{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:22:31Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Pedotransfer Functions Versus Model Structure: What Drives Variance in Agro-Hydrological Model Results?", "description": "Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are widely used empirical relationships to estimate soil hydraulic parameters. PTFs are usually derived from point soil samples analysed in the field or laboratory; thus, they contain uncertainties at different levels (i.e., from sampling and measuring techniques, as well as empirical approaches chosen to quantify relationships). When PTFs are used to parametrize agro-hydrological models, both the choice of PTF and the choice of the model may influence the simulation results. Both sources of variance (PTF choice and model structural differences) were found to be relevant in previous studies, but how they relate to each other has rarely been investigated. In this study, we addressed this research gap by conducting a systematic analysis of the variance in selected agro-hydrological model outputs (i.e., seepage water, soil water content, actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, biomass production) based on an ensemble of 18 PTFs applied to four agro-hydrological models, namely: APEX, CANDY, DAISY and SWAP. The models were calibrated for aboveground biomass and phenology of silage maize and evaluated using data of actual evapotranspiration, seepage water and soil water content obtained from a lysimeter facility in Switzerland. ANOVA-based variance partitioning was applied to attribute variance in model outputs to two uncertainty sources (PTF choice, model choice). Overall, we found that agro-hydrological model structural differences had a larger influence on the variance in model outputs than PTF differences. Further analyses undertaken per model showed that the sensitivity of the simulated outputs to the choice of PTF differed between the models; our results showed that the models integrating the Richards equation (SWAP, DAISY) were more sensitive to the choice of PTF than those using a reservoir cascade approach (APEX, CANDY). Our results also showed that simulated outputs using the mean of a PTF ensemble performed better than when using a single PTF, irrespective of the model and output variable. We therefore recommend using PTF ensembles in agro-hydrological modelling studies. The benefit of using large PTF ensembles is, however, likely to be reduced in larger ensembles of agro-hydrological models, as structural model uncertainties will dominate over PTF uncertainties, according to the four-member model ensemble investigated here.", "keywords": ["CANDY", "seepage", "DAISY", "model ensemble", "lysimeter", "SWAP", "evapotranspiration", "soil water", "APEX", "yield"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Turek, Maria Eliza, Pullens, Johannes, Meuer, Katharina, Moura-Lima, Edberto, Bano Mehdi-Schulz, Bano, Holzk\u00e4mper, Annelie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14002493"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14002493"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-05", "title": "Performance of the HYDRUS-1D model for water balance components assessment of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in semi-arid region of Morocco", "description": "Abstract The main goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the HYDRUS-1D numerical model for estimating the soil moisture (\u03b8) at different depths, actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) and its components (crop transpiration, Ta and soil evaporation, Ea) as well as the deep percolation (DP) of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in the semi-arid region of Tensift-basin (central Morocco). The HYDRUS-1D simulations were performed at daily time step during the two growing seasons: 2002/2003 and 2015/2016. The model was firstly calibrated based on one field \u201cdenoted F1\u201d data during the 2002/2003 cropping season by using the Levenberg-Marquardt method implemented in HYDRUS-1D model for optimizing various parameters of Van Genuchten equation that provide the minimum difference between measured and simulated soil moisture at four layers of soil (0\u20135, 5\u201310, 10\u201320, 20\u201330, 30\u201350\u00a0cm). Afterwards, the model validation was done based on the data from four fields of wheat: two fields \u201cdenoted F2 and F3\u201d during the 2002/2003 and two other fields \u201cdenoted F4 and F5\u201d during the 2015/2016 cropping season. All fields were irrigated with flooding system except the field F5 where drip irrigation was undertaken. In-situ measurements of \u03b8 was carried out using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric method ETa was measured by the Eddy Covariance system Ta and Ea were monitored using a lysimeter in F5 field. The results showed that the HYDRUS-1D model simulates the \u03b8, ETa, Ta and Ea reasonably well. Additionally, the evaluation of the irrigation system on DP losses was investigated by comparing the simulation results over flood (F4) and drip (F5) irrigated fields. It was found that about 56% and 20% of seasonal supplied water were lost by DP in F4 and F5 sites, respectively. Such unexpected high amount of DP taking place in F5 field is due to the improper use of the drip irrigation system.", "keywords": ["690", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Eddy covariance", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "deep percolation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "winter wheat", "Winter wheat", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Deep percolation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Eddy Covariance", "HYDRUS-1D"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106546"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.04.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-20", "title": "A simple and alternative approach based on reference evapotranspiration and leaf area index for estimating tree transpiration in semi-arid regions", "description": "Abstract The present work aims to develop a simple approach relating normalized daily sap flow (liters per unit of leaf area) and daily reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) (mm/day). Two methods (FAO-Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) and Hargreaves-Samani (HARG)) of the calculation of ET 0 were tested in order to examine their impact on the established relationships. The data sets used for developing this approach are taken over well irrigated orchards from three experimental sites (olive trees, cv. \u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d, olive trees, cv. \u201c Arbequino \u201d and citrus trees cv. \u201c Clementine Afourar \u201d) conducted in the Tensift region around Marrakech (center of Morocco) and one experimental site (pecan orchard, cv. \u201c Carya illinoinensis, Wangenh. K. Koch\u201d ) conducted in the Yaqui Valley, northwest of Mexico). The results showed that the normalized daily sap flow was linearly correlated with ET 0 (mm per day) calculated by FAO-PM method. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the slope of this linear regression varied between 0.71 and 0.97 and between 0.30 and 0.35, respectively, depending on the type of orchards. For HARG method, the relationship between both terms is also linear but with more discrepancy (R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.7). This was somehow expected since this method is known to underestimate ET 0 values in the semi-arid areas. Afterward, the validation of the developed linear relationship was performed over an olive orchard (\u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d) where the measurements of sap flow were available for another cropping season (2004). The scatter plot between the normalized measured and estimated sap flow based on FAO-PM method reveals a very good agreement (slope\u00a0=\u00a01, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.14\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). However, for the estimation of normalized sap flow based on HARG method, the correlation is relatively more scattered (slope\u00a0=\u00a00.95, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.35\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). A further validation was performed using the measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) by eddy correlation system and the results showed that the correlation between normalized measured ET and estimated normalized sap flow is best when using FAO-PM method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.33\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area) for estimating ET 0 than when using HARG method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.51\u00a0L/m 2 leaf area). Finally, the performance of the developed approach was compared to the traditional dual crop coefficient scheme for estimating plant transpiration. Cross-comparison of these two approaches with the measurements data gave satisfactory results with an average value of RMSE equal to about 0.37\u00a0mm/day for both approaches.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Semi-arid", "Sap flow", "Leaf area index", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Reference evapotranspiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Tree orchards", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Transpiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.04.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.04.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.04.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.04.