Kun Han, Kun Han, Liang Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0367"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj13.0367", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj13.0367", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj13.0367"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0059", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-07-07", "title": "Phosphorus Availability And Sorption As Affected By Long-Term Fertilization", "description": "Udic Ferrosols derived from the red clay of the Quaternary are characterized by a high P sorption capacity (PSC) and low P availability, which are mostly correlated with various inorganic phosphate (Pi) fractions that exist in soils. However, the direct cause and effect relationships between Pi and PSC or available P (Olsen P) can't be explained by a simple correlation analysis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine which Pi fraction exerts the greatest influence on the PSC and Olsen P. A total of 21 soil samples collected from seven fertilizer treatments and with different available P contents and P adsorption capacities were obtained from a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilization experiment in Liujiazhan, Jiangxi Province, China. The PSC can be represented using the phosphate sorption index (PSI), so the PSI was determined for all samples by a single\uffe2\uff80\uff90point sorption method. Additionally, Pi fractions were determined according to Chang and Jackson's method. Multiple regression analysis and path analysis were used to discuss the direction and degree of influence of Pi on Olsen P or PSI. The results showed that various inorganic phosphates were positively correlated with Olsen P and negatively correlated with PSI. Nevertheless, only the Al phosphate (Al\uffe2\uff80\uff90P) and Fe phosphate (Fe\uffe2\uff80\uff90P) fractions were stable influential factors and critical intermediates for other inorganic phosphates\uffe2\uff80\uff99 effects on Olsen P. Significant linear positive correlations existed between the Al\uffe2\uff80\uff90P/Fe\uffe2\uff80\uff90P ratio and Olsen P, and changes in the Al\uffe2\uff80\uff90P/Fe\uffe2\uff80\uff90P ratio of red soils is an important indicator of soil P availability.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0059"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0059", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0059", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0059"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0171", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-06", "title": "Pig Slurry Residual Effects On Maize Yields And Nitrate Leaching: A Study In Lysimeters", "description": "Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) slurry (PS) is often applied year after year to the same fields, and its residual effects under Mediterranean conditions are not well understood. This study assessed the residual effects of PS combined with inorganic N fertilizer, on irrigated monoculture maize (Zea maysL.) yields and nitrate leaching. Grain yield and nitrate leaching in the fifth year were compared to those obtained with several N fertilizer rates (0, 180, 240, and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Previous PS applications resulted in N fertilizer replacement values that ranged from 226 to 306 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The N budget in the fifth year indicated that there had been additional uncontrolled mineral N inputs in the PS treatments in comparison to mineral N treatments. These inputs were presumed to be associated with the residual effect of PS treatments applied during the previous 4 yr. In Mediterranean environments cumulative mineralization of repeated PS applications should be considered when making fertilizer recommendations. Nitrate leaching did not differ between the treatment with the lowest PS rate (30 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and the fertilization rate of 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, while higher PS rates increased nitrate leaching. Pig slurry rates above 30 to 40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921are not environmentally sustainable in Mediterranean agricultural systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0171"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0171", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0171", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0171"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0335", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-10", "description": "Increasing water and N use efficiency and lowering environmental pollution are primary concerns for both agricultural production and environmental quality in northwestern China. A 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment was conducted to assess and model the effects of irrigation, N, and plant density on maize (Zea mays L.) when N fertilizer and irrigation were separated in an alternating furrow irrigation system. Regression modeling (a ternary quadratic equation) showed that N fertilization positively affected yield, water use efficiency, N uptake, soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N, and NH3 volatilization. Irrigation improved yield, N uptake, and increased soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the deeper soil layer (0.6\uffe2\uff80\uff932.0 m) but reduced water use efficiency, NH3 volatilization, and soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 0.6\uffe2\uff80\uff90m soil layer. Planting density positively affected yield, water use efficiency, and N uptake but negatively influenced NH3 volatilization and soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N. The combination of 255 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N fertilizer, 100 mm of irrigation water, and 59,467 plants ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2010 and 245 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N fertilizer, 98 mm of irrigation water, and 58,376 plants ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2011 resulted in maximum income for maize yield (7245 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2010 and 6972 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2011). However, environmental and agronomic objectives did not match. Specifically, the combination of N, irrigation rate, and plant density with maximum yield increased N leaching and NH3 losses, whereas the combination lowering environmental pollution due to N losses caused a reduction in yield. Therefore, the trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90off in management of N, irrigation, and planting density was emphasized for both environmental and agronomic benefits in our study.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chunju Zhou, Zengjia Li, Liang Zhang, Haiyan Sheng, Kun Han, Yang Yang, Linquan Wang, Guoqing Chen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0335"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0335", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0335", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0335"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0465", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-20", "description": "Recent increases in corn (Zea maysL.) production in the U.S. Corn Belt have necessitated the conversion of rotations to continuous corn, and an increase in the frequency of tillage. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of rotation and tillage on soil physical and chemical properties in soils typical of Illinois. Sequences of continuous corn (CCC), 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] (CS) rotation, 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) (CSW) rotation, and continuous soybean (SSS) were split into conventional tillage (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) subplots at two Illinois sites. After 15 yr, bulk density (BD) under NT was 2.4% greater than under CT. Water aggregate stability (WAS) was 0.84 kg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921under NT compared to 0.81 kg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921under CT. Similarly, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were greater under NT than under CT with SOC values for 0 to 60 cm of 96.0 and 91.0 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921and TN values of 8.87 and 8.40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921for NT and CT, respectively. Rotations affected WAS, TN, and K levels with WAS being greatest for the CSW rotation at 0.87 kg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921, decreasing with more soybean years (CS, 0.82 kg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921and SSS, 0.79 kg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921). A similar pattern was detected for TN and exchangeable K. Results indicated that while the use of NT improved soil quality, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term implementation of continuous corn had similar soil quality parameters to those found under a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0465"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0465", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0465", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0465"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj15.0182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-09", "description": "Increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems with cover crops has been a successful strategy to augment ecosystem services from agriculture, and increasing diversity of cover crops may provide even greater benefits. Productivity and ecosystem services from multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90species cover crop mixtures were measured in a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field study of 18 cover crop treatments preceding conventionally tilled corn in central Pennsylvania. Increasing the number of species in a stand increased cover crop biomass (R2 = 0.15). However, mixing cover crop species that were complementary in phenology or N acquisition strategy did not result in mixtures that produced more biomass than high yielding monocultures. Increasing cover crop biomass was positively correlated with several ecosystem services, namely weed suppression, prevention of nitrate leaching, and aboveground biomass N, but negatively impacted inorganic N availability and corn yield in the subsequent cropping season. The cover crop C/N ratio was another determinant of ecosystem services positively related to nitrate leaching prevention, but negatively related to inorganic N availability and corn yield. This study supports the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90held assumption that increasing biomass can enhance certain ecosystem services from cover crops; however, because the mixtures tested did not produce more biomass than high yielding monocultures, opportunities to increase biomass\uffe2\uff80\uff90driven services with mixtures may be limited. The correlation between biomass C/N ratio and ecosystem services in this study also indicates that functional traits, as opposed to biomass alone, will be important for predicting ecosystem services from cover crop mixtures.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "14. Life underwater", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj15.0182", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj15.0182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj15.0182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0157", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-08-18", "title": "Soil Organic Matter And Root And Rhizome Responses To Management Strategies In Smooth Bromegrass Pastures", "description": "Soil organic matter (SOM) is a key component of pasture production. This study investigated how management strategies that varied amount and form of N input in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiment affected concentrations and stocks of total\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil organic C and N, particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), root and rhizome mass, C and N contents in topsoil of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) pastures with silty clay loam soils in a wet (2010) and dry (2012) year. Management strategies included: (i) unfertilized pasture grazed with unsupplemented beef cattle (CONT); (ii) unfertilized pasture grazed with dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS)\uffe2\uff80\uff90supplemented beef cattle (SUPP); and (iii) nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilized pasture grazed with unsupplemented beef cattle (FERT). After 8 yr, management strategies had similar concentrations and stocks of total\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil organic C and N, POC, and PON, and there were no management strategy \uffc3\uff97 year interactions. From 2010 to 2012, total\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil organic C and N, POC, and PON stocks increased as soils dried and soil bulk density increased. The CONT and SUPP management strategies had less root and rhizome mass (concentrations and stocks) and greater soil bulk density than FERT. These belowground responses were consistent with earlier research conducted at the site demonstrating greater herbage accumulation and litter deposition in FERT. Management strategies that vary amount and form of N inputs into pasture appear to have low potential to affect total\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil organic C and N concentrations in the short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, but long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of less root and rhizome contents remain unknown.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Animal Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Genetics and Genomics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Meat Science", "15. Life on land", "551", "630", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Guretzky, John A., Nuttelman, Ana B., Schacht, Walter H., Klopfenstein, Terry J., Watson, Andrea K,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0157"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0157", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0157", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0157"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0226", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-24", "title": "Nitrogen Rate, Cover Crop, And Tillage Practice Alter Soil Chemical Properties", "description": "Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term management practices can influence many physical and chemical soil properties. This study investigated the influence of 14 yr of continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) management systems on soil pH, soil organic C (SOC), and exchangeable cations. Management practices consisted of varying N rate, tillage (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage [NT] or disk tillage [DT]), and cover crop on a Lexington silt loam soil (Ultic Hapludalf) in the absence of lime additions. Lower soil pH was present in NT, hairy vetch (Vicia villosaL.) cover treatments and with increasing N rate but similar between 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm sample depths. Soil pH decreased between 0.23 to 0.37 units for each 34 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921added and 0.46 units with hairy vetch cover. Hairy vetch cover and 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921resulted in pH <5 and increased SOC and exchangeable Mn. Exchangeable Al values were >0.30 cmolckg\uffe2\uff88\uff921with 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921and hairy vetch cover and with 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921under NT, but they were \uffe2\uff89\uffa40.13 cmolckg\uffe2\uff88\uff921for all other treatments. Exchangeable Al increased at pH <5 for NT with hairy vetch cover, while changes were insignificant for all other treatments. The hairy vetch cover contributed acidity equivalent to 42 to 68 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921as NH4NO3. Although stratification of SOC occurred under NT, no other measured properties varied with depth in NT treatments, and different recommendations are not necessary for NT crop production. Appropriate N credits from hairy vetch cover will reduce excessive acidity, production costs, and potential environmental concerns.