{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.2134/agronj2009.0102", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-09", "title": "Evaluation Of Nitrogen Sources And Application Methods For Nitrogen-Rich Reference Plot Establishment In Corn", "description": "<p>Five different N sources were compared with null N treatment to evaluate their performance for N\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich reference plot establishment in corn (Zea mays L.). The sources, including calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PCU) and environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN) in 2007 and 2008, and urea (URE), were broadcast or in\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil banded at the rate of 225 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 A greenhouse trial was also conducted with N applied as CAN, URE, and ESN. Net photosynthesis rate (PN) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm or Fv\uffe2\uff80\uffb2/Fm\uffe2\uff80\uffb2) were measured to assess N sources effects on corn photosynthesis. Relative photosynthetic capacity (RPC) and relative chlorophyll fluorescence capacity (RCFC) were calculated to evaluate the performance of N sources in N\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich reference plot establishment. There were no differences in the release pattern of N from different sources that could lead to differences in RPC and RCFC during the period when N status diagnosis is normally performed. Hence, all sources were equally effective to establish N\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich reference plots in our experimental conditions. It was also found that growers have the flexibility to either broadcast N at sowing or to band N along the rows at a later time after corn emergence.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0102"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2009.0102", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2009.0102", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2009.0102"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2009.0165", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-09", "description": "<p>Our objective was to determine the effect of tillage system, crop rotation, and N fertilization on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 90\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm profile in a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (20\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr) experiment established in 1986 on a rainfed Mediterranean Vertisol in southern Spain. The treatments studied were: conventional tillage (CT) vs. no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (NT); five crop rotations: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WC), wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (WS), wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93bare fallow (WF), wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93faba\uffe2\uff80\uff90bean (Vicia faba L.) (WFB), and continuous wheat (WW); and N fertilizer applied at four rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The SOC content of soil samples was determined in 1995, 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006 for four different soil layers (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315, 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330, 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9360, and 60\uffe2\uff80\uff9390 cm). The application of N fertilizer did not influence SOC sequestration. The other treatments showed a gradual increase of total SOC content over time, although there were no differences between some consecutive years. The SOC accumulation was higher for 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 60\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 90\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depths than other depths due to characteristic cracks of Vertisol. Over the 20 yr of the study, WW and WFB sequestered 21 and 15 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 more under NT than under CT, respectively. The other crop rotations did not show any difference in C sequestration between NT and CT. Under CT, WS sequestered more SOC than other rotations, while under NT, WW and WFB sequestered more SOC. In general, the crop rotation intensification and NT had a positive effect over time on SOC sequestration in this rainfed Mediterranean Vertisol.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Francisco J. L\u00f3pez-Bellido, Rafael J. L\u00f3pez-Bellido, Luis L\u00f3pez-Bellido, Jos\u00e9 M. Font\u00e1n,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0165"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2009.0165", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2009.0165", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2009.0165"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2009.0483", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-05-04", "title": "Crop Management Effects On Crop Residue Production And Changes In Soil Organic Carbon In The Central Great Plains", "description": "<p>Crop biomass has been proposed as a source stock for bioethanol production. Levels of crop residue removal must be determined to prevent degradation of soil physical and chemical properties resulting from soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. Carbon inputs from crop residues and an estimate of inputs from roots and rhizodeposition (Creturn) were calculated and compared with changes in SOC after seven cropping seasons at Akron, CO. Tillage treatments included a chisel plow (CP) and a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) treatment. A crop rotation alternating grasses and broadleaf crops was compared with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Irrigation treatments included water application to meet evapotranspiration demand or application only during the reproductive stage of each crop. Total Creturn varied from 25 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the delayed irrigation, crop rotation plots to 63 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the fully irrigated, continuous corn plots. The change in SOC in the surface 30 cm of soil varied from \uffe2\uff88\uff920.8 Mg SOC ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the rotation plots to a gain of 2.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the continuous corn plots after 7 yr. Correlating crop residue input with change in SOC showed that about 4.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Creturn is needed to maintain SOC levels for NT cropping systems and an average of 7.4 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 Creturn is needed to maintain SOC levels under chisel tillage. Continuous corn was the only system that consistently provided sufficient crop residue to maintain SOC levels. Residue removal for off\uffe2\uff80\uff90farm use should consider only amounts that can be harvested without decreasing SOC levels.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0483"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2009.0483", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2009.0483", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2009.0483"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020040x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-27", "title": "Effect Of Periodic Burning On Soil-Nitrogen Concentrations In Ponderosa Pine", "description": "Abstract<p>To determine the effects of different burning intervals on soil N status in substands of sapling\uffe2\uff80\uff90, pole\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and sawtimber\uffe2\uff80\uff90sized ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) we sampled plots burned at 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90, 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90, and 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr intervals by three strata at two depths (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 cm). Generally, NH4+ and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff90 concentrations were higher on plots repeatedly burned than on unburned controls. However, plots not reburned for 4 to 5 yr had concentrations similar to controls. No significant difference in total (organically bound) N was found among treatments. We conclude that frequent periodic burning can be used to enhance N availability in southwestern ponderosa pine sites.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "S. S. Sackett, W. Wallace Covington,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020040x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20Society%20of%20America%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020040x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020040x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000020040x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1986-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2009.0123", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-03-05", "title": "Tillage And Crop Rotation Phase Effects On Soil Physical Properties In The West-Central Great Plains", "description": "<p>Efficient water use is the primary determinant of profitability in dryland crop production of the western Great Plains. For a sustainable increase in precipitation use efficiency (PUE) from that typical of the traditional winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow rotation with conventional stubble\uffe2\uff80\uff90mulch (sweep) tillage (CT) to occur, decreased use of fallow and tillage is required. Our objective was to quantify the effect of tillage intensity (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till [NT], reduced tillage [RT], and CT) and phase of the winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]\uffe2\uff80\uff93fallow rotation on selected soil properties that influence PUE, with emphasis on infiltration and the association between water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates (WSA) and infiltration rate. Soil water content at \uffe2\uff88\uff921.5 MPa matric potential, concentration of WSA \uffe2\uff89\uffa50.5 mm, mean weight diameter of WSA, and ponded steady\uffe2\uff80\uff90state infiltration rate were significantly greater with NT than RT or CT (infiltration rates: NT, 30.6; RT, 15.3; and CT, 11.4 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Infiltration rate was significantly greater in the wheat phase (25.8 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than in the sorghum (15.4 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) or fallow (16.2 mm h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) phases. The significantly better conditions of aggregate stability and water infiltration with NT management and the lack of development of poor infiltration properties during the wheat season that would need to be alleviated by tillage after harvest reinforce the appropriateness of NT management in crop production systems of the region.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Loyd R. Stone, Alan J. Schlegel,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0123"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2009.0123", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2009.0123", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2009.0123"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2009.0182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-09", "description": "<p>Results are summarized for the first 15 yr of an eight\uffe2\uff80\uff90site, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimental network in China designed to assess the sustainability of cropping systems in environments representing 70% of Chinese cropland. Systems were wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93maize double cropping (two crops per year) at four sites, wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93rice double cropping, rice\uffe2\uff80\uff90based triple cropping, and wheat or maize single cropping. Without fertilizers, wheat yields were mainly \uffe2\uff89\uffa41 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and maize yields were \uffe2\uff89\uffa52 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921With NPK fertilizer (rates averaging 154, 33, and 54 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921per crop of N, P, and K, respectively), wheat yields mainly ranged from 5 to 7 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and maize yields ranged from 6 to 9 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921Without P fertilizer, yields declined (up to 4 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921less than with NPK), and Olsen\uffe2\uff80\uff90P values in soil declined, although rates differed between sites. Decreasing yields from withholding K usually emerged more slowly. The results emphasize the value of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments to reveal trends in soil fertility not apparent within a few years and the need for research in these environments to define \uffe2\uff80\uff9ccritical concentrations\uffe2\uff80\uff9d of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90available P and K in soil for maintaining maximum crop yields. Results with manures show the risk of overfertilization and water pollution with N and P if inorganic fertilizer applications are not decreased to take account of nutrients from manure. At two sites, there was evidence of significant N and P inputs from irrigation water. At one site, the addition of N fertilizer gradually caused soil acidification; this caused inefficient utilization of nutrients and led to crop failure.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhao, B-Q., Li, X-Y., Li, X-P., Shi, X-J., Huang, S-M., Wang, B-R., Zhu, P., Yang, X-Y., Liu, H., Chen, Y., Poulton, P. R., Powlson, D. S., Todd, A. D., Payne, R. W.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2009.0182", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2009.0182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2009.0182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0051", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-02", "description": "<p>Continuous no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) can be beneficial relative to tillage with fewer field operations, reduced erosion, and surface soil improvement. Field research was conducted at two locations for 5 yr in eastern Nebraska to test the hypotheses that one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time tillage of NT can result in increased grain yield, reduced stratification of soil properties persisting for at least 5 yr, a net gain in soil organic carbon (SOC), and a restoration of the soil microbial community to NT composition. Stratification of soil test P, SOC, and bulk density was similar for all tillage treatments at 5 yr after tillage. Water stable soil aggregates (WSA) were not affected by tillage treatments except that there was more soil as macroaggregates at one location in the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth with moldboard plow tillage (MP) compared with NT. Tillage treatments had no effect on SOC mass in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. Soil microbial biomass was greater at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm compared with the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. Biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was greater with NT compared with one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time MP at one location but not affected by the one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time tillage at the other location. Microbial community structure differed among tillage treatments at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth at one location but not at the other location. Grain yield generally was not affected by tillage treatment. One\uffe2\uff80\uff90time tillage of NT can be done without measureable effects on yield or soil properties.