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-10", "title": "Performance of the two-source energy budget (TSEB) model for the monitoring of evapotranspiration over irrigated annual crops in North Africa", "description": "Abstract The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the domain of validity of the two-source energy balance model (TSEB) for the monitoring of actual evapotranspiration ( ET a ) as a first step towards its use for irrigation planning. Secondary objectives were to analyze the ability of TSEB model to detect water stress and to evaluate evapotranspiration partition between evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) over irrigated annual crops. Within this context, TSEB was compared to the calibrated FAO-56 dual approach, taken as a reference tool for the monitoring of crop water consumption. TSEB computes ET a as the residual of a double component energy balance driven by the radiative surface temperature ( T s ) used as a proxy of crop hydric conditions; the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a proxy of Basal Crop Coefficient ( K cb ) and assesses the hydric status directly by solving a two layer soil water budget. Both approaches were evaluated over four plots of wheat and sugar beet located in the Haouz plain (Marrakech, Morocco) that were instrumented with eddy covariance systems during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Series of ASTER images were acquired during the first agricultural season. Both models offered fair performances compared to ET a observations with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) lower than 1\u00a0mm\u00a0day \u22121 apart from the FAO-56 dual approach on the sugar beet plot because of uncertain irrigation inputs. This highlights a major weakness of this model when water inputs are uncertain; a very likely case at the plot scale. By contrast, the TSEB model offered smoother performances in all cases. The potentialities of both approaches to predict a water stress index based on the departure from potential evapotranspiration ( ET c ) was evaluated: although the FAO-56 dual was better suited to detect high water stresses, the TSEB model was able to detect moderate stresses without a need to prescribe water inputs. Finally, the partition of ET a between soil evaporation and plant transpiration was estimated indirectly by confrontation between simulated soil evaporation and surface (0\u20135\u00a0cm) soil moisture acquired spatially with Theta Probe sensors and taken as a proxy of soil evaporation. TSEB evaporation was well correlated to surface soil moisture (r\u00a0=\u00a00.82) for low Leaf Area Index (LAI) values ( 2 \u00a0m \u22122 ). In addition, TSEB predicted partition compared well to snapshot measurements based on the stable isotope method. This in-depth comparison of two simple tools to monitor ET a leads us to the conclusion that the TSEB model can reasonably be used to map ET a on large scale and possibly for the decision-making process of irrigation scheduling.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "NDVI", "Water stress", "0207 environmental engineering", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "TSEB"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.08.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106827", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-27", "title": "Implementing a new texture-based soil evaporation reduction coefficient in the FAO dual crop coefficient method", "description": "Abstract Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is a fundamental component of the hydrological cycle, especially in arid/semi-arid regions. The FAO-56 offers an operational method for deriving ET from the reduction (dual crop coefficient Kc) of the atmospheric evaporative demand (ET0). The dual coefficient approach (FAO-2Kc) is intended to improve the daily estimation of ET by separating the contribution of bare soil evaporation (E) and crop transpiration components. The FAO-2Kc has been a well-known reference for the operational monitoring of crop water needs. However, its performance for estimating the water use efficiency is limited by uncertainties in the modeled evaporation/transpiration partitioning. This paper aims at improving the soil module of the FAO-2Kc by modifying the E reduction coefficient (Kr) according to soil texture information and state-of-the-art formulations, hence, to amend the mismatch between FAO-2Kc and field-measured data beyond standard conditions. In practice this work evaluates the performance of two evaporation models, using the classical Kr (Kr,FAO) and a new texture-based Kr (Kr,text) over 33 bare soil sites under different evaporative demand and soil conditions. An offline validation is investigated by forcing both models with observed soil moisture ( \u03b8 s ) data as input. The Kr,text methodology provides more accurate E estimations compared to the Kr,FAO method and systematically reduces biases. Using Kr,text allows reaching the lowest root means square error (RMSE) of 0.16\u2009mm/day compared to the Kr,FAO where the lowest RMSE reached is 0.88\u2009mm/day. As a step further in the assessment of the proposed methodology, ET was estimated in three wheat fields across the entire agricultural season. Both approaches were thus inter-compared in terms of ET estimates forced by SM estimated as a residual of the water balance model (online validation). Compared to ET measurements, the new formulation provided more accurate results. The RMSE was 0.66\u2009mm/day (0.71\u2009mm/day) and the R2 was 0.83 (0.78) for the texture-based (classical) Kr.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Evapotranspiration", "Soil texture", "FAO-2Kc", "0207 environmental engineering", "Soil moisture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Soil evaporation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106827"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106827", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106827", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106827"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108391", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-06-02", "title": "Optimizing relative root-zone water depletion thresholds to maximize yield and water productivity of winter wheat using AquaCrop", "description": "Determination of relative root-zone water depletion (RRWD) thresholds to trigger irrigation is crucial to create optimal irrigation schedules targeting maximum yield and/or water productivity with limited water supply for a crop. In this study, a numerical procedure to determine RRWD thresholds was developed through coupling AquaCrop software with genetic-simplex algorithms. Using a two-year field lysimetric experiment for winter wheat conducted in the North China Plain (NCP), AquaCrop adequately simulated canopy cover, final aboveground biomass, grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, and soil water storage, with the normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) smaller than 15 % and determination coefficient (R2) larger than 0.84. The global optimum range of RRWD thresholds was preliminarily determined using the genetic algorithm, and subsequently final RRWD thresholds were optimized by fine tuning using the simplex algorithm. The RRWD threshold combinations (composed of the RRWD thresholds to trigger different sequential irrigation events) for varying number of irrigation events (i.e.1\u20134) were optimized based on 39 years of historical meteorological data, and the effects of climate change on the optimal crop yield (Ya, opt), water productivity (WPopt), and the combinations of optimized RRWD threshold (RRWDopt) were investigated. The results indicated that both Ya, opt and WPopt generally increased with time showing a tendency of gradually elevated annual CO2 concentration and seasonal average effective temperature. Irrespective of the number of irrigation events during the winter wheat growing season, the differences of RRWDopt for different combinations of irrigation sequence and event in the same kind of hydrological year were relatively small, with a coefficient of variation consistently less than 23 % and a mean of 8 %. When combinations of mean RRWDopt were applied into AquaCrop to trigger irrigation for winter wheat in various hydrological years, the simulated yield (Ya, sim) and water productivity (WPsim) under 1\u20134 irrigation events were found to be comparable to their respective optimums (Ya, opt and WPopt), with all the values of Ya, sim (WPsim) falling in the range of 92 %Ya, opt (90 %WPopt). Therefore, the mean RRWDopt should be helpful to formulate rational irrigation management strategies of winter wheat under changing climatic conditions in the NCP.", "keywords": ["HD9000-9495", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "Agriculture (General)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agricultural industries", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Irrigation scheduling", "6. Clean water", "S1-972", "Optimization algorithm", "13. Climate action", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Crop model"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108391"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108391", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108391", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108391"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/2016WR020175", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:14:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-11", "title": "The future of evapotranspiration: Global requirements for ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources", "description": "Abstract