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0226"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0226", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0226", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0226"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/1942060", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-18", "description": "Northern wetlands may be a potential carbon source to the atmosphere upon global warming, particularly with regard to methane. However, recent conclusions have largely been based on short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term field measurements. We incubated three wetland soils representing a range of substrate quality for 80 wk in the laboratory under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 15\uffc2\uffb0 and 30\uffc2\uffb0C. The soils were obtained from a Scirpus\uffe2\uff80\uff90Carex\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated meadow in an abandoned beaver pond and from the surface and at 1 m depth of a spruce (Picea)\uffe2\uff80\uff90Sphagnum bog in Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. Substrate quality was assessed by fractionation of carbon compounds and summarized using principal components analysis. Nitrogen and carbon mineralization, the partitioning of carbon between carbon dioxide and methane, pH, and Eh were measured periodically over the course of the incubation. The responses of nitrogen mineralization, carbon mineralization, and trace gas partitioning to both temperature and aeration depended strongly on the substrate quality of the soils. Sedge meadow soil had the highest nitrogen and carbon mineralization rates and methane production under anaerobic conditions, and carbon mineralization under aerobic conditions, but the surface peats had the highest nitrogen mineralization rates under aerobic conditions. Methanogenesis was highest in the sedge soil but less sensitive to temperature than in the peats. A double exponential model showed that most of the variation in nitrogen and carbon mineralization among the soils and treatments was accounted for by differences in the size and kinetics of a relatively small labile pool. The kinetics of this pool were more sensitive to changes in temperature and aeration than that of the larger recalcitrant pool. Principal components analysis separated the soils on the basis of labile and recalcitrant carbon fractions. Total C and N mineralization correlated positively with the factor representing labile elements, while methanogenesis also showed a negative correlation with the factor representing recalcitrant elements. Estimates of atmospheric feedbacks from northern wetlands upon climatic change must account for extreme local variation in substrate quality and wetland type; global projections based on extrapolations from a few field measurements do not account for this local variation and may be in error.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "John Pastor, Scott D. Bridgham, Carol A. Johnston, Karen Updegraff,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/1942060"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/1942060", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/1942060", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/1942060"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj14.0432", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-12-16", "description": "Scant rainfall and poor soil fertility are the two major obstructions to crop production on the Loess Plateau. To improve crop productivity and to reduce N fertilizer rates, a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of leguminous green manure (GM) and N fertilizer on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, yield, and economics on the Loess Plateau. Following a split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design, the main treatments included three legume species: Huai bean (Glycine ussuriensis Regel et Maack.), soybean [G. max (L.) Merr.], mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.), and summer fallow (as control treatment [CK]); The subtreatments included four N fertilizer rates that were applied to the wheat. Leguminous GM apparently improved wheat growth, productivity, and nutrient uptake compared to bare fallow, especially during a wet year. At least 2 yr and abundant rainfall are required for bettering the GM approaches. Incorporation of GM for 4 yrs could effectively reduce the N fertilizer rate for wheat by 33% (54 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), with even more potential during a wet year. High expenditures for field management and variable weather patterns led to few direct economic benefits of GM approaches. Huai bean is a more profitable legume species to be used as GM crops. The cultivation of leguminous GM during summer is a better option than bare fallow for sustaining wheat productivity, and decreasing the required N fertilizer rates not only on the Loess Plateau of China but also in the other similar dryland regions around the world.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0432"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj14.0432", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj14.0432", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj14.0432"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj15.0074", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-05-22", "title": "Stover Removal Affects No-Till Irrigated Corn Yields, Soil Carbon, And Nitrogen", "description": "Corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal can increase yields under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) in climates where cold spring soil temperatures delay emergence and plant growth. The study objective was to evaluate partial stover removal (PR) effects on irrigated NT corn grain and stover yields, N uptake, and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) compared to full stover retained (FR) under three N treatments on a clay loam soil. Stover removal (average 66%) increased early spring soil temperatures and enhanced early plant development compared to FR. Grain and stover yields increased with increasing N rate, as did plant N and C uptake, but varied with stover treatment. Averaged over N rate, grain yields were greater with PR than FR, but stover yields were lower with PR than FR. The C/N ratio of stover declined with increasing N rate. Nitrogen fertilization did not significantly influence SOC and TSN stocks after 7 yr. Averaged over N rates, PR removal decreased SOC 2.4 Mg SOC ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, but FR increased SOC 6.8 Mg SOC ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depth. TSN stocks increased significantly with FR (1176 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) but not with PR (70 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). These results suggest that continued, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term residue removal will negate any initial yield benefits from more rapid early spring plant development. Partial stover removal as a cellulosic feedstock at the levels we used for ethanol production would negatively impact soil quality under irrigated, NT corn production in Colorado.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0074"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj15.0074", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj15.0074", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj15.0074"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/2265749", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-09", "description": "The effect of elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$ on plant\uffe2\uff80\uff94microbial interactions and nitrogen (N) cycling is critical to predicting plant growth responses to elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$, because plant growth is often N\uffe2\uff80\uff94limited. We investigated whether the effects of elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$ on plant\uffe2\uff80\uff94microbial N dynamics differed among six annual plant species; three European grasses that have invaded California grasslands, and one grass and two forbs native to California serpentine grassland. Elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$ altered plant N pools and ${15} mathrm{NH}_4+$ uptake, but the direction and magnitude of the changes were species dependent. The introduced grasses showed increased plant N pools and ${15} mathrm{NH}_4+$ uptake, whereas the native species showed smaller increases or even decreases in plant N pools and $15{ mathrm{NH}_4+$ uptake. Under nutrient enrichment, soil microbial N and 15 mathrm{NH}_4+$ uptake differed among soils with different plant species, but they were not affected by elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$. At low nutrients, elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$ altered soil microbrial N and 15 mathrm{NH}_4+$ uptake, but the direction and magnitude of the changes were species dependent. The changes in soil microbial N were positively correlated with changes in the plant N pool, suggesting that there was no trade\uffe2\uff80\uff94off in N uptake between plants and microbes. The results also suggest that plant species composition will partly determine the direction of changes in soil N cycling in response to elevated $ mathrm{CO}_2$.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2265749"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/2265749", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/2265749", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/2265749"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj15.0106", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-07-10", "description": "Little is known about the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term management impact on soil C and N contents in the northern Great Plains. We evaluated the 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr effect of tillage and cropping sequence combination on dryland crop biomass yield and soil bulk density, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), soil total nitrogen (STN), NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N, and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N contents at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 120\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth in a Dooley sandy loam (fine loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Argiboroll) in eastern Montana. Treatments were no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (NTCW), spring till continuous spring wheat (STCW), fall and spring till continuous spring wheat (FSTCW), fall and spring till spring wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93barley (Hordeum vulgare L., 1984\uffe2\uff80\uff931999) followed by spring wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (Pisum sativum L., 2000\uffe2\uff80\uff902013) (FSTW\uffe2\uff80\uff93B/P), and spring till spring wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (STW\uffe2\uff80\uff93F, traditional system). Mean annualized crop biomass returned to the soil was 23 to 30 % greater in NTCW, STCW, FSTCW, and FSTW\uffe2\uff80\uff93B/P than STW\uffe2\uff80\uff93F. At 0 to 7.5 cm, bulk density was 13 to 21% greater in STW\uffe2\uff80\uff93F, but SOC, SIC, and STN were 12 to 98% greater in STCW than other treatments. Ammonium\uffe2\uff80\uff90N and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N contents were 25 to 74 % greater in FSTCW than other treatments. At other depths, SOC, SIC, STN, NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff93N and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N contents varied among treatments. Reduced tillage with increased crop residue returned to the soil increased soil C and N storage in NTCW and STCW, but increased tillage intensity increased mineral N content in FSTCW compared with STW\uffe2\uff80\uff93F. Improved management practices, such as NTCW and STCW, may be adopted to improve dryland soil C and N stocks.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Andrew W. Lenssen, Thecan Caesar-TonThat, Brett A. Allen, Upendra M. Sainju,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj15.0106"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj15.0106", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj15.0106", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj15.0106"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020023x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractWith the advent of well\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilized corn (Zea mays L.) raonocultures with large amounts of residues returned to the soil, the question arose as to whether organic matter could be maintained at satisfactory levels in Corn Belt soils. To answer this question changes in the amounts and composition of the soil organic matter were determined in a field experiment where different types [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cornstalks, sawdust, oat straw (Avena sativa L.), and bromegras(Bromus inermis Leyss)] and amounts (from 0 to 16 tons/ha/yr) plant residues were added to Marshall silty clay loam (Typic Hapludoll) for 11 consecutive years. The soil was cropped to corn and large amounts of N fertilizer were added. Organic C, N, S, and P contents of the soils increased in proportion to the amount of plant residues added. After 11 years contents of the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth of the check plots were 1.6% C, 0.15% N, 0.023% S, and 0.018% P. Average increases over the check for C, N, S, and P were 47, 37, 45, and 14%, respectively, for the 16\uffe2\uff80\uff90 tons/ha/yr treatment. Type of plant residue when added at 8 tons/ha/yr did not influence the C or P contents of the soils differently. The organic N and S contents, however, were lower with sawdust than with the other residues. Cumulative effects of increasing quantities of organic residues on available nutrients in the soils showed that NH4\uffe2\uff80\uff90N production, weak\uffe2\uff80\uff90acid\uffe2\uff80\uff90soluble P, and exchangeable K increased significantly. The amount of cornstalk residue needed to prevent loss of organic C was estimated to be 6 t/ha/yr.