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Charles S. Wortmann, Thomas G. Franti, Rhae A. Drijber,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0051"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0051", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0051", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0051"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0188", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-09", "title": "Physical And Mineral-Nutrition Properties Of Sand-Based Turfgrass Root Zones Amended With Biochar", "description": "<p>Sand\uffe2\uff80\uff90based turfgrass root zones have limited nutrient retention and water\uffe2\uff80\uff90holding capacity. Peat moss often is used to offset these deficiencies, but peat moss decomposes. Biochar is a co\uffe2\uff80\uff90product of several biofuel production processes used to produce bio\uffe2\uff80\uff90oil. Biochar is stable and could have similar water and nutrient retention impacts as peat moss when mixed in sand\uffe2\uff80\uff90based turfgrass root zones. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of biochar as a sand\uffe2\uff80\uff90based root zone amendment. Water retention, water infiltration, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) rooting depth, and nutrient evaluation experiments were conducted on six sand and biochar root zone mixtures. At field capacity, sand\uffe2\uff80\uff90based media containing 25% (v/v) biochar retained 260 and 370% more water compared to media containing 5% biochar and a pure sand control, respectively. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the root zones decreased as biochar concentrations increased. The rooting depth of bentgrass was reduced up to 46% at biochar concentrations &gt;10%. Extracted pore water electrical conductivity and dissolved total organic carbon increased as biochar concentrations increased. Nitrogen leaching was reduced as biochar concentrations increased. According to the results, biochar may improve water storage, reduce overall water use, and decrease N fertilizer applications in sand\uffe2\uff80\uff90based turfgrass ecosystems.</p>", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Shane R. Brockhoff, Randy Killorn, Nick E. Christians, Robert Horton, Dedrick D. Davis,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0188"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0188", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0188", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0188"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10396/21086", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-04", "title": "A Conserved Microbial Motif \u2018Traps\u2019 Protease Activation in Host Immunity", "description": "A recent study (Misas-Villamil et al., Nat. Commun., 2019) reveals that Pit2, an apoplastic effector of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, contains an embedded motif of 14 amino acids that binds to and inhibits plant cysteine proteases, thereby modulating host immunity. Intriguingly, the inhibitory motif acts by mimicking the protease substrate and is conserved across microbial kingdoms.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Ustilago maydis", "Microbial inhibitor", "Zea mays", "Apoplast", "03 medical and health sciences", "Papain-like cysteine proteases", "Ustilago", "Plant Immunity", "Substrate", "Peptide Hydrolases"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10396/21086"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trends%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10396/21086", "name": "item", "description": "10396/21086", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10396/21086"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0180", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-11-09", "description": "<p>Under semiarid Mediterranean conditions irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) has been associated with nitrate pollution of surface water and groundwater. Cover crops grown during the intercrop period of maize could reduce N leaching. A 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters with three cover crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare L), winter rape (Brassica rapa L.), or common vetch (Vicia sativa L.). Bare soil was used as control treatment. Maize was fertilized with 300 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N in the control, and this amount was reduced after a cover crop according to the N content in the aboveground cover crop biomass. Barley and winter rape biomass had a higher N content than vetch (130\uffe2\uff80\uff93170 vs. 50 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The vetch treatment did not reduce N leaching or affect maize yield. The barley and winter rape treatments reduced N leaching by 80% compared to the control (25 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) mainly due to a reduction of NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93N concentration in drainage. Maize yield was reduced by 2.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 after barley and winter rape but still high (\uffe2\uff89\uff8814 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). This reduction was due to an N deficiency caused by lower soil N in spring after the cover crop and insufficient N mineralization and/or lack of synchronization with maize N uptake. To use nonlegume winter cover crops to reduce N leaching in monoculture maize it is necessary to consider that N mineralization may not be sufficient to fulfill maize N requirements and N fertilizer adjustment tools should be developed.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0180"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0180", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0180", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0180"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0205s", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-19", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics In The Pendleton Long-Term Experiments: Implications For Biofuel Production In Pacific Northwest", "description": "<p>Use of crop residues for biofuel production raises concerns on how removal will impact soil organic carbon (SOC). Information on the effects on SOC is limited and requires long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experimentation. Fortunately, Pendleton long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments (LTEs), dating to the 1930s, provide some answers. This study compared crop residue inputs and SOC balance in conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93summer fallow (WW\uffe2\uff80\uff90SF) systems with annual rotation of WW and spring pea (Pisum sativum L.). The WW\uffe2\uff80\uff90SF consisted of crop residue (CR\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE) (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9390 N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, 11.2 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of steer (Bos taurus) manure and 1.1 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921of pea vines additions, residue burning, and tillage fertility (TF\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE) (tillage\uffe2\uff80\uff90 plow, disc, sweep, and N (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93180 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921)). Winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (WP\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE) rotation treatments included maxi\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (MT\uffe2\uff80\uff90disc/chisel), fall plow (FP), spring plow (SP), and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT). Soils were sampled (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9360\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth) at 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr intervals, and grain yield and residue data collected every year. In WW\uffe2\uff80\uff90SF systems, SOC was maintained only by manure addition and depleted at a rate of 0.22 to 0.42 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in other treatments. In WP\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE, MT, FP, SP, and NT treatments increased SOC at the rate of 0.10, 0.11, 0.02, and 0.89 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Minimum straw biomass to maintain soil organic carbon (MSB) in the CR\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE, TF\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE, and WP\uffe2\uff80\uff90LTE was 7.8, 5.8, and 5.2 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. Winter wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90SF straw production was lower than MSB, therefore residue removal exacerbated SOC decline. Harvesting straw residues under NT continuous cropping systems is possible when MSB and conservation requirements are exceeded.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Stephen Machado", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0205s"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0205s", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0205s", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0205s"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0213s", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-19", "description": "<p>Soil organic carbon (SOC) has been monitored for more than 100 yr in The Morrow Plots at the University of Illinois. From 1904 to 1955, SOC in the top 15 cm of soil decreased in unfertilized plots, but decreased less or remained the same in plots with added manure+lime+phosphate (MLP). A chemical fertilizer treatment (LNPK) was added in 1955, and in 1968, the corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93oat (Avena sativa L.) rotation was converted to corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and a second LNPK treatment (LhiNPK) was added with a higher N rate. From 1968 through 1998, SOC values declined by 15 to 19% in LhiNPK, LNPK, and MLP in the corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotation and by 8% in one LNPK treatment in corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93oat\uffe2\uff80\uff93hay, but not in other treatments. Soil organic carbon values from 2007\uffe2\uff80\uff932008 deviated by only 0.2 g C kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from values projected using regressions from the 1968 to 1998 period. While SOC was lost from the surface soil of unfertilized plots with continuous residue removal during the first half of the 20th century, SOC trends since then are inconsistent, and appear to be inversely correlated to beginning SOC levels. Over all rotations and treatments, SOC loss averaged only 1.1 g C kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from 1955 to 2008. While no conclusion regarding residue removal effects on SOC is possible, it is clear that adequate nutrient levels are important in maintaining SOC levels.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R. E. Dunker, Emerson D. Nafziger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0213s"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0213s", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0213s", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0213s"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/sssaj2004.1360", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-27", "title": "Aggregate Sizes And Stability In Cultivated South Dakota Prairie Ustolls And Usterts", "description": "<p>Soil structural stability often decreases as the intensity of cultivation increases. The effect of three different management systems (grass, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, and till) on soil aggregate stability and sizes were studied in six Ustolls and two Usterts on central South Dakota farms. Soil structure was morphologically described throughout the profile. Stability of dry and wet aggregates in the topsoil was tested by dry and wet sieving. Most structural changes were observed in the top 0 to 0.20 m. Granular structure was dominant under grass, whereas plates, blocks, and compacted layers were most common in conventionally tilled and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till soils. The largest mean weight diameters (MWD) of dry aggregates were found in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till soils (10 mm vs. 7 in till and 6 in grass). Wet aggregate stability was higher in grass (87%) than in cultivated soils (70%). After about 10 yr of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till management, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till soil aggregates were significantly more stable (5% for wet and 32% for dry aggregates) than till aggregates only in the top 0 to 0.05 m. The structural stability of cultivated soils was greater in Usterts than in Ustolls.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas E. Schumacher, A. Eynard, Douglas D. Malo, M.J. Lindstrom,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.1360"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20Society%20of%20America%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/sssaj2004.1360", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/sssaj2004.1360", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/sssaj2004.1360"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0334", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-12", "title": "Soil Microbial Response To Nitrogen Rate And Placement And Barley Seeding Rate Under No Till", "description": "<p>Urea [(NH2)2CO] applied in the seed row can damage seedlings and affect soil microorganisms. A field study was conducted in five site\uffe2\uff80\uff90years to compare the effects of seed\uffe2\uff80\uff90placed and side\uffe2\uff80\uff90banded N applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) at 0 to120 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 on rhizosphere and bulk\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and functional diversity (H\uffca\uffb9), and to investigate if increasing barley seeding rate (200\uffe2\uff80\uff93400 seeds m\uffe2\uff88\uff922) would modify the N effects. Nitrogen rate affected MBC in four and one site\uffe2\uff80\uff90years in barley rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively. Two of the four responses in the rhizosphere were quadratic, and the other two were a linear decrease and a cubic response. The response in bulk soil was a linear decrease. One of the two responses in the rhizosphere depended on N placement. Responses of H\uffca\uffb9 to N rate, which were mostly cubic and depended on N placement, were observed in three and four site\uffe2\uff80\uff90years in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively. Increasing barley seeding rate increased MBC in one and three site\uffe2\uff80\uff90years in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, respectively, and increased H\uffca\uffb9 in one and two site\uffe2\uff80\uff90years, respectively. In two of the three cases in bulk soil, seeding rate increased MBC only when N was banded. Banded N up to 60 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 had minimal adverse effects on soil microorganisms, but only 30 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or less of seed\uffe2\uff80\uff90placed N was relatively harmless. Increasing seeding rate did not usually alleviate the negative effects of seed\uffe2\uff80\uff90placed N applied at high rates.