The fate of the terrestrial biosphere is highly uncertain given recent and projected changes in climate. This is especially acute for impacts associated with changes in drought frequency and intensity on the distribution and timing of water availability. The development of effective adaptation strategies for these emerging threats to food and water security are compromised by limitations in our understanding of how natural and managed ecosystems are responding to changing hydrological and climatological regimes. This information gap is exacerbated by insufficient monitoring capabilities from local to global scales. Here, we describe how evapotranspiration (ET) represents the key variable in linking ecosystem functioning, carbon and climate feedbacks, agricultural management, and water resources, and highlight both the outstanding science and applications questions and the actions, especially from a space\uffe2\uff80\uff90based perspective, necessary to advance them.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "ecosystem", "biosphere", "changement climatique", "550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "satellite", "evapotranspiration", "drought", "disponibilit\u00e9 en eau", "15. Life on land", "global", "water resources", "\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "13. Climate action", "Earth Sciences", "climate", "global change", "agriculture", "s\u00e9cheresse", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016WR020175"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR020175"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20Resources%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2016WR020175", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2016WR020175", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2016WR020175"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jpln.202000183", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:14:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-09", "title": "Effects of water deficit and nitrogen application on leaf gas exchange, phytohormone signaling, biomass and water use efficiency of oat plants", "description": "Abstract