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "W. E. Larson, C. E. Clapp, W. H. Pierre, Y. B. Morachan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020023x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020023x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020023x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400020023x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1972-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020027x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Segmental Liming Of Soil And Its Effect On Growth Of Wheat", "description": "AbstractThe use of fertilizers and the leaching of basic cations from the soil by winter rain and irrigation have resulted in the acidification of soils and the need for lime applications to most crops grown in western Oregon. As the cost of spreading lime often exceeds $20.00 per ton, there is a need to examine the feasibility of reducing liming rates through partial mixing of lime with the soil. The effects of mixing 2.2, 6.7, and 11.2 ton/ha of lime with 10, 30, 60, and 100% of the soil volume on the growth of Nugaines wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied using an acid Dayton silt loam soil in a growth chamber. The soil was placed in boxes measuring 30 on wide \uffc3\uff97 30 cm deep \uffc3\uff97 1 cm thick with the limed soil being located in equispaced vertical columns. Maximum wheat growth resulted when 6.7 ton/ha of lime was mixed with 30% of the soil. Root growth characteristics in limed and unlimed soil illustrated the chemotropic characteristics of the wheat roots with aluminum toxicity symptoms occurring in unlimed soil and where 2.2 ton/ha of lime was mixed with more than 30% of the soil. The water potential of wheat plants was increased when the root growth was reduced by soil acidity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "M. D. Kauffman, E. H. Gardner,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020027x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020027x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020027x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020027x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1978-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.25674/so92iss2pp121", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Lessons from the WBF2020: extrinsic and intrinsic value of soil organisms", "description": "Following our participation in the first World Biodiversity Forum in Davos, Switzerland, we provide a summary of the main themes of the conference, as well as an overview of the session that was focused on soil biodiversity. One of the main themes of the conference was the valuation of biodiversity and what contributes to the value of biodiversity. In this article we explore whether we should move away from the notion that we can only 'sell' soil biodiversity based on the function and services it provides, and rather shift towards valuing soil biodiversity based on its intrinsic value and our relationship with it.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "ecosystem functions and services", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "Microbiology", "QR1-502", "03 medical and health sciences", "QL1-991", "13. Climate action", "intrinsic value", "world biodiversity forum", "Zoology", "valuing soil biodiversity", "Taxonomy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.25674/so92iss2pp121"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20organisms", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.25674/so92iss2pp121", "name": "item", "description": "10.25674/so92iss2pp121", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.25674/so92iss2pp121"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020025x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Effect Of Lime Application On No-Tillage And Conventionally Tilled Corn", "description": "AbstractSoil management to control soil acidity resulting from surface applied N fertilizer is an important factor in continuous no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied lime in maintaining a favorable soil pH level under continuous no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and conventional tillage corn systems.
Experiment 1 was established in 1971 on a moderately well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained Tilsit silt loam (Typic Fragiudults) soil. Lime treatments for both no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and conventional tillage included: (1) 0 (check), (2) 3.36 mt/ha, (3) 10.08 (4) 3.36 initially + 1.12 mt/ha applied each year, (5) 3.36 initially + 2.24 mt/ha applied every year, and (6) 3.36 initially + 3.36 mt/ha applied after 3 years. After 5 years of continuous no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage corn production the soil surface receiving no lime became extremely acid, pH 4.6. In the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage plots lime additions resulted in a statistically significant increase in grain yield. Little difference was observed for yield or soil pH changes for the lime treatments that included different frequencies of application. The lime rate based on a soil buffer test recommendation of 3.36 mt/ha was effective in maintaining favorable soil pH and yield levels.
Comparison of limed and unlimed treatments in Experiment 2 on deep, well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained Maury (Typic Paleu\uffe2\uff80\uff90 dalfs) soil showed increased yields for liming no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage plots as N\uffe2\uff80\uff90rates increased, but no significant yield response for lime on conventionally tilled treatments. The surface soil pH level decreased to pH 4.3 on unlimed, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90 tillage treatments receiving 336 kg N/ha after 7 years of continuous corn. It is concluded that surface liming without incorporation is an efficient way to overcome soil acidity caused by N fertilization of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage corn.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Robert L. Blevins, G. W. Thomas, Lloyd W. Murdock,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020025x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020025x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020025x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000020025x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1978-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050003x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "description": "AbstractResidues and farmyard manures are considered important in determining the N fertilizer requirement of crops. This relationship was studied in a 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field experiment on a Typic Hapludalf soil (pH 7.8). Five levels of fertilizer N were applied annually with three management treatments which included 1) returning the stover produced by the preceding corn (Zea mays L.) crop, 2) poultry manure equivalent to 112 kg N/ha/year and 3) no stover returned or manure applied. Dry matter yields and N in grain and stover were measured each year.
In general, the manure treatment without N fertilizer gave yields comparable with any other treatment. Where fertilizer N was not applied, stover depressed yields; but where N was applied, stover resulted in slightly higher fields than where stover was removed. Stover returned to the soil did not increase fertilizer N requirements at nomal rates of application. Fertilizer N narrowed the C/N ratio of the stover residue, but this additional N was not reflected in the total N content of the grain or the soil. Regression equations for yields of grain and N on N applied indicated that a single term, the square root of N applied, would fit the response pattern for the majority of treatments, not including manure in most years. Treatments including manure required terms with the square and cube of applied fertilizer N levels to describe the response pattern. Yields from residual N were higher on plots where stover had not been applied than where applied and, at the highest level of applied N, equalled those from residual manure. Soil organic matter (OM) declined during the experiment, but stover residues and manure gave a smaller decline than without residues. Applied N did not help to conserve OM, but increased inorganic N (NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff90 + NH4+) in the soil. The degree of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregation was increased by stover and manure treatments. It was concluded that corn stover residue did not affect the N fertilizer requirement of this soil for grain corn production. Annual applications of liquid poultry manure, containing N equivalent to 112 kg/ha, precluded a requirement for fertilizer N.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. W. Ketcheson, E. G. Beauchamp,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050003x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050003x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050003x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1978.00021962007000050003x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1978-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2004.1272", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "A method of evaluating soil N present in a perennial grassland system could help determine the need for additional N and enable more accurate N fertilization recommendations. The purpose of this study was to establish a relationship between a critical level (CL) of soil nitrate N under perennial grassland and optimum yield in a three\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest system. A range of fertilizer treatments from 0 to 613 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921was applied across two growing seasons to mixed stands of perennial forage grasses at two sites in Connecticut. Soil samples were taken on a weekly basis, and soil ammonium N and nitrate N were measured. Nitrate N was correlated with relative yield for three harvests within each growing season, and CLs of nitrate were generated using Cate\uffe2\uff80\uff93Nelson, linear response plateau, and quadratic response plateau models. Ranges of critical nitrate levels during the first 2 wk of each cycle were established: 2.0 to 4.5 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921for the first harvest, 4.0 to 9.8 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921for the second harvest, and 2.0 to 11.0 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921for the third harvest. These values could be used to evaluate the necessity of adding N to a perennial grassland system in a three\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest rotation and aid in a more correct fertilization of perennial grasses by offering soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific N evaluations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Derek W. Allinson, Sister Augusta Collins,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1272"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2004.1272", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2004.1272", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2004.1272"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040005x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Depth Of Lime Incorporation For Correction Of Subsoil Acidity", "description": "AbstractSince most Southeastern U. S. soils ate acid, crop yields can generally be improved by liming surface soil. However, it is not known if plants will respond to deep incorporation of lime. Field experiments were conducted on two soils (Rhodic Paleudult and Typic Paleudult) at three locations in central and south Alabama to evaluate the effect of depth of Incorporation of surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied lime on root system development, plant growth, and yield on acid soils. Soil pH ranged from 4.1 to 4.8 before liming. Sufficient lime was surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied and incorporated to the 15, 30, and 45\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil depths to increase pH in the treated zone to at least 6.0. All plots were initially chiseled to the 45\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth to reduce physical differences resulting from subsequent lime incorporation. Depth of rooting, soil water extraction, plant height, and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) yields were increased by lime. Based on the results from these two soils, incorporating lime to the 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth is sufficient to obtain a satisfactory root system for high crop yields of cotton and corn.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "W. T. Dumas, B. D. Doss, Z. F. Lund,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040005x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040005x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040005x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040005x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1979-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010046x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Effect Of N Fertilizer And Corn Residue Management On Organic-Matter In Minnesota Mollisols", "description": "AbstractTwo long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous corn (Zea mays L.) experiments were used to determine the effect of the rate of stover return on soil organic matter in high organic matter mollisols (O.C. > 2.4%). One experiment was an N rate experiment which had been cropped for 19 years. The other was a stover\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertility management study which had been cropped for 13 years in which there were two stover management treatments: total removal and plowdown, both at high and low fertility. In the N rate experiment a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90ton ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 difference in stover yield between the low and high N rates resulted in a 4.5% less organic carbon content for the lower N rate after 19 years. All of the treatments in the stover management study had no significant changes in organic matter content after 13 years except for the low fertility\uffe2\uff80\uff90stover removal treatment which had 15% less organic carbon. It was concluded that for precise estimates of treatment effects on organic carbon loss in mollisols, longer treatment times are needed.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "S. D. Evans, W. W. Nelson, W. M. Schuh, P. R. Bloom, G. L. Malzer,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010046x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010046x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010046x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400010046x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1982-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractCultivation has substantially reduced the organic matter contents of many prairie soils. This study attempts to quantify the losses of C, N, and P from three prairie soils of different textures during cultivation. For this purpose cultivated and adjacent uncultivated soils (2 Cryoborolls and 1 Cryorthent) were sampled and their C, N, and P contents as well as their bulk densities and horizon depths were compared.