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0334"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0334", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0334", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0334"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0493", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-12", "description": "<p>Cereal\uffe2\uff80\uff93legume intercropping often results in increased productivity, weed suppression, and N supply. The agronomic and economic benefits of maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93bean (Zea mays L. \uffe2\uff80\uff93Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropping were studied for 5 yr in a complete factorial with: 0, 1, and 2 weedings (W0, W1, W2); and single (MB) and double (MBB) rows of bean alternated with one row of maize. Sole crop maize and bean were included. Weed infestation in intercrop was 30% less compared with sole crop bean but with inconsistent differences across years. Weed biomass was 13% less with MBB compared with sole\uffe2\uff80\uff90cropped maize. Ears m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 were 55% more in seasons with better rainfall compared with 1999 and 16% more with W1 or W2 compared W0. Mean maize grain yield was 3.74 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Weeding frequency (WF) effect on maize grain yield was inconsistent across years but yield was 75% more with W2 compared with W0. Overall, maize grain yield was 19% more with MB compared with MBB but the effect was significant in 1997 only. Mean bean yield was 1.07 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and was inconsistently affected by treatments across years. Bean yield was on average 52 and 67% more with W1 and W2, respectively, compared with W0, and 35% more with MB compared with MBB. Intercropping resulted in land equivalent ratios (LER) of 1.0 to 2.4 with a WF effect. Mean net income (NI) was greatest with MB and W1. Overall, intercropping suppressed weeds and was more productive and economical than sole crop production.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "T. Workayehu, Charles S. Wortmann,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0493"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0493", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0493", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0493"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0210", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-10", "description": "<p>It is widely accepted that conservation tillage management affords benefits to soil properties and reduces production costs; therefore these practices could be attractive to farmers from semiarid regions. The objective of this study was to assess the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of different tillage practices under semiarid conditions on macroaggregate stability (water stable aggregates, WSA), soil organic carbon (SOC), and particulate organic carbon (C\uffe2\uff80\uff90POM) content of an Alfisol from Spain. The experimental design involved a split plot and four randomized blocks in which tillage was the main factor and crop rotation (fallow\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea\uffe2\uff80\uff93barley) the secondary factor. Three tillage systems were compared: no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT), and conventional tillage (CT). Soil samples were collected on November 2006 and October 2007. In November 2006 no significant differences in WSA were found among the tillage treatments. In October 2007, however, the mean WSA in the upper soil layer for the NT was significantly higher, 24%, that in the CT. No significant differences were seen for the subsurface layer. Under NT, the SOC and C\uffe2\uff80\uff90POM values for the surface soil layer were significantly higher than those for the other treatments on both sampling dates. At the subsurface depth, no significant differences were seen in either of these variables. The SOC and C\uffe2\uff80\uff90POM values were more homogeneous throughout the soil profile in the plowed soil than in the NT for which the corresponding values were more stratified. The results show that NT will help improve soil structure and soil fertility, which is particularly relevant to semiarid conditions like the area studied.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0210"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0210", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0210", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0210"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0273", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-19", "title": "Influence Of Liquid Cattle Manure On Micronutrients Content And Uptake By Corn And Their Availability In A Calcareous Soil", "description": "<p>The effect of soil application of liquid dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure on Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and B content and uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) and their availability in a calcareous soil was studied. The field received 9 yr of liquid cattle manure in two fertilization experiments, initially with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996\uffe2\uff80\uff932000), followed by a similar experiment with corn (2002\uffe2\uff80\uff932006). The treatments, practiced on the same plots every year since 1996, included: (i) soil incorporation of liquid dairy cattle manure before sowing at a rate equivalent to the recommended N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P inorganic fertilization for each crop; (ii) application of the recommended inorganic N\uffe2\uff80\uff90P fertilization for each crop, before sowing; (iii) identical to ii, but with split N application; and (iv) no fertilization (control). Surface soil samples were analyzed at the beginning of each corn\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season and in the spring of 2007. Corn samples, collected at the R3 growth stage, were also analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of all micronutrients in corn were not affected by fertilization. However, following manure application in 2005 and 2006, micronutrients' uptake by corn was significantly increased compared to the control, and was similar to levels for the inorganic fertilizer treatments. After 9 yr of manure application to soil, DTPA extractable Cu, Zn, and Mn and hot water extractable B were significantly increased. In addition, soil total and dissolved organic C were significantly increased and dissolved organic C was significantly correlated to DTPA extractable metals.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0273"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0273", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0273", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0273"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700010016x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-20", "title": "Transport Of Atrazine And Simazine In Runoff From Conventional And No-Tillage Corn", "description": "Abstract<p>On 0.4\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 3.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90ha watersheds, highest concentrations of atrazine (0.48 ppm) (2\uffe2\uff80\uff90chloro\uffe2\uff80\uff904\uffe2\uff80\uff90[ethylamino]\uffe2\uff80\uff906\uffe2\uff80\uff90[isopropylamino]\uffe2\uff80\uff90s\uffe2\uff80\uff90triazine) and simazine (1.2 ppm) (2\uffe2\uff80\uff90chloro\uffe2\uff80\uff904,6\uffe2\uff80\uff90bis[ethylamino]\uffe2\uff80\uff90s\uffe2\uff80\uff90triazine) were present in runoff occurring soon after application and declined rapidly for later events. Quantity of herbicides transported increased with the amount of runoff, and was inversely related to the length of time between application and the runoff event. A maximum of 6% of the applied herbicide was transported from the field even under the most favorable conditions, and the average for all watersheds was &lt; 2%. Less runoff and herbicide loss occurred from areas planted to no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage than to conventional corn (Zea mays L.).</p><p>In a multiple regression analysis of the factors, the natural logarithm (ln) of days after application and a tillage \uffc3\uff97 application rate interaction were useful in predicting the natural logarithm of herbicide concentration in runoff. Factors from the multiple regression analysis used in this study were important in predicting concentration of atrazine and other pesticides when applied to data published by other workers.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "G. B. Triplett, W. M. Edwards, B. J. Conner,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700010016x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700010016x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700010016x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq1978.00472425000700010016x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1978-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2010.0454", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-02", "description": "<p>Cropping systems may improve or decrease soil quality depending on the specific crop rotation, nutrient amendments, and tillage practices employed. We conducted this study to determine the effect of six cropping systems in the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial on soil properties after 18 yr of continuous treatments. We sampled soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 cm depths) following the corn (Zea mays L.) year of three grain\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems (continuous corn and two grain rotations), after both corn and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in two forage\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems (organic and conventional), and in grass\uffe2\uff80\uff93legume pasture. Extractable P and K, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total N, active soil C, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates (WSA), bulk density (BD), penetrometer resistance, and total microbial biomass (TMB) were measured, and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) soil quality index (SQI) was determined. The pasture (0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm) was significantly better than all other systems in almost all soil quality indicators and had the highest SQI (96 vs. mean of 87 for others). The alfalfa\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems had more total N, TOC, active C, PMN, and WSA and higher BD in one or both depths than did the grain\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems but SQIs were not different. Among the grain systems, there was less variation and few significant differences were observed. While there were significant differences among systems for most soil properties, a SQI based on a composite of seven soil properties, showed few differences on this well managed, productive, prairie\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived soil.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Harry W. Read, Joshua L. Posner, Teri C. Balser, Janet L. Hedtcke, William E. Jokela,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2010.0454"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2010.0454", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2010.0454", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2010.0454"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2011.0311", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "description": "<p>Grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important grain crop grown in both highly productive and marginal areas in the central Great Plains because of the crop's ability to use the erratic precipitation observed in this region. More effective capture and storage of this limited rainfall is needed to improve the productivity and profitability of dryland agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term tillage and N fertilization on soil physical and hydraulic properties after long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous grain sorghum production. Variables included conventional tillage (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) and four rates of N fertilizer. Selected soil quality indicators included soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), wet aggregate stability (WAS), and ponded infiltration. No\uffe2\uff80\uff90till accumulated more SOC in the surface 0 to 5 cm, and was less dense at all depths than CT. When tillage was compared across all N rates, NT contained 30% greater SOC than CT at the 0 to 5 cm. Mean weight diameter (MWD) was larger with increasing N fertilization and eliminating tillage. Ponded infiltration rates were greatest for the high N fertilization rate under NT, and lowest for the 0 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 rate under CT. In this long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term grain sorghum system, increasing N fertilization rate and NT both positively affected soil physical properties. These improvements in hydraulic properties will aid in more effectively capturing unpredictable precipitation, and further underscore the utility of NT management practices for the central Great Plains region.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen fertilization", "Grain sorghum", "Soil physical properties", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench", "Tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0311"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2011.0311", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2011.0311", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2011.0311"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2011.0073", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-09-02", "title": "Long-Term Tillage And Poultry Litter Impacts On Soybean And Corn Grain Yield", "description": "<p>Reduced tillage, poultry litter applications, crop rotations, and winter cover cropping are management practices that could be used with conservation tillage systems to increase yields compared to conventional monoculture systems. This study evaluated cropping sequences of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean rotations with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) covers in conventional, strip, and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till) systems, following poultry litter additions to wheat cover. The study was conducted from 1991 to 2001 on a Hartsells fine sandy loam (fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults). Poultry litter (112 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) was applied to wheat each year in fall. Wheat not receiving poultry litter received equivalent inorganic N. Corn was fertilized with inorganic fertilizer in spring with 56 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at planting followed by 168 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 3 wk after emergence; soybean received no fertilizer. Corn yields were influenced by tillage in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 2001 with conventional tillage producing greater yields, except in 1993 (strip tillage) and 2001 (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till). Poultry litter increased corn yield in 1991, 1997, and 1998. Crop rotations increased corn yield for all years, except 2001. Soybean yields were not impacted by differences in tillage. Crop rotations significantly impacted soybean yield in 1992, 1995, and 1998, with higher yields observed in 1992, and 1995, and lower yields in 1998. Poultry litter significantly increased soybean yield 8 of the 9 yr evaluated. This study suggests that poultry litter use for these crop rotations in conservation tillage systems could increase sustainable yield production.