Background: Water and nitrogen (N) are essential resources influencing plant growth and yield. To improve their efficiencies in crop production is challenging because the physiological mechanisms of water and N coupling and their interactive effect on crop water use efficiency (WUE) are not well understood yet.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological responses and phytohormones signaling in oats in response to soil water status and N supply under fertigation, to explore the mechanisms regulating plant growth and WUE.

Methods: Oat plants were subjected to the factorial combination of three soil moisture regimes (50, 70, and 90% of soil water holding capacity, SWHC) and three N levels (fertilized with 74, 149, and 298 mg kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921).

Results: The stomatal conductance (gs) was significantly decreased by soil water deficit, and also by the highest N level, whereas photosynthesis rate (An) was unaffected by neither water nor N. Consequently, intrinsic WUE (WUEint, An/gs) was highest under reduced irrigation and high N fertilization. This effect at stomatal level was affirmed by responses in whole plant WUE (WUEb), which was positively correlated with shoot \uffce\uffb413C. A positive correlation between \uffce\uffb418O and \uffce\uffb413C in shoots further indicated that decreases of gs rather than changes in An contributed to the enhanced WUE.

Conclusion: Moderate soil water deficit and sufficient N supply is recommended for saving irrigation water and improving WUE on fertigated oat plants without compromising biomass accumulation to any large extent.This review examines the role of the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) in drought. AED is a complex concept and here we discuss possible AED definitions, the subsequent metrics to measure and estimate AED, and the different physical drivers that control it. The complex influence of AED on meteorological, environmental/agricultural and hydrological droughts is discussed, stressing the important spatial differences related to the climatological conditions. Likewise, AED influence on drought has implications regarding how different drought metrics consider AED in their attempts to quantify drought severity. Throughout the article, we assess literature findings with respect to: (a) recent drought trends and future projections; (b) the several uncertainties related to data availability; (c) the sensitivity of current drought metrics to AED; and (d) possible roles that both the radiative and physiological effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may play as we progress into the future. All these issues preclude identifying a simple effect of the AED on drought severity. Rather it calls for different evaluations of drought impacts and trends under future climate scenarios, considering the complex feedbacks governing the climate system.