Reductions of about 35% in the C concentration were observed in clay and silt loam soils after 60 to 70 years of cultivation. At the same time reductions in N concentrations were greatly influenced by the presence or absence of legume [alfalfa, (Medicago sativa L.)] crops grown in the fields and losses varied between 18 and 34%. Phosphorus concentrations were reduced by 12% and all P losses were accounted for by the organic fraction. During a similar period of cultivation a lighter textured sandy loam had experienced greater reductions in C, N, and P concentrations of 46, 46, and 29%, respectively. In this soil P was lost from both the organic and inorganic fractions. Prolonged cultivation of 90 years did not result in a decrease in the rates of losses of C, N, and P on the silt loam soil.
Conversion of concentration data to area based total C, N, and P budgets resulted in a decrease in the differences seen between cultivated and uncultivated soils. This was caused by an increase of soil bulk densities under cultivation and by an increase in the standard deviations of the data due to variability of horizon depths in cultivated fields.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. W. B. Stewart, H. Tiessen, J.R. Bettany,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400050015x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1982-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010019x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Soil Water Balance Of Intercropped Maize And Cowpea Grown In A Tropical Hydromorphic Soil In Western Nigeria1", "description": "AbstractWater\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency (WUE) and soil water extraction by four maize (Zea maysL.)/cowpea (Vigna unguiculataWalp.) cropping patterns were studied in a tropical hydromorphic soil over two consecutive growing seasons in 1983 and 1984. The cropping patterns used were: monocropped cowpea (T1), monocropped maize (T2), intercropped maize and cowpea planted in the same row as alternate plants (T3), and intercropped maize and cowpea planted in alternate rows (T4). Evapotranspiration (Et) was calculated from the soil water balance. Soil water extraction was limited to the surface 0.35 m of the profile due to the restriction of roots by a gravel layer at this depth. Upward water flux into the root zone was negligible due to low hydraulic conductivity. All cropping patterns were subjected to drought stress in 1983. Mean runoff and net water flux in the root zone in 1983 and 1984 were 2.4 and 0.04%, respectively, and 1.4 and 0.4%, respectively, of the seasonal rainfall. Intercropping increased seasonal WUE. The WUE (kg grain per mm water per ha) of T1, T2, T3, and T4were 0.5, 2.2, 1.6, and 1.6, respectively, for the droughty conditions in 1983 and were 2.1, 2.1, 4.2, and 3.6, respectively, for the favorable moisture regime in 1984. One of the benefits of intercropping maize and cowpea is, therefore, a higher WUE in relation to monocropping provided soil water is not limiting
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rattan Lal, Nilantha Hulugalle,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010019x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010019x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010019x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010019x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1986-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/2387826", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-05-04", "title": "Effects Of Forest Conversion On The Carbon Budget Of A Tropical Soil", "description": "To determine how the conversion of mature tropical forests to secondary forests affects the soil carbon budget, major soil carbon storages, inputs, and CO2 evolution from a tropical inceptisol were measured over a six-month period in both a mature lowland Tropical Premontane Wet Forest and a nearby secondary site located on the same soil type. Total carbon storage in and on the mature forest soil was composed of 9330 gC/m2 in soil organic matter, 1850 gC/m2 in litter and 340 gC/m2 in small roots (diameters <5 mm); larger roots were not measured. Average daily inputs to the mature forest soil included 1.3 gC/m2 in litterfall and 0.10 gDOC/m2 in precipitation (throughfall + stem flow). The evolution of CO2 from the mature forest soil averaged 3.4 gC/m2 d, or 2.6 times the average rate of litterfall. Total carbon storage in and on the soil of the second-growth was composed of 8600 gC/m2 in soil organic matter, 700 gC/ m2 in litter and 157 gC/m2 in small roots, or 2060 gC/m2 less than in the mature forest. Litterfall in the young second-growth averaged 0.7 gC/m2 d, and precipitation averaged 0.12 gDOC/m2 d. Soil-CO2 evolution averaged 4.6 gC/m2d, or 1.4 times the rate in the mature forest. Measured inputs of carbon to the soil were considerably less than soil-CO2 evolution rates in both sites; part or all of these differences can be attributed to root production, which was not measured. It was found that forest conversion to young secondary vegetation resulted in losses of soil organic matter, fewer small roots, less non-woody and large wood litter, lower rates of litterfall, and increased rates of soil-CO2 evolution. TROPICAL FORESTS ARE BEING RAPIDLY CONVERTED to a variety of secondary plant communities. Potential consequences of tropical deforestation range from local soil degradation to changes in the world's climate, yet the specific changes that accompany forest conversion are not well documented. The soil is of particular importance after forest removal because it supplies many of the innocula, nutrients, and materials used to rebuild the aboveground community. Traditional cropping systems often lead to soil nutrient and organic matter losses (Nye and Greenland 1960, 1964; Brams 1971; Krebs 1975). Natural fallows, in contrast, tend to increase the fertility of depleted soils (Nye and Greenland 1960). Understanding soil processes under natural secondary vegetation may therefore aid in the development of soil-conserving production systems. I have focused upon soil carbon because carbon is initimately involved in virtually all biological processes, and organic matter, even when present in small amounts, is an extremely important soil constituent. In highly weathered tropical soils organic matter provides most of the cation exchange sites (Nye and Greenland 1960, Sanchez 1976), improves soil aggregation and stability (Allison 1973, Sanchez 1976, Cheng 1977), and is a major source of plant nutrients (Bornemisza 1966, Allison 1973, Sanchez 1976). In addition, soil carbon is dynamic, and reflects changes in the aboveground community. The purpose of this study was to determine how conversion of a mature forest to young secondary vegetation affected the carbon balance of a tropical inceptisol. The major components of a soil carbon budget are shown in Figure 1. I quantified the carbon storages in soil organic matter, litter, and small roots (diameters < 5 mm); carbon inputs in litterfall, throughfall, and stem flow; and carbon release, in the form of CO2, from the soil surface in both a mature forest and a young secondary site in lowland, humid Costa Rica. I then compared the carbon budgets of the two sites to determine the effects of forest conversion on soil carbon.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "James W. Raich", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2387826"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biotropica", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/2387826", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/2387826", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/2387826"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1983-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040025x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Corn Residue Management And Soil Organic-Matter", "description": "AbstractOrganic matter in a soil results from the balance between rate of loss from decomposition of the soil organic matter and rate of gain from formation of organic matter during decomposition of crop residues and roots returned to the soil. Interest in using corn plant residues as a source of energy production raises the question of how much residue removal would reduce soil organic matter and soil productivity. Effect of residue management was studied in field experiments with corn (Zea mays L) on a Raub silt loam (Aquic Arqiudoll) near Lafayette, Ind. One experiment had continuous corn growth for 11 years with residues removed, residues returned, and double residues returned. It also had a continuous fallow treatment. A second experiment had differing levels of residues returned because of N levels used on 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, continuous corn. Soil samples taken from the plow layer during and at the conclusion of the experiments were analyzed for organic carbon. Losses of organic matter from plots fallowed continuously for 6 years indicated a decomposition rate of 2.4% per year. Corn stalk residue removal for 10 years was compared with residue return. About 11% of the C in the residues was synthesized into new organic matter. In a fertility experiment, where level of residues varied with treatment, the change in soil organic matter after 12 years indicated 8% of the C in residues was transformed into C in organic matter. Corn roots also appeared to contribute at least 18% of their C to formation of new organic matter. These results are in agreement with an experiment in Iowa and can be used to estimate the effect of residue management practices on soil organic matter level of similar soils.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Stanley A. Barber", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040025x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040025x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040025x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100040025x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1979-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010016x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Winter Legumes As A Nitrogen Source For No-Till Grain Sorghum1", "description": "AbstractBecause winter legume cover crops may provide significant quantities of N while conserving soil and water resources, the role of legumes in conservation tillage production systems warrants renewed attention. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the N contribution of several legumes to a subsequent crop of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage management and (ii) to determine the influence of legume cover crops on soil fertility status. A field experiment was conducted in which four winter legumes, one nonlegume, and a no cover crop treatment were studied over a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. In addition, four fertilizer N rates (0, 28, 56, and 112 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) were applied to no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till grain sorghum. Grain sorghum did not respond to fertilizer N when following a legume cover crop but responded to as much as 99 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921when following a nonlegume cover crop or no cover crop. A mean estimate of 72 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921was obtained for the fertilizer N replaced by the legume. The effects of the legume cover crops on soil fertility status included: (i) a lower pH, (ii) a redistribution of K+to the soil surface from deeper in the soil profile, and (iii) a lower C/N ratio in soil organic matter. Since fertilizer N represents a sizeable portion of the fossil fuel energy required for nonleguminous row crop production, the estimated N contribution of legume cover crops represents a significant energy savings, enhancing the conservation value of a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage production system.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "W. L. Hargrove", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1986.00021962007800010016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1986-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractBoth area and time factors have to be considered to quantify resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency in multiseason intercropping. The land equivalent ratio (LER), commonly used as an indicator of efficiency, is not suitable because it considers only the area factor to estimate intercrop advantages. The area time equivalency ratio (ATER) unrealistically assumes continuous crop growth throughout the year, thus it underestimates the advantages of intercrops. To avoid these problems, some authors used the mean value of LER + ATER as an arbitrary compromise. This paper proposes a new concept called area harvests equivalency ratio (AHER). This ratio incorporates the time factor in the form of number of possible harvests of each component crop in a system that could be obtained during the full intercrop period, if each component was monocropped. Four cases of intercrops were used to compare the above concepts. The AHER has proved to be a better efficiency indicator than others, except when a component species occupies the land for one season plus a fraction of the succeeding season (l.5, 2.5 seasons). In this particular case, other concepts are also disappointing. The problem with any attempt to quantify resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency is that there is no \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrue value\uffe2\uff80\uff9d for yield advantages in intercrops. However, intuitively, AHER does seem to be nearer to the \uffe2\uff80\uff9ctrue value\uffe2\uff80\uff9d than others.