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "H. Allen Torbert, Dexter B. Watts,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0073"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2011.0073", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2011.0073", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2011.0073"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2011.0336", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-05", "title": "Nitrogen Sources And Timing Effects On Nitrogen Loss And Uptake In Delayed Flood Rice", "description": "<p>Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 in Louisiana and Mississippi to evaluate ammonia volatilization loss and subsequent effects on apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE) and grain yield for rice (Oryza sativa L.). A semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90open static chamber approach was used to measure ammonia volatilization loss from multiple N sources applied 10 days before flood (dbf) at the rate of 168 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Cumulative ammonia volatilization losses for urea for Louisiana environments were 19 and 33% compared to 7% for both Mississippi environments. Urea + [N\uffe2\uff80\uff90(n\uffe2\uff80\uff90butyl) thiophosphoric triamide] (NBPT), urea + NBPT + dicyandiamide (DCD), and ammonium sulfate (AS) all minimized volatilization losses over all environments (range of 1.9\uffe2\uff80\uff934.9%). Additionally, ammonia volatilization data fitted to the Gompertz model demonstrated that urea + NBPT and urea + NBPT + DCD had longer lag phases (7.2\uffe2\uff80\uff937.7 d) relative to urea, AS, and urea + ammonium sulfate (UAS) blend (3.6 d). The same N sources and rate of N was applied 10, 7, 4, and 1 dbf to determine the effects on ANRE and yield. Apparent N recovery efficiency ranged from 43 to 71%. Grain yield was influenced by application time for two environments. Nitrogen application 10 dbf resulted in the least grain yield and yields tended to increase with fewer days between application and permanent flood. In Louisiana, urea + NBPT and urea + NBPT + DCD resulted in yields greater than urea alone. Where volatilization potential is substantial, NBPT should be included with the urea application to protect yield potential.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0336"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2011.0336", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2011.0336", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2011.0336"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:22:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-19", "title": "Topography-based statistical modelling reveals high spatial variability and seasonal emission patches in forest floor methane flux", "description": "<p>Abstract. Boreal forest soils are globally an important sink for methane (CH4), while these soils are also capable of emitting CH4 under favourable conditions. Soil wetness is a well-known driver of CH4 flux, and the wetness can be estimated with several terrain indices developed for the purpose. The aim of this study was to quantify the spatial variability of the forest floor CH4 flux with a topography-based upscaling method connecting the flux with its driving factors. We conducted spatially extensive forest floor CH4 flux and soil moisture measurements, complemented by ground vegetation classification, in a boreal pine forest. We then modelled the soil moisture with a random forest model using digital-elevation-model-derived topographic indices, based on which we upscaled the forest floor CH4 flux. The modelling was performed for two seasons: May\uffe2\uff80\uff93July and August\uffe2\uff80\uff93October. Additionally, we evaluated the number of flux measurement points needed to get an accurate estimate of the flux at the whole study site merely by averaging. Our results demonstrate high spatial heterogeneity in the forest floor CH4 flux resulting from the soil moisture variability as well as from the related ground vegetation. The mean measured CH4 flux at the sample points was \uffe2\uff88\uff925.07\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in May\uffe2\uff80\uff93July and \uffe2\uff88\uff928.67\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in August\uffe2\uff80\uff93October, while the modelled flux for the whole area was \uffe2\uff88\uff927.42 and \uffe2\uff88\uff929.91\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the two seasons, respectively. The spatial variability in the soil moisture and consequently in the CH4 flux was higher in the early summer (modelled range from \uffe2\uff88\uff9212.3 to 6.19\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) compared to the autumn period (range from \uffe2\uff88\uff9214.6 to \uffe2\uff88\uff922.12\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb5mol\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and overall the CH4 uptake rate was higher in autumn compared to early summer. In the early summer there were patches emitting high amounts of CH4; however, these wet patches got drier and smaller in size towards the autumn, changing their dynamics to CH4 uptake. The mean values of the measured and modelled CH4 fluxes for the sample point locations were similar, indicating that the model was able to reproduce the results. For the whole site, upscaling predicted stronger CH4 uptake compared to simply averaging over the sample points. The results highlight the small-scale spatial variability of the boreal forest floor CH4 flux and the importance of soil chamber placement in order to obtain spatially representative CH4 flux results. To predict the CH4 fluxes over large areas more reliably, the locations of the sample points should be selected based on the spatial variability of the driving parameters, in addition to linking the measured fluxes with the parameters.                     </p>", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "BOREAL FEN", "Ecology", "methane", "EDDY COVARIANCE", "NITROUS-OXIDE", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "ATMOSPHERE", "01 natural sciences", "forest soils", "Environmental sciences", "SOIL", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "TEMPERATE FOREST", "Life", "13. Climate action", "QH501-531", "CH4 EMISSIONS", "EXCHANGE", "CHAMBER", "Geosciences", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/2003/2021/bg-18-2003-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-18-2003-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0081", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-24", "title": "Temporal And Spatial Influence Of Perennial Upland Buffers On Corn And Soybean Yields", "description": "<p>Contour perennial buffers within cropland reduce pollutants from watersheds, but may interfere and affect crop yields at the crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90buffer interface. The objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal and spatial effects of agroforestry (AGF) and contour grass (CGS) buffers on no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields in the claypan region of Missouri. The CGS buffers (4.5\uffe2\uff80\uff90m width) contained redtop (Agrostis gigantean Roth), brome grass (Bromus spp.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), established at 35 m spacings. The AGF buffers contained, a single row of pin oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor Willd.), and bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.) trees planted at 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90m spacings in the middle of grass strips. Mean yields of corn in 2004, 2006, and 2008 and soybean in 2005, 2007, and 2009 at distances 0 to 5 m, 5 to 10 m, 10 to 15 m, and 15 to 20 m from AGF and CGS buffers were determined using geo\uffe2\uff80\uff90referenced yield maps and ArcGIS software. Corn yield reductions at 0 to 5 m from buffers, ranged from 22 to 49% in AGF and 15 to 32% in CGS watersheds, compared to the yield at 15 to 20 m during 2004 and 2006. This reduction may have been enhanced from soil moisture stress, late planting, and different hybrids between study years. Soybean yields were not affected by buffers. Reduction of corn yields could be potentially minimized with early planting, drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90tolerant varieties and reduction of buffers root competition with pruning or barriers.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ranjith P. Udawatta, Shibu Jose, Kelly A. Nelson, Kent Shannon, G.M.M.M. Anomaa Senaviratne,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0081"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0081", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0081", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0081"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0222", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-14", "description": "<p>Field evaluations of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90release N fertilizers are needed to improve N use efficiency while reducing NH3 volatilization. Ammonia volatilization losses, floodwater NH4+, and aboveground rice (Oryza sativa L.) tissue N accumulation were compared between non\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (NCU) and polyolefin\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (POCU) applications in a double\uffe2\uff80\uff90rice production system of subtropical China. A factorial treatment design included two urea sources such as POCU and NCU applied at 75 and 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90N control. For early and late rice seasons, floodwater NH4+ and pH increased significantly within 7 to 10 d after NCU applications and then decreased rapidly. Nitrogen losses through NH3 volatilization accounted for 16 to 30% and 4 to 8% of the total N applied for NCU and POCU, respectively. Applications of POCU significantly increased N accumulation in aboveground rice biomass due to a slower N release and better synchrony between in\uffe2\uff80\uff90season rice N demand and N supply from this fertilizer. Applications of POCU at a rate of 75 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 provided the optimal amounts of N for early and late rice crops and reduced NH3 volatilization losses. The use of slow release urea fertilizers should increase N use efficiency and maintain the high grain yield in the double rice production systems of subtropical China.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0222"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0222", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0222", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0222"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-29", "title": "Maize Evapotranspiration And Water-Use Efficiency In Response To Row Spacing", "description": "<p>Reduced row spacing has shown to increase maize (Zea mays L.) yield; however there are conflicting results on whether narrow rows increases maize crop evapotranspiration and/or water use efficiency. This work analyzes the response of maize yield, crop evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency to reduced row spacing under different water and N regimes. Maize crops were grown at Balcarce, Argentina, during two seasons. Treatments included two water regimes (rain\uffe2\uff80\uff90fed and irrigated), two rows spacing (35 and 70 cm) and two rates of N (i.e., 180 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or nonfertilized). Soil water content was measured through the growing seasons using a neutron probe, grain yield and shoot dry matter were determined at physiological maturity. Grain yield response to narrow rows ranged from 0 to 23%; it was higher for water limited (i.e., rain\uffe2\uff80\uff90fed crops) and/or N deficient crops (i.e., nonfertilized crops) and lower for crops with high N fertilization and irrigation. Narrow rows consistently increased (8%) crop ET during the initial stages of crop growth; and N fertilization did not influence ET response to reduced row spacing during this period. Initial differences in ET between row spacing treatments were diluted as the season progressed, and seasonal crop ET was not influenced by row spacing. Reduced row spacing increased water use efficiency for grain production up to 17%; increments were larger in N deficient crops and/or with water limitations but were negligible in N fertilized and irrigated crops.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "571", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0014", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010037x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-20", "description": "Abstract<p>Nitrate leaching from maize (Zea mays L.) fields fertilized in excess of plant requirements continue to threaten water quality even though many agronomists have recommended reducing N fertilization rates to contain this environmental risk. Inbred maize has lower N uptake than conventional hybrid maize; therefore, inbred maize production exposes soils to even greater ground water pollution risks by nitrates. A 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soils in southwestern Michigan to investigate the combined effects of N fertilization rates and rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops on NO3 leaching in inbred maize fields. Inbred maize was fertilized at 0, 101, and 202 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Annual NO3 leaching losses were 7 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 higher in fields fertilized at 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 than in nonfertilized controls. Annual NO3 leaching losses to ground water between May 1995 and April 1998 from lysimeters fertilized at 202 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 averaged 88 kg NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Rye interseeded with inbred maize fertilized at 202 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 sequestered from 46 to 56 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of excess fertilizer N. Rye scavenged little residual fertilizer N in plots fertilized at 101 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Well established rye cover crops in 1996 reduced NO3 leaching by as much as 65 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 when the previous crop was fertilized with 202 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Therefore, rye cover crops sequestered substantial amounts of soil NO3 in heavily fertilized inbred maize fields.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010037x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010037x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010037x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900010037x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0153", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-19", "title": "Growth Of Corn Roots And Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Are Affected By Long-Term Tillage And Phosphorus Fertilization", "description": "<p>Phosphorus deficiency is a major constraint for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Cropping practices, such as tillage, modify corn P absorption, but the underlying mechanism must be assessed. A study was conducted at a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (18\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr) experimental site in Quebec, Canada, to evaluate the effects of tillage and P fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, soil properties, root attributes, corn growth, and corn P concentration. Soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm) and plant samples were collected at the 8 to 10 leaf stage from plots under moldboard plow (MP) and no till (NT) fertilized with 0, 17.5, or 35 kg P ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Tillage increased soil bulk density, vesicular colonization, shoot and root biomass, root surface area, average diameter, volume, total root length density, and the percentage of medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90sized roots; it decreased total soil C and N concentrations, specific root length, percentage of fine roots, and arbuscular and total AM fungal colonization. Phosphorus fertilization reduced total AM fungal colonization, enhanced soil Mehlich\uffe2\uff80\uff903 P level, total root length density, and the percentage of fine roots. Corn shoot and root P concentrations, reduced by tillage, were positively correlated with the percentage of fine roots and arbuscular colonization, but negatively correlated with vesicular colonization and the percentage of medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90sized roots. Overall, P fertilization reduced total AM fungal colonization and increased root length density, and tillage decreased arbuscular development in roots and fine root growth in soil resulting in the low corn P concentration.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0153"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0153", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0153", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0153"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0223", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-16", "description": "<p>Carbon retention is a critical issue in arable farming of the Indian Himalayas. This study, conducted from 2001 through 2010 on a sandy clay loam soil, evaluated the effect of tillage alterations (conventional tillage [CT] and zero tillage [ZT]) and selected irrigation treatments (I1: pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90sowing, I2: pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90sowing + active tillering or crown root initiation, I3: pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90sowing + active tillering or crown root initiation + panicle initiation or flowering, and I4: pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90sowing + active tillering or crown root initiation + panicle initiation or flowering + grain filling), applied at the critical growth stages to rice (Oryza sativaL.) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) on soil organic C (SOC) retention and its pools, soil aggregation, and aggregate\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated C contents in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layer. Results indicate that the plots under ZT had nearly 17 and 14% higher total SOC and particulate organic C contents compared with CT (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc9.8 and 3.6 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921soil) in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layer after 9 yr of cropping, despite similar mean aboveground biomass yields of both crops on both CT and ZT plots. Tillage had no effect on C pools in the subsurface layers. Irrigation had positive impact on SOC content in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm layers. Although the labile pools of SOC were positively affected by ZT, the recalcitrant pool was not. Plots under ZT and I4 also had higher large and small macroaggregates and macroaggregate\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated SOC. Thus, adoption of ZT is the better management option for soil C improvement than CT, and irrigation generally enhances the positive impacts.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0223"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0223", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0223", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0223"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2012.0486", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-06-21", "title": "Stover Management And Nitrogen Fertilization Effects On Corn Production", "description": "<p>The incorporation of crop stover into the soil improves soil fertility and crop productivity by increasing C sequestration and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases among other parameters. Interactions between crop stover management and N fertilization could help to improve C sequestration while increasing productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of incorporating or removing corn (Zea mays L.) stover, in combination with different N fertilization rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931), on corn production, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil mineral nitrogen (SMN) in high production areas. We performed two field experiments (Exp. 1 and 2) for 3 yr under sprinkler irrigation. Over the duration of the experiment (short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term period), stover management did not affect corn production or SMN levels, while high average grain yields were achieved (16\uffe2\uff80\uff9320 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931) when N was applied. After 3 yr, removing the stover reduced SOC levels by approximately 0.82 and 1.06 g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth) in 2012 in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The amounts of corn stover incorporated were higher than 16 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff931 of dry matter. Our data suggest that returning stover to the soil has a positive short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term impact on soil quality without grain yield penalties. Although selling the stover provides a short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term economic advantage, continuous stover removal may cause significant soil degradation in the future.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. Biau, Jaume Lloveras, Francisca Santiveri,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0486"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2012.0486", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2012.0486", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2012.0486"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010032x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-27", "description": "Abstract<p>Intensively managed plantations of trees occupy vast areas of the tropics. The productivity of these forests depends strongly on nutrient supply, and nutrient supply may change rapidly under intensive management regimes. We documented changes in a Hawaiian soil after 32 mo of development of a plantation of eucalyptus [Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.)]. Soil C did not change significantly (average = \uffe2\uff80\uff9023 g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff901 to 30 cm; 95% confidence \uffe2\uff88\uff92139 to +93 g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff901). This lack of change in soil C resulted from a rapid loss of older soil C derived from sugarcane (\uffe2\uff88\uff92191 g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff901) and a rapid gain of new soil C from eucalyptus (160 g C m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff901). Soil N declined by 19 g N m\uffe2\uff80\uff902 yr\uffe2\uff80\uff901 (P = 0.08), despite fertilizer additions of 31 to 70 g m\uffe2\uff80\uff902. Large reductions in exchangeable Ca and Mg probably resulted from dissolution and leaching of residual lime from prior agricultural management. We conclude that intensive sampling regimes may detect relatively small changes in tropical forest soils, and that expectations of C accumulation in soils following afforestation may need to be reconsidered.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010032x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20Society%20of%20America%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010032x", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010032x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300010032x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2013.0087", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-03", "title": "Corn Response To Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers And Poultry Litter", "description": "<p>Nitrogen is one of the most important and costly nutrient inputs for crop production. Farmers are looking for better management practice to enhance production and reduce environmental impact. A 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field study was established to examine corn (Zea maysL.) grain yield and nutrient uptake resulting from application of 168 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921as urea (U), urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90ammonium nitrate (UAN), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), poultry litter (PL), and similar rate of commercially available enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENF) as follow: polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (ESN), SuperU, UAN + AgrotainPlus, and PL + AgrotainPlus in a no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till corn production. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized block design from 2009 to 2011. Aboveground plant biomass was harvested at physiological maturity each year to determine dry matter and nutrient uptake. Soil samples were taken three times per year to evaluate the status of the selected nutrients in soil. There was a significant increase in corn aboveground dry matter and grain yield with application of 168 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference in corn grain yield or dry matter among the N sources. However, averaged across all N sources, corn grain yield (10.1 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in 2009 was greater than grain yield (7.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in 2010 and 2011, mainly due to higher rainfall and better distribution in 2009. Addition of AgrotainPlus to UAN and PL did not influence corn grain yield. Additional research is needed to evaluate EENFs under different climatic conditions and different management practices.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0087"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2013.0087", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2013.0087", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2013.0087"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2013.0169", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-18", "title": "Permanent Raised Beds Improved Soil Physical Properties In An Annual Double-Cropping System", "description": "<p>As a typical semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid area with a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93maize (Zea mays L.) annual double\uffe2\uff80\uff90cropping system, Beijing has the lowest food production per capita and is suffering from severe soil degradation and low seedbed temperature in winter. This study evaluated the permanent raised bed (PRB) system in Beijing from 2005 to 2011 to investigate the effects of combining no tillage, residue cover, and controlled traffic with raised beds for improving soil properties. We found that the overall soil bulk density (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm) in PRB plots was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower (by 12.4%) than that in traditional tillage (TT) plots, while the penetration resistance in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 20\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm soil layers of PRB plots was 18.2 and 26.1% lower (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, than that of TT. The percentage of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable soil macroaggregates (&gt;0.25 mm) in the PRB plots was 89.8% (P &lt; 0.05) higher than in the TT plots, while the soil temperature was approximately 1.3 and 1.0\uffc2\uffb0C higher under TT at the 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 15\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depths, respectively, in winter. With these improvements, yields of PRBs appeared to have an increasing trend compared with no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and TT treatments.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0169"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2013.0169", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2013.0169", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2013.0169"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2013.0467", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-04-23", "description": "<p>Cereal\uffe2\uff80\uff93legume cover crop mixtures have the potential to combine the unique strengths of the component species while taking advantage of interspecific synergies. However, the relative proportion of each species in the mixture is likely to influence species interactions and entail important tradeoffs in cover crop performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate how the relative proportions of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) sown in mixtures influenced cover crop biomass production, winter annual weed suppression, vetch winter survival, and vetch N2 fixation as measured by the 15N natural abundance method. Following a replacement series design, treatments consisted of a gradient of seven rye\uffe2\uff80\uff93vetch mixture proportions ranging from 100% vetch to 100% rye. Density and biomass composition in the mixtures were highly correlated with rye and vetch seeding rates, with little evidence of substantial interspecific interference. Total shoot biomass in all mixtures was equal to or greater than that of either monoculture, but no differences were detected in vetch winter survival or the efficiency of N2 fixation. Changing the proportions of rye and vetch in the mixtures resulted in tradeoffs related to N and weed management goals. Increasing vetch in mixtures led to greater fixed N accumulation but also increased seed costs and reduced winter annual weed suppression. A greater understanding of how rye\uffe2\uff80\uff93vetch mixture proportions influence cover crop performance can support more\uffe2\uff80\uff90informed decision\uffe2\uff80\uff90making regarding cover crop selection and mixture seeding rates.