", "keywords": ["resource utilization", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "models", "efficiency", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "resource management", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "intercropping", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balasubramanian, V., Sekayange, L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1990-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040020x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Soil Acidity And Liming Effects On Stand, Nodulation, And Yield Of Common Bean", "description": "AbstractThe area planted to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been declining in the Southern Mexican State of Chiapas. To determine factors limiting bean productivity in this region, on\uffe2\uff80\uff90farm experiments were conducted at four locations. Soils were Acrisols (Ustults) at two sites and a Cambisol (Tropept) and Phaeozem (Ustoll) at the other two sites, with pH (H2O) of unlimed soil from 4.6 to 5.0. Insecticide application, genotype, and lime were treatments in a split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design with a factorial combination of two genotypes and 0 or 2000 kg Ca(OH)2 ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as subplots. Across sites, lime addition raised soil pH by 0.4 to 1.3 units, decreased Al saturation by 13 to 38%, and increased extractable Ca two\uffe2\uff80\uff90to three\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold. Mean yield without lime was 444 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 ha. Insecticide and bean genotype had negligible effects on yield. Lime application resulted in a yield increase of 76 to 313% above unlimed controls across locations. Liming resulted in 40% greater shoot and 18% greater root dry weight, and also improved nodule weight per plant by 110% at early flowering. At maturity, plant density in limed treatments was 23% higher than in unlimed controls, and counts made during the season indicated that soil acidity factors inhibit seedling establishment. Liming also increased pod number per plant by 67%, seed number per pod by 18%, and seed weight by 7%. Increased yield from lime therefore resulted from better stand establishment, and increased seed yield per plant. Increased nodulation and N2 fixation may also contribute to the response to lime.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Andreas Buerkert, K. G. Cassman, D. N. Munns, R. de la Piedra,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040020x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040020x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040020x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200040020x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1990-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010017x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Continuous Application Of No-Tillage To Ohio Soils", "description": "AbstractNo\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (NT) crop production practices have been continuously maintained at four sites in Ohio for more than 25 yr. The original experiments involving NT were designed to determine how much tillage was required to produce crops with satisfactory yields and how tillage and rotation interact to effect crop yields, especially corn (Zen mays L.). Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of NT on crop yields and soil properties are generally not known because few sites exist with histories of \uffe2\uff89\uffa520 yr of NT. This paper reports yield trends of corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and changes in soil properties that occurred when NT was continuously practiced on soils in Ohio. Significantly lower yields for NT, as compared to conventional tillage (CT), were observed for monoculture corn and for soybean in rotation during the first 18 yr on a very poorly drained Mollic Ochraqualf soil. The yield differences observed for corn could be largely eliminated by crop rotation and for soybean by the use of phytophthera resistant/tolerant soybean cultivars. On a well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained Typic Fragiudalf soil, crop yields were always higher with NT than with CT. After 18 yr, yield trends indicated the negative impact of NT on the very poorly drained soil was greatly decreased and the yield advantages associated with NT on the well\uffe2\uff80\uff90drained soil became even more pronounced. The change in yield trends did not appear to be associated with change in weather patterns. The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term NT sites also revealed organic matter, nutrients, and soil enzymes accumulated at the soil surface but decreased deeper (>20 cm) in the soil profile. Surface water runoff was found to be greatly decreased from the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term NT watershed site (\uffe2\uff89\uff889% slope) with only 12 mm of runoff measured between 1979 and 1985.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rattan Lal, Edward L. McCoy, W. M. Edwards, Warren A. Dick,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010017x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010017x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010017x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010017x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1991-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010018x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Ammonium And Nitrate-Nitrogen In Soil Profiles Of Long-Term Winter-Wheat Fertilization Experiments", "description": "AbstractAccumulation of NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N and NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N in soils has not been thoroughly evaluated in long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems. The objectives of this study were to determine long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term response of winter wheat to N fertilization and to evaluate accumulation of NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N and NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N in the soil profile. Four long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term winter wheat soil fertility experiments on thermic Ustoll soils that received annual applications of N for > 18 yr at selected N rates were sampled. At each location, one soil core 4.4 cm in diameter was taken to a depth of 240 cm from plots receiving variable N rates. Cores were separated into 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm increments and analyzed for 2 M KCI\uffe2\uff80\uff90extractable NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N and NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903\uffe2\uff80\uff90N. At all locations, NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N levels were not significantly different from the check (no fertilizer N) when rates were applied at or below yield goal requirements (90 or 45 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 vs. 0 N). At N rates >90 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, surface (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 cm) NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N increased compared with the check, while subsurface NH+4 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N did not. Similarly, when N rates were <90 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, no significant differences in either surface or subsurface NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N were found. At N rates >90 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N accumulated in the subsurface soil profile (>30 cm). Estimates of N rates determined from simultaneous solutions of NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N accumulation minimums and yield maximums generated from quadratic regression were greater than N rates currently recommended to achieve yield goals at all locations. For these long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous winter wheat experiments, no accumulation of NH+4\uffe2\uff80\uff90N and NO\uffe2\uff80\uff903 \uffe2\uff80\uff90N occurred at recommended N rates where near maximum yields were obtained.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010018x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010018x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010018x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010018x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1994-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040008x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Crop And Soil Response To Long-Term Tillage Practices In The Northern Great-Plains", "description": "AbstractSummer fallow is the most common cultural practice in the northern Great Plains. With proper cultural management, however, annual cropping may be feasible and economical. Our objective was to determine crop and soil response to nontraditional annual cropping practices (till and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till) in lieu of conventional fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop rotation for the production of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the in the northern Great Plains. The study, initiated in 1983, was on a Dooley sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) 11 km north of Culbertson, MT. Tillage practices on annually cropped treatments included sweep tillage in autumn and disk tillage in spring; sweep tillage in spring; and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage. Conventional fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90spring wheat rotations were included as the control. With three exceptions, there were no statistical differences among treatments in soil P, soil nitrate N, and pH. Phosphorus and N were nonlimiting in all years; pH decreased about 0.06 units per year in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layer because of N fertilization. Bulk density differences in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layer appeared after 7 yr, with the lowest bulk density for the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage annual crop treatment. Grain and straw yields with the no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage treatment were both 80% of yields with the fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop treatment. Total water use efficiency, based on soil water differences between harvest of one crop and harvest of the next, was significantly greater with no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage than with the fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop treatment. Soil organic C decreased nearly 0.4 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 per year with the fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop treatment; there was a negligible decline with the notillage annual crop treatment. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage annual spring wheat crop production was the most efficient crop and soil management practice from the standpoint of yield, water use efficiency, soil organic C, and bulk density.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mass Import - autoclassified (may be erroneous)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "Tillage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Aase, J. Kristian, Pikul Jr, Joseph L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040008x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040008x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040008x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040008x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050017x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Tillage And Crop Residue Effects On Corn Production In Quebec", "description": "AbstractReduced tillage is often recommended to decrease soil degradation and erosion associated with intensive row cropping. This study assessed the effects of different tillage and crop residue levels on corn (Zea mays L.) yields and related factors on a 2.4\uffe2\uff80\uff90ha site in southwestern Quebec over a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period. The soil, a Typic Endoaquent, consisted of sandy loam or loamy sand (mean depth, 46 cm) overlying clay, with subsurface drains at the 1.2\uffe2\uff80\uff90m depth. Treatments, begun in fall 1991, consisted of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT), reduced tillage (RT; disked in fall and spring), and conventional tillage (CT; moldboard\uffe2\uff80\uff90plowed in fall, disked in spring), in combination with two crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue levels: no residue (\uffe2\uff88\uff92 R; grain and stover removed at harvest, as for silage corn) and with residue (+ R; stover left on site at harvest, as for grain corn). High crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue mulches resulted from NT \uffc3\uffb7 R (77\uffe2\uff80\uff9397% of soil surface covered), RT + R (45\uffe2\uff80\uff9392%), and at times NT \uffe2\uff88\uff92R (8\uffe2\uff80\uff9335%), potentially protecting the soil from erosive forces. Seedling emergence was delayed (1992, 1993) or partly suppressed (1994) in NT + R, and was also delayed in CT + R in 1992 and 1993, and in CT\uffe2\uff88\uff92R and RT \uffc3\uffb7 R in 1993. Final populations were affected only in 1994. In \uffe2\uff88\uff92 R (silage) plots, yields with NT and RT were either greater (1992) or the same as their CT counterparts. On + R (grain) plots, grain, stover, and total yields were lower with NT in 1992 and 1994, due in part to difficulties in planting through the residue mulch, while RT reduced grain, stover, and total yields in 1992 and stover and total yields in 1993. Thus, for silage\uffe2\uff80\uff90corn production, NT and RT may offer economically viable alternatives to CT, although the use of disking for a RT system provides almost no protective residue cover. In continuous grain corn, high residue buildup with NT and RT requires special attention to seeding technique or yield losses may result.