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Daniel C. Brainard, Zachary D. Hayden, Mathieu Ngouajio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0467"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2013.0467", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2013.0467", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2013.0467"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2015.0468", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-06", "title": "Controlled Release Urea Improved Nitrogen Use Efficiency And Yield Of Wheat And Corn", "description": "<p>Nitrogen fertilizer is important for improving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) yields, but inappropriate application methods and excessive amounts lead to low N use efficiency and high N losses through leaching. To investigate the effects of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea (CRU) on crop yield and soil fertility, a field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 in China. The 100% (180 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and 70% (126 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of the local practice N rates with CRU and urea were used. The results revealed that the release curves of CRU in the natural field corresponded well to the N requirements of wheat and corn plants, and a positive linear correlation was observed between release rates and days after buried in soil. Consequently, the CRU treatments achieved significantly higher wheat and corn yield by 8 to 12% and 9 to 11%, respectively, compared with urea treatments at the same N rate. Reducing N rate of CRU by 30% produced the same yield as with the 100% N rate of urea. The agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was significantly increased and the leaching of soil N was reduced by CRU. The acidification rates and leaching of exchangeable Ca2+, K+, Na+ contents were reduced, base saturation and available P improved by application of CRU compared with urea. Therefore, the results suggested that a 30% decrease of CRU in the recommended application rate of N, can be an effective measure to save consumption input of N fertilizer.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>Nitrogen release rates of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea in field condition corresponded well to the N uptake of crop plants.</p> <p>A 30% decrease in the application rate of N is possible with controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea compared to urea.</p> <p>The application of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea increased crop yield, N use efficiency, net farm profit, and soil fertility.</p>  </p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xiaofei Tian, Chengliang Li, Jianqiu Chen, Jibiao Geng, Yuechao Yang, Min Zhang, Wenkui Zheng, Yunbao Sun,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0468"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2015.0468", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2015.0468", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2015.0468"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs14092256", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-09", "title": "Soya Yield Prediction on a Within-Field Scale Using Machine Learning Models Trained on Sentinel-2 and Soil Data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agriculture is the backbone and the main sector of the industry for many countries in the world. Assessing crop yields is key to optimising on-field decisions and defining sustainable agricultural strategies. Remote sensing applications have greatly enhanced our ability to monitor and manage farming operation. The main objective of this research was to evaluate machine learning system for within-field soya yield prediction trained on Sentinel-2 multispectral images and soil parameters. Multispectral images used in the study came from ESA\u2019s Sentinel-2 satellites. A total of 3 cloud-free Sentinel-2 multispectral images per year from specific periods of vegetation were used to obtain the time-series necessary for crop yield prediction. Yield monitor data were collected in three crop seasons (2018, 2019 and 2020) from a number of farms located in Upper Austria. The ground-truth database consisted of information about the location of the fields and crop yield monitor data on 411 ha of farmland. A novel method, namely the Polygon-Pixel Interpolation, for optimal fitting yield monitor data with satellite images is introduced. Several machine learning algorithms, such as Multiple Linear Regression, Support Vector Machine, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Stochastic Gradient Descent and Random Forest, were compared for their performance in soya yield prediction. Among the tested machine learning algorithms, Stochastic Gradient Descent regression model performed better than the others, with a mean absolute error of 4.36 kg/pixel (0.436 t/ha) and a correlation coefficient of 0.83%.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "precision agriculture", "stochastic gradient descent (SGD)", "polygon-pixel intersection (PPI)", "Science", "Q", "710", "high performance computing (HPC)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "620", "remote sensing", "precision agriculture; remote sensing; polygon-pixel intersection (PPI); stochastic gradient descent (SGD); high performance computing (HPC)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2256/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14092256"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs14092256", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs14092256", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs14092256"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2013.0108", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-03", "title": "Nitrous Oxide Emissions With Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers In A Rainfed System", "description": "<p>The use of enhanced efficiency N fertilizers can increase crop N utilization and lead to lower emissions of the greenhouse gas N2O. To determine the potential benefit of four enhanced efficiency fertilizers with rainfed corn (Zea maysL.) production in central Pennsylvania, N2O emissions and grain yield were monitored during a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90yr field study and compared with untreated urea prills and urea\uffe2\uff80\uff93NH4NO3(UAN). The tested enhanced efficiency products were ESN (polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea), SuperU (urease and nitrification inhibitor treated urea), UAN treated with AgrotainPlus (urease and nitrification inhibitors), and PiNT (cation\uffe2\uff80\uff90stabilized amine\uffe2\uff80\uff90N). Additionally, 28\uffe2\uff80\uff90d laboratory incubations were conducted to verify the potential differences in N cycling rates among N sources. The laboratory incubations indicated that ESN, SuperU, and treated UAN all had the potential to delay accumulation of NO3relative to untreated urea and UAN, but N cycling was similar with PiNT and the untreated fertilizers. Extended dry periods limited the denitrification potential and overall N2O emissions in the field, but spikes of N2O emission were seen within 1 mo after fertilizer application in each year. However, variation in emission rates was high within treatments, and no consistent differences among N sources were seen. Cumulative growing season N2O emissions and grain yield were similar for all N sources in each year of the study. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers do not appear to be an effective means to reduce N2O emission in a rainfed system, at least when rainfall is inconsistent.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "John P. Schmidt, John P. Schmidt, Curtis J. Dell, Kun Han, Ray B. Bryant,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0108"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2013.0108", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2013.0108", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2013.0108"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2013.0288", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-01-07", "description": "<p>Tillage and crop residue inputs are important factors that impact soil aggregation and soil organic C (SOC) decomposition. This study evaluated the impacts of tillage and 10 yr of crop residue removal on aggregate stability, distribution, and associated C. The research was conducted in North China between 2002 and 2011. The treatments were five tillage systems that included conventional tillage (CT), subsoiling (ST), harrow tillage (HT), rotary tillage (RT), and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) in combination with crop residue retention (P) or residue removal (A). The results indicate that 74 to 82% of aggregates were macroaggregates (0.25\uffe2\uff80\uff935 mm) and that these aggregates contained from 53 to 87% of the SOC in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth. Tillage and residue removal reduced macroaggregates and SOC levels, especially under the RT treatment, but residue inputs slowed down the rate of SOC depletion in the soil. The treatments of no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till with residue retention (NTP) and subsoiling with residue retention (STP), accumulated more C in stable macroaggregates and significantly increased SOC levels, which increased 13.37 and 9.59 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931, respectively, in 10 yr. Crop residue input combined with an appropriate tillage system is an effective method for maintaining and improving low\uffe2\uff80\uff90quality soil and SOC levels in the widespread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system of North China.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Na Li, Shenzhong Tian, Tangyuan Ning, Shuyun Chi, Bingwen Wang, Zengjia Li, Hongxiang Zhao, Yu Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2013.0288"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2013.0288", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2013.0288", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2013.0288"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2015.0422", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-02", "description": "<p>Located within the Sahel region, Senegal faces several agricultural production challenges. Limited rainfall, poor soil fertility, and insufficient agronomic inputs all contribute to low pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] yields. This study was initiated to assess the potential for increasing millet yields through intercropping (living cover) and mulching (desiccated cover) practices. During the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, pearl millet was intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], or grown under mulch (neem [Azadirachta indica] leaves applied at 2 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Field trials were conducted at two sites within Senegal's central millet\uffe2\uff80\uff93peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) basin, in Bambey (14\uffc2\uffb041\uffe2\uff80\uffb238\uffe2\uff80\uffb3 N, 16\uffc2\uffb028\uffe2\uff80\uffb212\uffe2\uff80\uffb3 W) and Thi\uffc3\uffa9s (14\uffc2\uffb045\uffe2\uff80\uffb245\uffe2\uff80\uffb3 N, 16\uffc2\uffb053\uffe2\uff80\uffb214\uffe2\uff80\uffb3 W). Soil moisture and plant N (based on the normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) were measured in addition to yield. When intercropped with a legume, millet grain yields increased up to 55% compared to millet alone. The combined grain yields under intercropping (millet + legume) were always higher than yields of millet alone, up to 67% in Bambey. Mulching increased soil moisture up to 14%, with yield increases of up to 70% over millet with no mulch. Plant N increased in both intercropped and mulched millet, with NDVI increases up to 21% with mulch and 16% when grown with a legume (prior to flowering). These yield increases were achieved using resources that are available and affordable to small\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale producers in the region (seeds and mulch), and did not require the addition of fertilizer inputs.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>Intercropping millet with cowpea or mungbean was found to increase millet grain yield compared to millet that was grown alone. Yield increases as high as 55% were recorded.</p> <p>Increasing ground cover through mulching of millet was found to significantly increase soil moisture compared to millet grown with no additional ground cover. Soil moisture increased up to 14% in mulched soils compared to unmulched soils.</p> <p>Intercropping millet with a legume (cowpea or mungbean) always resulted in a higher combined yield than growing either the millet or the legume by itself.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0422"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2015.0422", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2015.0422", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2015.0422"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2015.0552", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-15", "title": "Maize Yield And Nitrogen Use Efficiency In Upper Midwest Irrigated Sandy Soils", "description": "<p>Corn (Zea mays L.) in irrigated coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90textured soils can be very productive with N applications, but excess N can increase groundwater contamination. Our objectives were to (i) determine the economic optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) for continuous corn (CC) and corn after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CSb), (ii) evaluate corn yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of split urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90N and single pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant application of enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency fertilizers, and (iii) determine the utility of canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90N test to manage N. Rotations of CC in Dakota County, Minnesota, and CC, CSb, and soybean after corn (SbC) in Pope County, Minnesota, were established in 2011 to 2014 with 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315 kg urea\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as split\uffe2\uff80\uff90application (half at pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant and half at V4), and pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant applications of SuperU (Koch Fertilizer LLC, Wichita, KS) at 180 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, ESN(Agrium Advanced Technologies, Loveland, CO)/urea blend 90/90 kg Nha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and ESN at 180 and 225 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The EONR for CC was 233 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. The fertilizer replacement value in CSb was 56 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and the EONR was 49 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 less than in CC. Canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90N generally under estimated N rate. A split\uffe2\uff80\uff90urea application increased corn grain yield by 5.4% (0.63 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), partial factor productivity (PFP) by 6% and agronomic efficiency (AE) by 12% relative to mean single pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant application of enhanced\uffe2\uff80\uff90efficiency fertilizers. In irrigated sandy soils, applying high rates of N needed for economic optimum yield is best accomplished by splitting the application.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>In irrigated sandy soils, applying high rates of N needed for economic optimum yield is best accomplished by splitting the application.</p> <p>Canopy sensors and basal stalk nitrate\uffe2\uff80\uff90N generally under estimated N rate needed to optimize grain yield.</p> <p>Enhanced efficiency fertilizers applied at pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant are not as effective as split applications of urea in irrigated sandy soils.