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chandra A. Madramootoo, G.R. Mehuys, M. S. Burgess,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050017x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050017x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050017x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1996.00021962008800050017x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1996-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050028x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractNitrogen fertility management is often complicated by inadequate supply, low efficiency, high losses, and the potential of polluting water resources. This study was conducted in 1984 and 1985 on a Maury soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalfs) in Kentucky to determine the role of a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop in sustaining soil N for corn (Zea mays L.) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and conventional tillage. Winter cover treatments of hairy vetch, rye (Secale cereal L.), and corn residue were combined factorially with N rates of 0, 85, and 170 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in the two tillage systems. Total soil C and N in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth, averaged across treatments and sampling dates, were 21.8 and 2.07 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and 16.6 and 1.70 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in conventional tillage. Values were 19.8 and 1.99 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, with hairy vetch and 18.8 and 1.80 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 with rye. Conventional tillage caused rapid mineralization of soil N, as indicated by greater inorganic N approximately 6 wk after plowing. Nitrate apparently leached deeper into the soil under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage than conventional tillage. Grain yield without N on the vetch treatment was essentially equal to yields with 170 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 on the rye or corn residue treatments\uffe2\uff80\uff946.75, 6.75, and 6.65 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Grain yield with vetch and 170 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 was 7.85 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Although vetch provided a substantial amount of N, results suggested that to obtain optimum corn yields N fertilization should be reduced little, if any, with a vetch cover crop. Vetch appeared to add grain yield instead of reduce the need for N fertilizer.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "W W Frye, R L Blevins, Muhajir Utomo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050028x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050028x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050028x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200050028x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1990-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractCover crop residue on the surface of soils in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage systems can suppress weed emergence and growth. Although allelopathy often is invoked to explain weed suppression by residue, physical alterations of the seed environment could be important as well. This experiment was conducted to determine the light, temperature, and moisture conditions under cover crop residue. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and rye (Secale cereale L.) were desiccated with a contact herbicide and residue rates ranging from one\uffe2\uff80\uff90fourth to four times the natural residue biomass were established in experiments at Beltsville, MD and Ithaca, NY. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was determined above and below residue at approximately monthly intervals after initiation of the experiment. Transmittance of PPFD through residue declined according to an exponential decay function of residue biomass. Transmittance was similar through hairy vetch and rye residue initially, but as the experiment progressed, transmittance through hairy vetch residue was greater than that through rye because of faster decomposition of hairy vetch residue. Spectral analysis from 400 to 1100 nm showed a slight increase in transmittance as wavelength increased resulting in a slight lowering of the red (660 nm) to far\uffe2\uff80\uff90red (730 nm ratio relative to that of unobstructed sunlight. Soil maximum temperature and daily soil temperature amplitude were reduced by cover crop residue. Residue prevented the decline of soil water content during droughty periods. Results indicated that reductions in light transmittance and daily soil temperature amplitude by cover crop residue were sufficient to reduce emergence of weeds but that maintenance of soil moisture could increase weed emergence.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charles L. Mohler, John R. Teasdale,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030029x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1993-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractLong\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of cropping systems on soil properties, such as organic soil C and N levels, is necessary so more accurate projections can be made regarding the sequester and emission of CO2 by agricultural soils. This information can then be used to predict the effects of cropping systems on both soil degradation, maintenance, or improvement and global climate changes. My objective was to evaluate the effects of crop rotation and N fertilizer management on changes in total soil C and N concentrations that have occurred during an 8\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr period in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term study in the Western Corn Belt. Seven cropping systems (three monoculture, two 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr, and two 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations) with three rates of N fertilizer were compared. Monocultures included continuous corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations were corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean and grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean, and the two 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr rotations were corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90oat (Avena sativa L.) + clover (80% Melilotus officinalis Lam. and 20% Trifolium pratense). grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean and corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff90grain sorghum\uffe2\uff80\uff90oat+clover. Soil samples were taken in the spring both in 1984 and 1992 to a depth of 30 cm in 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm, 7.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm, and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm increments. No differences were obtained in 1984, but both rotation and N rate significantly affected total soil C and N concentrations in 1992. The results indicate that C could be sequestered at 10 to 20 g m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in some cropping systems with sufficient levels of N fertilizer. Greater storage of C in soils suggests CO2 emissions from agricultural soils could be decreased with improved management practices and may in the long term have a significant effect on CO2 in the atmosphere under current climate conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "550", "13. Climate action", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Varvel, Gary E.", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600020021x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1994-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "title": "Infiltration And Soil Properties As Affected By Annual Cropping In The Northern Great-Plains", "description": "AbstractFallow\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems may be responsible for declines in soil organic matter and degradation of soil physical properties. A change to annual cropping may improve or at least maintain soil properties. Tillage and crop sequence effects on soil properties and water infiltration were tested after 9 yr of cropping on a Dooley sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) derived in glacial till. Annual cropping tillage of fall sweep and spring disk (AWFST), and no tillage (AWNT) were compared with conventional tillage in wheatfallow (FWCT) as the control. Statistical design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Soil samples were taken at 0.03\uffe2\uff88\uff92m increments to a depth of 0.3 m and were used to measure organic carbon (OC), pH, bulk density (BD), and particle size. Point resistance was measured in 0.02\uffe2\uff88\uff92m increments. Water infiltration into dry and wet soil was measured using a rainfall simulator. Maximum soil BD was 1.61 Mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff923 on FWCT and 1.56 Mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff923 on AWNT. Soil BD was not changed by one winter of freezing and thawing. Maximum point resistance was 2.2 MPa on FWCT and 1.7 MPa on AWNT. Cumulative 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90h infiltration into dry soil was 52 mm for FWCT and 69 mm for AWNT. Final infiltration rate into wet soil was 5 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for FWCT and 6 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for AWNT. There was a significant difference in the depth distribution of OC between annual crop and FWCT treatments. Mass of OC in the top 0.09 m of soil was 1.65 kg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 on annual crop treatments and 1.45 kg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 on FWCT. Greater amounts of OC on the annual crop treatments compared with the FWCT attest to the beneficial aspect of annual cropping in maintaining a level of soil quality that is greater than FWCT. From a soil conservation perspective, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage has an additional advantage because surface cover is maintained throughout the year, thereby reducing the potential for soil erosion.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Infiltration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mass Import - autoclassified (may be erroneous)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pikul, J.L., Aase, J.K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700040009x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractMany soils in the highlands of East and Central Africa are depleted of soil nutrients, particularly P. Our objective was to compare cattle manure, Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner leaf biomass, and triple superphosphate (TSP) as sources of P for maize (Zea mays L.), both individually and as mixtures of organic (manure or calliandra) and inorganic (TSP + urea) sources. Field experiments were conducted on a Kandiudalf at two sites in western Kenya. Net benefits were computed as the difference between the value of additional maize yield accruing from nutrient inputs and the associated additional costs. Maize grain yield was 0.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for application of urea without P. Application of 10 kg P ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as organic, inorganic, and mixtures of organic and inorganic sources significantly increased maize yield. Grain yield for manure at least equaled and sometimes exceeded (P \uffe2\uff89\uffa4 0.05) yield for calliandra and TSP + urea. Net benefits in U.S. dollars (USD) for two seasons were highest for manure spot placed in the planting hole (293 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), broadcast manure (255 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and broadcast TSP + 44 kg urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (313 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at P = 30 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 98 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at P = 10 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Net benefits for calliandra leaf biomass were highest (136 USD ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) when biomass was valued at cost of production and integrated with TSP, such that it provided all the N for maize and TSP provided the additional P not supplied by calliandra. Calliandra valued at its opportunity cost as a protein supplement for dairy cattle was not an economic source of P. Sensitivity analyses suggest that organic materials most suitable for use as P sources have high P content and low cost of production.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Life Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jama, B., Swinkels, R.A., Buresh, R.J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900040010x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Soil Carbon Pools Under Conventional And No-Tillage Systems In The Argentine Rolling Pampa", "description": "AbstractThe Rolling Pampa is the most important cropping region of Argentina, and its soils are subjected to degradation. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage has been proposed to replace the use of the moldboard plow to reduce soil C losses. The effects of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage and plow tillage with and without N fertilization (0 or 90 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) on C inputs and outputs of a Typic Argiudoll and on organic C level and density fractions were studied in a field experiment at the end of 15 yr under a corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Microbial biomass and the rate of organic C mineralization during laboratory incubations were also determined. Nitrogen fertilization had no significant influence on C emission in the field, soil organic matter level or microbial biomass and activity. The annual C budget was negative under both tillage systems, but no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage lost about 0.7 to 1.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 more C than did plow tillage. Carbon in the medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90density fraction (density = 1.6\uffe2\uff80\uff902.0 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layer was 30% higher (P \uffe2\uff89\uffa4 0.05) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage. Light (density < 1.6 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and heavy (density > 2.0 g mL\uffe2\uff88\uff921) organic fractions, total C, and microbial biomass and activity in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 cm layer were not different in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled and plowed soils, despite different patterns of distribution with depth. The rates of organic C mineralization during laboratory incubations were the same for both tillage systems. We propose that, after an accumulation phase, soil under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage loses higher amounts of CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C than under plowing. The use of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage would not significantly affect soil organic matter pools of the region in situations with low erosion losses.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000020003x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractRotation of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr., a fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing N2\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing tree, with maize (Zea mays L.) has potential for increasing fertility of tropical soils, where fertilizer use by resource\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor farmers is limited. At two sites in Kenya (Ochinga, with a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox soil, and Muange, with a Kandic Paleustalf), we compared maize yields and financial returns for (i) sesbania grown for three or four seasons followed by three maize crops (sesbania fallow), (ii) one maize crop followed by natural regrowth of vegetation for three seasons and then three maize crops (natural fallow), and (iii) maize monoculture for seven seasons. After the fallows, plots were split with and without added P. Maize responded to P at both sites. Cumulative grain yields for seven seasons of maize monoculture were 8.4 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at Ochinga and 5.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at Muange. They were comparable to cumulative maize yields for sesbania fallow (Ochinga, 10.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Muange, 4.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and natural fallow (Ochinga, 7.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921; Muange, 4.2 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), even though maize was grown for only three or four seasons in the fallow treatments. Sesbania fallow was financially attractive at Ochinga (\uffe2\uff89\uffa5500 mm rain in each season) but not at Muange, where low rainfall (<300 mm in each postfallow season) limited maize yield. Phosphorus fertilization of maize at Ochinga increased (P < 0.2) net benefit for sesbania fallow. Improved fallows have potential to supply nutrients to crops, but they are unlikely to eliminate the need for P fertilizers on P\uffe2\uff80\uff90deficient soils.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roland J. Buresh, Frank Place, Bashir Jama,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060001x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Wheat Management In Warm Environments: Effect Of Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers, Irrigation Frequency, And Mulching", "description": "Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields are reduced by heat stress in many countries worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine whether modifications to currently recommended crop management practices could improve wheat yield at hot\uffe2\uff80\uff90environment sites in three countries. Field trials were conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Sudan and Bangladesh by their respective national agricultural research systems (NARS) and in Mexico by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Crop establishment and other plant characteristics were measured to help understand the basis of improved performance and to identify potential diagnostic traits. Management factors included (i) irrigation, (ii) inorganic fertilizer (NPK), (iii) organic fertilizer in the form of farmyard manure (FYM), (iv) straw mulch, (v) genotype, and (vi) sowing date. Control treatments represented recommended practices and gave yields of 3.6 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, averaged across all environments. Considering main effects, FYM (10 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) gave the highest yield response (14%) and approximately equivalent levels of NPK gave the lowest (5.5%), suggesting that organic fertilizer provided growth factors in addition to nutrient content. Mulch and extra irrigation increased yield in Sudan and Mexico, which are hot environments with low relative humidity, but not in hot, humid Bangladesh. In Mexico, extra inputs were more beneficial under hotter, spring\uffe2\uff80\uff90sown conditions than for winter sowings, with responses of 17 and 8% to extra NPK, 17 and 14% to FYM, and 11 and 6% to mulch, respectively. Comparison of heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant (Glennson 81) and heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90sensitive (Pavon 76) genotypes showed that the heat\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant genotype was generally more responsive to additional inputs. Improved performance in response to inputs was generally associated with better stand establishment, and with significant increases in plant height, grain per unit area, and aboveground biomass; in Mexico, there was also an association with higher canopy temperature depression and light interception. The possibilities of realizing the benefits of applied organic matter and mulch treatments through residue retention and reduced tillage are briefly discussed.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Matthew P. Reynolds, Mohamad Badaruddin, Osman A.A. Ageeb,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.916975x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1999.916975x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1999.916975x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "description": "The rising real prices of purchased inputs is driving smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) production towards lower levels of inorganic fertilizer. Legume intercrops are a source of plant N that can be produced locally and offer a practical complement to inorganic fertilizers. Field experiments conducted on a loamy sand (Typic Kandiustalf) soil evaluated the impact of relay\uffe2\uff80\uff90intercropping two legume crops, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea L.) into smallholder maize in Zimbabwe. The objectives were to quantify: (i) biomass and N yield of intercropped legumes, (ii) the impact of the legumes on companion maize yield and N uptake, and (iii) the response of a subsequent maize crop to legumes. Dry matter yield ranged from 0.6 to 4.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for cowpea and 0.9 to 2.9 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for sunnhemp, over two years. At the most, cowpea and sunnhemp produced 154 and 82 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Companion maize grain yields were not reduced when the legumes were relay\uffe2\uff80\uff90intercropped into maize fertilized at 0 to 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. However, maize yields were reduced 18 to 31% when maize + legume intercrops were fertilized at 120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. In the subsequent year, maize grain yields were increased by 8 to 27% following maize + legume when no fertilizer N was applied, compared with maize following maize. Legumes reduced fertilizer needs of a subsequent maize crop by 36 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Intercropped annual legumes and small amounts of inorganic fertilizer offers a strategy to meet the N needs on smallholder farms.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "O. B. Hesterman, Peter Jeranyama, Richard R. Harwood, Stephen R. Waddington,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922239x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.922239x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.922239x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "AbstractSoil chemical properties during the transition from conventional to organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input farming practices were studied over 8 yr in California's Sacramento Valley to document changes in soil fertility status and nutrient storage. Four farming systems differing in crop rotation and external inputs were established on land previously managed conventionally. Fertility in the organic system depended on animal manure applications and winter cover crops; the two conventional systems received synthetic fertilizer inputs; the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system used cover crops and animal manure during the first 3 yr and cover crops and synthetic fertilizer for the remaining 5 yr. At 4 and 8 yr after establishment, most changes in soil chemical properties were consistent with predictions based on nutrient budgets. Inputs of C, P, K, Ca, and Mg were higher in the organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input systems as a result of manure applications and cover crop incorporations. After 4 yr, soils in the organic and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input systems had higher soil organic C, soluble P, exchangeable K, and pH. Ceasing manure applications in the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system in Year 4 resulted in declining levels of organic C, soluble P, and exchangeable K. Crop rotation (the presence or absence of corn) also had a significant effect on organic C levels. Differences in total N appeared to be related in part to inputs, but perhaps also to differing efficiency of the farming systems at storing excess N inputs: the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input system appeared to be most efficient, and the conventional systems were least efficient. Electrical conductivity (EC), soluble Ca, and soluble Mg levels were tightly linked but not consistently different among treatments. Relatively stable EC levels in the organic system indicate that animal manures did not increase salinity. Overall, our findings indicate that organic and lowinput farming in the Sacramento Valley result in small but important increases in soil organic C and larger pools of stored nutrients, which are critical for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertility maintenance.