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0552"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2015.0552", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2015.0552", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2015.0552"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2015.0604", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-14", "description": "<p>Integrated weed management (IWM) practices are needed to prevent the development of herbicide\uffe2\uff80\uff90resistant weeds and create more robust weed management programs. This experiment was conducted to determine the optimal timing and frequency of high\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue cultivation in reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and corn (Zea mays L.) in Pennsylvania. Banded herbicides were applied at planting and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue cultivation frequency ranged from one to three passes. A split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot assessed the effects of cover crop residue, either cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) in soybean or a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)\uffe2\uff80\uff90triticale (X Triticosecale Wittm.) mixture in corn, on weed control and yields. Breakeven analyses were used to evaluate cultivation and cover crop costs. Two cultivator passes reduced weed biomass to 500 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or less and were needed to optimize weed control and prevent yield loss. No weed control or yield benefit was observed with three passes compared to two passes. Cover crop residues increased weed biomass and yield in dry years but suppressed weeds without influencing yields in wet years. In 1 of 3 yr, cover crop establishment costs were offset by 0.7 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 greater soybean yield with cereal rye residue than without. In 1 of 2 yr, a 0.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 greater corn yield with cover crop residue compared to none offset establishment costs only when legume N credit was substituted for urea fertilizer. This research confirms that banded herbicide application together with high\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue cultivation can achieve yields similar to herbicide\uffe2\uff80\uff90only programs while diversifying weed control tactics.  <p>New integrated weed management approaches are greatly needed in reduced\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage systems to help preempt the continued evolution of herbicide\uffe2\uff80\uff90resistant weeds.</p> <p>High\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue interrow cultivation following banded herbicide application at planting is an in\uffe2\uff80\uff90season weed management program that combines mechanical and chemical weed control tactics. Under conditions of the experiment, two passes with a high\uffe2\uff80\uff90residue cultivator achieved similar cash crop yield as a post\uffe2\uff80\uff90glyphosate application in soybean and corn. Single\uffe2\uff80\uff90pass treatments usually resulted in higher weed biomass and lower yields than two\uffe2\uff80\uff90pass treatments, and no weed control or crop yield benefit was observed with three passes.</p> <p>Rolled cereal rye and hairy vetch\uffe2\uff80\uff93triticale cover crop residues increased soybean and corn yields, respectively, in dry years despite increasing weed biomass.</p> <p>Economic analyses indicated that the benefit to cash crop yield from cover crop residues will not likely exceed establishment costs in every year; however in dry years, residues can increase cash crop yield beyond breakeven levels. The higher seed cost of the hairy vetch\uffe2\uff80\uff93triticale used before corn was able to pay for itself if N provided by the hairy vetch was assumed to offset the cost of urea fertilizer.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William S. Curran, C. L. Keene,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0604"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2015.0604", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2015.0604", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2015.0604"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2015.0581", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-22", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Controlled-Release Urea On Crop Yields And Soil Fertility Under Wheat Corn Double Cropping Systems", "description": "<p>The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea (CRU) on crop yields and soil properties were investigated in lysimeters under wheat and corn rotation system from 2009 to 2014 in northern China. The CRU included polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PCU), sulfur\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (SCU), and polymer coating of sulfur\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PSCU) was applied at 147, 210 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for wheat and 262.5, 375 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for corn and the urea was applied at 210 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for wheat and 375 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for corn. Results showed that the N release characteristics of three kinds of CRU in field condition were all closely matched to the N requirement of crops. Consequently, the CRU treatments improved wheat and corn yields by 3.2 to 10.1% and 4.9 to 11.1%, increased apparent N use efficiency by 45.9 to 53.8% in wheat, and 36.2 to 45.4% in corn, respectively, compared with urea. Furthermore, the PSCU achieved the highest and the most stable crop yields among CRU. Even reducing CRU rate by 30% produced the same yields as with the 100% rate of urea. In addition, soil total N and organic matter contents in CRU were effectively increased in the topsoil of 0 to 20 cm after 5 yr. Therefore, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term application of CRU had great potential to increase wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn yields, N use efficiency, reduce application frequency, improve soil fertility, decrease the leaching of soil NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff93N and NH4+\uffe2\uff80\uff93N, and also relieve soil pH decreased.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effect of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea on crop yield and soil chemical properties was studied.</p> <p>The N release rates of controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea were closely matched to the demand for N during the whole growth periods of crops.</p> <p>The wheat and corn yields were increased by 3.2 to 10.1% and 4.9 to 11.1% by controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release urea fertilization, compared with urea treatment.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jibiao Geng, Wenkui Zheng, Changling Sui, Xiaofei Tian, Xiuyi Yang, Zhiguang Liu, Chengliang Li, Min Zhang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0581"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2015.0581", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2015.0581", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2015.0581"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0113", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-07-28", "title": "Corn Grain Yield And Soil Properties After 10 Years Of Broiler Litter Amendment", "description": "<p>Use of broiler litter (BL) nutrients for crop production benefits crops, soils, and aids in disposing manure. Understanding corn (Zea mays L.) grain production and soil properties resulting from long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term BL amendment helps establish a sustainable manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90based corn production with low environmental risk potential. This study conducted at Bowling Green, KY, during 2005 to 2015 examined effects of supplying N requirement of corn grain crop monoculture by broiler litter (full broiler litter, FBL), 1:1 mixture of BL and inorganic N (half broiler litter rate, HBL), and chemical fertilizer (CF) on corn grain yield and post\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest soil properties under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The FBL produced significantly higher grain yield (10.1 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than the HBL (9.6 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), but similar to CF (9.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The FBL soils had greater cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and total nitrogen (TN) (15.5 cmol kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921; 45 and 2.9 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than the HBL (12.3 cmol kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921; 42.3 and 2.4 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and CF (10.1 cmol kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921; 35.5 and 1.7 g kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The FBL and HBL soils had 478 and 270 mg P kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921; 15.7 and 9.6 mg Cu kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921; 40.9 and 21.1 mg Zn kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 levels, respectively. Soil pH increased in the FBL, but decreased in CF. Soil nutrient aggregation rate was greater in the NT. Having lower soil nutrient accumulation than FBL and equivalent grain production potential as CF, HBL offers a better option for corn grain production with BL than by FBL.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>This study examined effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term broiler litter amendment on corn grain yield and post\uffe2\uff80\uff90harvest soil properties.</p> <p>Broiler litter at full and half rates has similar corn grain production potential as chemical fertilizer.</p> <p>Broiler litter induced high soil nutrient levels, but levels elevated by half litter rate was not environmentally significant.</p> <p>No\uffe2\uff80\uff90till and conventional tillage treatments have similar agronomic benefits and environmental risks.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Paul B. Woosley, Rebecca A. Gilfillen, Karamat R. Sistani, Naomi S. Rowland, Todd Willian, A. M. P. Netthisinghe,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.02.0113"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0113", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0113", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.02.0113"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-16", "title": "Urease Inhibitor NBPT on Ammonia Volatilization and Crop Productivity: A Meta-Analysis", "description": "Core Ideas<p> <p>The volatilization losses averaged 31.0% of applied N for urea and 14.8% for NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea.</p> <p>NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea showed a potential yield increase of 5.3% for major crops.</p> <p>The effect of NBPT in reducing volatilization losses were reduced under high N rates.</p> <p>NBPT had a limited effect on increasing yield in coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90textured soils and for NBPT rates &gt;1060 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921.</p> </p><p>The urease inhibitor N\uffe2\uff80\uff90(n\uffe2\uff80\uff90butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) slows urea hydrolysis, reduces NH3 volatilization loss, and enhances N availability to plants. Even though most studies have proved the potential of NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea to reduce NH3 loss, the benefits to increase crop yield have been less consistent, mainly because N is not always the limiting factor. A meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of soil properties (e.g., soil pH, soil texture, soil organic C [SOC]), N rate, and NBPT concentration on NH3 volatilization loss and crop yield when comparing urea with NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea. Regression analysis indicated cumulative NH3 loss of 31.0 and 14.8% of applied N for urea and NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea, respectively, a 52% reduction in NH3 loss by using the urease inhibitor. The use of NBPT delayed NH3 loss. It took 4.8 and 8.3 d for 50% of the total NH3 loss to occur for urea and NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea, respectively. The meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analyses indicated that when compared with urea, NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea reduced NH3 volatilization loss across all soil pH classes, soil texture classes, SOC contents, N rates, and NBPT concentrations. The meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis indicated an average crop yield increase of 5.3% for NBPT\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated urea compared with urea. This trend was observed for all classes of soil pH, SOC content, and N rate, but yield increases were limited in coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90textured soils and NBPT rates &gt;1060 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.04.0200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0402", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-12-01", "title": "Soil Total Carbon And Crop Yield Affected By Crop Rotation And Cultural Practice", "description": "Core Ideas<p> <p>Stacked crop rotation and improved cultural practice can control pests.</p> <p>The effects of such management practices on soil total carbon is lacking.</p> <p>Effects of crop rotation and cultural practice on STC and crop yield were evaluated.</p> <p>Crop yield and STC at several depths were lower in stacked than other rotations.</p> <p>Alternate\uffe2\uff80\uff90year rotation may enhance crop yield and STC compared to other rotations.</p> </p><p>Stacked crop rotations and improved cultural practices have been used to control pests, but their impact on soil total carbon (STC) (soil organic carbon [SOC] + soil inorganic carbon [SIC]) and crop yield are lacking. We evaluated the effects of stacked vs. alternate\uffe2\uff80\uff90year rotations and cultural practices on STC at the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff90 to 125\uffe2\uff80\uff90cm depth and annualized crop yields from 2005 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93canola (Brassica napus L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (Pisum sativum L.) (D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93P) and durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93P). Alternate\uffe2\uff80\uff90year rotations were durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93canola\uffe2\uff80\uff93durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93P) and durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93flax\uffe2\uff80\uff93durum\uffe2\uff80\uff93pea (D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93P). A continuous durum (CD) was used as a reference. Cultural practices were traditional (conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and ecological (no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height) treatments. Annualized crop biomass residue returned to the soil and grain yield were greater with D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93P and D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93P than D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93P and greater with the ecological than the traditional practice. The STC concentration increased with depth and was greater with CD and D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93P than D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93C\uffe2\uff80\uff93P and D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93P in traditional and ecological practices at 20 to 50 cm. At 50 to 88 cm, STC concentration was greater with D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93P than D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93P in the traditional practice. At 0 to 125 cm, STC content was lower with D\uffe2\uff80\uff90D\uffe2\uff80\uff90F\uffe2\uff80\uff90P than other crop rotations. Stacked rotations, especially D\uffe2\uff80\uff93D\uffe2\uff80\uff93F\uffe2\uff80\uff93P, reduced soil C storage and crop yields compared with alternate\uffe2\uff80\uff90year rotations. For enhancing soil C storage and crop yields, alternate\uffe2\uff80\uff90year crop rotations are recommended.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Agronomy and Crop Sciences", "13. Climate action", "Plant Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agricultural Science", "01 natural sciences", "630"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sainju, Upendra, Lenssen, Andrew, Allen, Brett, Stevens, William, Jabro, Jalal,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0402"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0402", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0402", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0402"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0121", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-08-04", "title": "Effects Of Biochar-Straw On Soil Aggregation, Organic Carbon Distribution, And Wheat Growth", "description": "<p>Exogenous C application can improve the physicochemical properties and fertility of soil. This study was conducted to determine whether the application of biochar (BC) was better than straw for improving soil structure and crop growth. The short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effects of exogenous C application on the size distribution of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stable aggregates, organic C sequestration, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated on a silty clay loam soil in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China. Biochar and straw were applied at equal C rates: 1, 3, and 10% in straw treatments (Str1.0, Str3.0, and Str10.0, respectively) and 0.8, 2.4, and 8% in BC treatments (BC0.8, BC2.4, and BC8.0, respectively). No\uffe2\uff80\uff90C treatment (CK) was used as the control. The mass proportion of macroaggregates (&gt;0.25 mm) was increased by 16.9% in BC2.4 and 45.8% in BC8.0, and soil organic carbon (SOC) was increased by 13.2 to 155.1% on average in the BC treatments when compared with CK. A small quantity of BC (0.8 and 2.4%) increased microbial biomass C content but decreased dissolved organic C content, while a large quantity of BC (8%) had the reverse effects. Wheat yields were increased by 14.9 and 19.1% in BC0.8 and BC2.4, respectively, while they were decreased by 37.3 and 90.1% in Str3.0 and Str10.0, respectively, when compared with CK. Moderately heavy soil BC amendment (e.g., applied rate, 2.4%) is beneficial to soil structure improvement and wheat growth and effective for harmless disposal of excess plant residues in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China.</p><p>Core Ideas  <p>Biochar addition enhanced macroaggregate formation and microaggregate agglomeration.</p> <p>Biochar particles mostly existed in the macroaggregate (&gt;0.25 mm) fractions.</p> <p>Low and moderate biochar application at 0.8% and 2.4% increased microbial biomass C and wheat yield.</p> <p>Heavy straw application at 3% and 10% inhibited wheat growth and yield increase.</p> </p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xu-Dong Wang, Qiang Ji, Zhong-Hui Li, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Shi-xiang Zhao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.02.0121"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0121", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.02.0121", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.02.0121"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.06.0367", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-09", "description": "Core Ideas<p> <p>Soybean in organic no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till yielded as well as conventional organic.</p> <p>Corn in organic no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till had lower yield than conventional organic.</p> <p>A crimped cover crop can cause N immobilization and reduced corn yield.</p> </p><p>Organic crop production is dependent on tillage for weed control, but because tillage can lead to decreased levels of soil organic carbon (SOC) alternative management needs to be explored. This study was conducted in Boone County, Missouri, in 2012 to 2014 to determine the effects of three organic production systems and four poultry compost rates on crop yield and SOC on a claypan soil. The production systems included tillage with no cover crop, tillage with a mowed and incorporated cover crop, and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till with a crimped cover crop in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93corn (Zea mays L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. Cover crops included cereal rye (Secale cereale L) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.). Compost rates were 0, half the recommended rate, the recommended rate, and 1.5 times the recommended rate. Achieving cover crop biomass sufficient for weed suppression was a challenge when soil fertility declined during the study. Corn yield was reduced 30% in 2013 in no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till plots compared to tilled although plant populations were nearly equal, indicating that N immobilization may be significant in crimped cover crops. When there was adequate soil moisture and weed control from the cover crop, soybean grown under organic no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till was competitive with tilled treatments. Optimum timing of cover crop crimping for acceptable weed control was more successful in a soybean system compared with corn. Organic no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till in this study was more successful in soybean and wheat than in corn, when the cover crop biomass was sufficient to suppress weeds.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Dara L. Boardman, Newell R. Kitchen, Robert J. Kremer, Timothy M. Reinbott, Kristen S. Veum, Steven Easterby, Kerry M. Clark, Jill S. Staples,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.06.0367"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.06.0367", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.06.0367", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.06.0367"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0411", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-03", "title": "Soil Waterlogging And Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Effects On Corn And Soybean Yields", "description": "Core Ideas<p> <p>Excessive soil moisture resulting from extreme precipitation events during early spring can often cause decreases in corn grain yields in the midwestern United States.</p> <p>Each day of waterlogging resulted in an average corn grain yield loss of 0.42 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 0.72 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2013 and 2014, respectively.</p> <p>Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant N fertilizer applications of non\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea; polymer coated urea, and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea+nitrification inhibitor resulted in 19% higher yields compared to the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated control in 2014.</p> <p>Effects of rescue N fertilizer were seen on soybean yields in the succeeding year after corn, while rescue N affected corn yields only in 2014.</p> <p>Climatic conditions including rainfall and air temperature had a significant role in crop response to waterlogging and N fertilizer treatments.</p> </p><p>In the midwestern United States, excessive soil moisture resulting from extreme precipitation events during early spring can often cause decreases in corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields and escalate N loss. A field trial was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Northeast Missouri to determine the effects of soil waterlogging duration, pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant N and rescue N fertilizer applications on corn and succeeding soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] production. Plots were either non\uffe2\uff80\uff90flooded or flooded for durations of 1, 3, or 7 d when corn was at V6 growth stage. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant N fertilizer treatments included non\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated control (CO), urea (NCU), urea plus nitrapyrin (NCU+NI), and polymer coated urea (PCU) applied at 168 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. A rescue N fertilizer application of 0 or 84 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 of urea plus N\uffe2\uff80\uff90(n\uffe2\uff80\uff90butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) (NCU+UI) was applied at V10 growth stage. Each day of waterlogging resulted in an average corn grain yield loss of 0.42 and 0.72 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant N fertilizer applications of NCU, PCU, and NCU+NI resulted in 19% higher yields compared to CO in 2014. Effects of rescue N fertilizer were seen on soybean yields in the succeeding year after corn, while rescue N positively affected corn yields only in 2014. These results indicated that rescue N fertilizer applications are not effective if drought conditions occur after its application in corn. Climatic conditions including rainfall and air temperature had a significant role in crop response to waterlogging and N fertilizer treatments.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0411"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0411", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.07.0411", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0411"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-05", "title": "Impact of Early Sowing on Winter Wheat Receiving Manure or Mineral Fertilizers", "description": "Core Ideas<p> <p>Grain yield benefits of early sown wheat was 0.5 and 1.0 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for mineral fertilizers and animal manure.</p> <p>Over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter N uptake was 11 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 higher in early than in timely sown wheat.</p> <p>At harvest, 19 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 more N was removed in early than in timely sown wheat.</p> <p>The beneficial effect of early sowing compares to that of N catch crops.</p> <p>Surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied cattle slurry provides a poor N use efficiency and grain protein.</p> </p><p>To reduce over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter nitrate leaching from temperate soil, nitrate catch crops can be grown between main crops. We hypothesize that earlier sowing can replace catch crops sown before winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and improve wheat yields and N uptake. Early sown (late August) and timely sown (late September) wheat were tested over two cropping seasons (2011\uffe2\uff80\uff932012 and 2013\uffe2\uff80\uff932014) using two contemporary cultivars (Hereford and Mariboss) and increasing rates of N (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93300 kg total N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) with animal manure (AM; cattle slurry) or mineral fertilizers (NPK), surface applied in late March. We measured over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter N uptake in wheat, harvest yields, and N concentrations in grain and straw. Over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter N uptake was 11 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 higher for early than for timely sown wheat; at harvest this benefit increased to 19 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Mariboss yielded more straw than Hereford whereas grain yields did not differ. Early sowing increased grain yields by 0.5 and 1.0 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for NPK and AM, respectively, regardless of N rate. Grain and straw N concentrations were higher with NPK than with AM, and NPK showed higher N use efficiency (0.48\uffe2\uff80\uff930.53) than AM (0.15\uffe2\uff80\uff930.22). Moving sowing of winter wheat from late September to late August provided higher grain and straw yields; the increased over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter N uptake suggests that the beneficial effect of earlier sowing may surpass that of a catch crop. Cattle slurry surface applied in late March gave poor N use efficiency and low grain protein content.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/agronj2016.11.0677"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300040010x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-20", "title": "Nitrous-Oxide Emissions From Agricultural Soils In Wisconsin", "description": "Abstract<p>Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from field plots on a Plano silt loam soil (Typic Argiudolls) at the University of Wisconsin\uffe2\uff80\uff90Arlington Experimental Farm were measured from the summer of 1979 through autumn 1981. The treatments, selected to give a wide variation in management, were: reduced tillage (till\uffe2\uff80\uff90plant) corn (Zea mays L.); rye (Secale sativa L.) cover; long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term stable pH (pH 4.7, 5.1, and 6.7); oat (Avena sativa L.) straw residue; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) residue; and dairy manure and sewage sludge amendments. Nitrous oxide fluxes, measured by a static chamber technique, were greatest with the manure\uffe2\uff80\uff90amended and reduced tillage treatments, and were greater in 1980 than in 1979 or 1981. Highest rates of N2O emission were often observed at soil thaw. No significant effects on the emission rate or amount of N2O evolved due to soil pH was observed. Surface N2O fluxes were characterized by a high degree of variation. Mean N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emission rates calculated from measured N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emission rates during annual sampling periods ranged from 1.6 to 38.7 ng N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 s\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for the treatments sampled. Coefficients of variation for these means ranged from 50% to &gt; 200% and from 100 to 350% for spatial and temporal variability, respectively. Total N2O emissions (kg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) for 1980, the most complete sampling period, were: reduced tillage corn, 3.5 in the row and 6.3 between the row; sludge, 1.6; manure, 6.1; alfalfa, 3.2; rye, 1.6; straw, 2.2; pH 4.7, 1.5; pH 5.1, 0.9; pH 6.7, 1.0. These values are similar to those reported in the literature from comparable agricultural sites.</p>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D. R. Keeney, L. A. Peterson, L. L. 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