", "keywords": ["Soil chemical properties", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Organic farming", "Cover crops", "Cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Manure", "Low input agriculture", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "Farming systems", "Low-input farming", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Clark, M. S., Horwath, W. R., Shennan, C., Scow, K. M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000050016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "description": "Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the northern Great Plains that is generally grown following a 21\uffe2\uff80\uff90mo fallow period. A 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage system [conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (CT), minimum\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (MT), and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat yields within a dryland spring wheat (SW)\uffe2\uff80\uff93winter wheat (WW)\uffe2\uff80\uff93sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF) rotation. Grain yield responses varied with tillage system, N fertilizer rate, cultivar, and year as indicated by significant tillage \uffc3\uff97 N rate \uffc3\uff97 year and N rate \uffc3\uff97 cultivar \uffc3\uff97 year interactions. In years with >260 mm total plant available water (TPAW) but <400 mm TPAW, NT grain yields were greater than those with CT at the highest N rate, with similar trends at the medium and low N rates. When TPAW exceeded 400 mm, grain yields for CT were generally greater than for NT at the medium N rates. The greatest 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average grain yield (1727 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Grain yields were lowest during years when TPAW was <300 mm, with only small responses to tillage and N treatments. Cultivars responded similarly to N fertilization in years with >300 mm TPAW, with Butte86 yielding more than Stoa in 6 out of the 12 yr. Soil NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N levels increased in the root zone following three consecutive drought years, but had declined to initial year levels by the end of the study. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can produce SW following SF in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT or MT systems are used with adequate N fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Halvorson, Ardell D., Black, Alfred L., Krupinsky, Joseph M., Merrill, Steven D., Wienhold, Brian J., Tanaka, Donald L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.921136x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.921136x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.921136x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-29", "description": "In the Yaqui Valley, northwest Mexico, the crop sequence that is becoming more common consists of planting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a winter crop on a raised bed followed by maize (Zea mays L.) as a summer crop. In this area, straw of both winter and summer crops is commonly burned. The consequences of burning crop residues on crop yields in the Yaqui Valley have not previously been documented, and alternative practices have not been proposed. A 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study was conducted at the CIANO (Centro de Investigaciones Agr\uffc4\uffb1\uffcc\uff81colas del Noroeste) experiment station in Sonora, Mexico, to compare the effects of burning with other straw management strategies on wheat and maize yields. We tested two tillage systems (conventional\uffe2\uff80\uff90tilled bed, CTB, and permanent bed, PB), five straw management treatments (incorporated with CTB and straw as stubble, partly removed, removed, or burned with PB), and seven N treatments, five applied preplant (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and two at the 1st node stage (150 and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of wheat. Maize following wheat received a uniform application of 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The combination of PB and straw as stubble produced superior maize and wheat grain yields in high\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding environments; in low\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding environments, PB\uffe2\uff80\uff93straw burned produced greater wheat grain yields. Nitrogen fertilizer application of 150 and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at the 1st node stage of wheat increased grain yields compared with preplant N fertilizer applications. Permanent beds combined with retaining all crop residues in the soil as stubble have the potential to increase both wheat and maize yields in the Yaqui Valley.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "0101 mathematics", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.922295x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.922295x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.922295x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "The high\uffe2\uff80\uff90value, large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale crop production systems in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California typically entail intensive tillage and large fertilizer and water inputs but few C additions to the soil. Such practices often contribute to a decline in soil quality. Our objective for this participatory study was to examine the effects of supplemental C management practices (SCMPs) on various soil quality indicators. To increase farmer participation, we conducted the study on farms using a variety of SCMPs, including cover crops, compost and manure amendments, and several different crop rotations common to the region. The SCMPs significantly changed a number of soil properties, including soil organic matter (SOM); total Kjeldahl N; microbial biomass C and N; exchangeable K; Olsen P; and extractable Fe, Mn, and Zn. A comparison including previously established, adjacent organic, conventional, and transitional fields in addition to the treatment fields at one farm revealed significant differences in 16 of 18 soil quality indicators. A soil quality index computed for this farm scored the established organic system significantly higher than the conventional system. Our results suggest that significant changes in several soil quality indicators occur with a variety of SCMPs. This is especially noteworthy considering the intensive tillage, irrigation, and hot, semiarid environment of the SJV, California, where increases in SOM and related soil properties are generally not expected in a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr study.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.1200"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2002.1200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2002.1200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "description": "Nitrogen fertilization and irrigation practices can affect durum [Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] grain quality, especially protein content. The purpose of this study was to determine if irrigation frequency during grain fill influences the effectiveness of N applied near anthesis in increasing durum grain quality. A field study was conducted at Maricopa, AZ on a Casa Grande sandy loam soil (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic, Typic Natrargid). Durum was grown with recommended amounts of N fertilizer until anthesis when 0, 3.4, and 6.7 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 were applied and irrigation based on 30, 50, and 70% depletion of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90available soil water was initiated. Irrigation during grain fill had no effect on grain yield or grain quality except in 1996, when irrigating at 30, 50, and 70% depletion resulted in hard vitreous amber counts (HVAC) of 813, 870, and 934 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Nitrogen application near anthesis of 0, 3.4, and 6.7 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 resulted in grain protein contents of 115, 127, and 140 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 1995 and 132, 141, and 151 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 1996, respectively. Nitrogen application near anthesis increased grain protein yield and HVAC in both years of the study and increased grain yield, grain volume weight, and kernel size in 1995. The results of this study suggest that N fertilizer application near anthesis has a primary influence on durum quality and that effects of irrigation frequency during grain fill are inconsistent or relatively minor.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "E. C. Martin, Thomas A. Doerge, Michael J. Ottman,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2000.9251035x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Tillage System And Crop Rotation Effects On Dryland Crop Yields And Soil Carbon In The Central Great Plains", "description": "Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (WF) using conventional stubble mulch tillage (CT) is the predominant production practice in the central Great Plains and has resulted in high erosion potential and decreased soil organic C (SOC) contents. This study, conducted from 1990 through 1994 on a Weld silt loam (Aridic Argiustoll) near Akron, CO, evaluated the effect of WF tillage system with varying degrees of soil disturbance [no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT), reduced till (RT), CT, and bare fallow (BF)] and crop rotation [WF, NT wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow (WCF), and NT continuous corn (CC)] on winter wheat and corn yields, aboveground residue additions to the soil at harvest, surface residue amounts at planting, and SOC. Neither tillage nor crop rotation affected winter wheat yields, which averaged 2930 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Corn grain yields for the CC (NT) and WCF (NT) rotations averaged 1980 and 3520 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. The WCF (NT) rotation returned 8870 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 residue to the soil in each 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr cycle, which is 2960 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 on an annualized basis. Annualized residue return in WF averaged 2520 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, which was 15% less than WCF (NT). Annualized corn residue returned to the soil was 3190 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the CC (NT) rotation. At wheat planting, surface crop residues varied with year, tillage, and rotation, averaging WCF (NT) (5120 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (NT) (3380 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (RT) (2140 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (CT) (1420 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) > WF (BF) (50 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Soil erosion potential was lessened with WCF (NT), CC (NT), and WF (NT) systems because of the large amounts of residue cover. Levels of SOC in descending order in 1994 were CC (NT) \uffe2\uff89\uffa5 WCF (NT) \uffe2\uff89\uffa5 WF (NT) = WF (RT) = WF (CT) > WF (BF). Although not statistically significant, the CC (NT) treatment appeared to be accumulating more SOC than any of the rotations that included a fallow period, even more rapidly than WCF (NT), which had a similar amount of annualized C addition. Reduced tillage and intensified cropping increased SOC and reduced soil erosion potential.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Curtis A. Reule, Ardell D. Halvorson, Gary A. Peterson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.1429"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2002.1429", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2002.1429"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-28", "title": "Corn-Soybean Rotation Effects On Nitrate Leaching", "description": "Because agricultural production is a primary nonpoint source of NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923in the nation's waters, a better understanding of the effects of cropping systems on NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching is required for developing agricultural production practices that reduce NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching. A 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr experiment was conducted to study the effect of a corn (Zea maysL.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation on NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching using passive capillary fiberglass wick lysimeters. The experiment had five N rates on corn (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in 50\uffe2\uff80\uff90kg increments). Corn was planted in 1997 and 1999, and soybean was planted in 1998 and 2000. The increase of soil residual NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations in the surface 25 cm of soil after crop harvest was not significant (p= 0.05) when N fertilizer rates applied to corn increased from 0 to 100 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921but was significant when N rate increased from 100 to 200 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921in the corn years. The 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr average soil residual NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations and annual flow\uffe2\uff80\uff90weighted NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentrations in leachate were significantly higher (p= 0.05) in soybean years than in corn years at 0 and 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921applied to corn, but the differences at the 200 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921rate were not significant. The results indicate that at recommended N rates applied to corn in a corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation, NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching potential is similar for corn and soybean, but at less than 100 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921rate, a greater NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923leaching potential exists under soybean than under corn.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Richard H. Fox, Y. Zhu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.1028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2003.1028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2003.1028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-01", "description": "Liquid cattle (Bos taurus) manure should be applied to soils in such a manner that would improve soil fertility and crop production without causing salinity problems or increasing NO\uffe2\uff88\uff923levels. This study investigated the influence of liquid cattle manure on winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. cv. Yecora) germination, growth, and nutrient utilization. Four treatments were applied in the same plots in a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment with winter wheat: (i) application of 40 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921liquid dairy cattle manure (wet weight basis) before sowing; (ii) single application of 120 and 26 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921N and P, respectively, as inorganic fertilizers before sowing; (iii) as in ii, but with split application of N, half the amount before sowing and the rest at tillering; and (iv) no fertilization. The biological evaluators used to compare the effect of the treatments were (i) number of seedlings per square meter at tillering for the first year only and (ii) dry biomass at heading and harvest; plant concentration and uptake of N, P, and K; and grain yield for every year of experimentation. The results showed that application of manure did not affect seed germination but resulted in a significant increase in dry biomass at the two growth stages and in grain yield and nutrient uptake, similar to the inorganic N and P fertilization. The amounts of soil available NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92N and P were significantly increased while at the end of the field experiment, soil salinity, organic C, and total N levels remained unchanged.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anastasios Lithourgidis, Athanasios A. Gagianas, Theodora Matsi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.5920"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2003.5920", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2003.5920"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Tr&offset=8200&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Tr&offset=8200&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Tr&offset=8150", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Tr&offset=8250", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 15535, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-05T05:32:06.602642Z"}