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Earth System Behavior

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Atmosphere", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "evapotranspiration", "drought", "15. Life on land", "Atmospheric", "01 natural sciences", "evaporative demand", "6. Clean water", "evaporation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcc.632"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.632"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/WIREs%20Climate%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/wcc.632", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/wcc.632", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/wcc.632"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:14:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-04", "title": "Effect Of Full And Limited Irrigation Amount And Frequency On Subsurface Drip-Irrigated Maize Evapotranspiration, Yield, Water Use Efficiency And Yield Response Factors", "description": "The objectives of this study were to: (1) to evaluate the effects of subsurface drip irrigation amount and frequency on maize production and water use efficiency, (2) develop production functions and quantify water use efficiency, and (3) develop and analyze crop yield response factors (Ky) for field maize (Zea mays L.). Five irrigation treatments were imposed: fully irrigated treatment (FIT), 25\u00a0% FIT, 50\u00a0% FIT, 75\u00a0% FIT, rainfed and an over-irrigation treatment (125\u00a0% FIT). There was no significant (P\u00a0>\u00a00.05) difference between irrigation frequencies regarding the maximum grain yield; however, at lower deficit irrigation regime, medium irrigation frequency resulted in lower grain yield. There was a decrease in grain yield with the 125\u00a0% FIT as compared to the FIT, which had statistically similar yield as 75\u00a0% FIT. Irrigation rate significantly impacted grain yield in 2005, 2006 and 2007, while irrigation frequency was only significant during the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons (two dry years) and the interacting effect was only significant in the driest year of 2005 (P\u00a0=\u00a00.006). For the pooled data from 2005 to 2008, irrigation rate was significant (P\u00a0=\u00a00.001) and irrigation frequency was also significant (P\u00a0=\u00a00.015), but their interaction was not significant (P\u00a0=\u00a00.207). Overall, there were no significant differences between irrigation frequencies in terms of grain yield. Ky had interannual variation and average seasonal Ky values were 1.65, 0.91, 0.91 and 0.83 in 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively, and the pooled data (2005\u20132008) Ky value were 1.14.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "evapotranspiration", "15. Life on land", "maize", "water use", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "irrigation", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Irrigation%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00271-016-0502-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110086", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-31", "title": "Comparison between lower-cost and conventional eddy covariance setups for CO2 and evapotranspiration measurements above monocropping and agroforestry systems", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["Physical sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "Lower-cost eddy covariance", "Carbon dioxide flux", "Agroforestry", "Gas analyzer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110086"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110086", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110086", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110086"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:19:41Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9plication pour\u00a0: Biogeography of soil bacteria and archaea across France", "description": "These data concern the study 'Biogeography of soil bacteria and archaea across France' Karimi B, Terrat S, Dequiedt S, Saby NPA, Horrigue W, Leli\u00e8vre M, Nowak V, Jolivet C, Arrouays D, Wincker P, Cruaud C, Bispo A, Maron PA, Bour\u00e9 NCP, Ranjard L. Sci Adv. 2018 Jul 4;4(7):eaat1808. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1808 and is based on data from the RMQS program (French Soil Quality Monitoring Network). The French Soil Quality Monitoring Network (RMQS) is a national program for the assessment and long-term monitoring of the quality of French soils. This network is based on the monitoring of 2240 sites representative of French soils and their land use. These sites are spread over the whole French territory (metropolitan and overseas) along a systematic square grid of 16 km x 16 km cells. The network covers a broad spectrum of climatic, soil and land-use conditions (croplands, permanent grasslands, woodlands, orchards and vineyards, natural or scarcely anthropogenic land and urban parkland). The physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are measured on each site. These soil analyses were carried out by the Soil Analysis Laboratory of INRAE (Arras, France). The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties are explained by biophysical variables, sources of contamination, history of land-use and management practices on each plot. The first sampling campaign in metropolitan France took place from 2000 to 2009 and the second campaign has begun in 2016. At each site, 25 core samples were taken by layer with an auger within a 20 m \u00d7 20 m plot and combined into a composite sample. Analyses used in this study only concern the surface layer (generally 0\u201330 cm layer) of samplings from the first campaign in metropolitan France. The dataset published contains all the raw data used in the statistical analysis in order to make them available for any further study. The table contains soil properties, observations on land use, and coordinates. We warn the user that coordinates published here are not the right coordinates, the RMQS site can be located until 1 km around this point. Real coordinates can not be made publicly available because of confidential information.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "silt", "Earth and Environmental Science", "cation exchange capacity", "Evapotranspiration", "Soils and soil sciences", "pH", "land use", "clay", "sand", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "soil", "air temperature", "soil organic carbon", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Land Use", "Soil Sciences", "calcium carbonate", "phosphorus content", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "Geosciences", "altitude"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Saby, Nicolas, Boulonne, Line, Rati\u00e9, C\u00e9line, Arrouays, Dominique, Chenu, Jean-Philippe, Toutain, Beno\u00eet, Bispo, Antonio, Jolivet, Claudy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15454/J9H4BS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "name": "item", "description": "10.15454/J9H4BS", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15454/J9H4BS"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-29", "title": "Evaluating soil evaporation and transpiration responses to alternate partial rootzone drying to minimise water losses", "description": "Abstract Purpose

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) typically alternates the dry and irrigated parts of the rootzone, but how plant physiology and soil evaporation respond to this alternation are poorly understood.

Methods

Dwarf tomatoes were grown in small split pots comprising two 250\uffc2\uffa0cm3 compartments and fully irrigated (WW: 100% ETc) or subjected to three deficit irrigation treatments (75% ETc): homogeneous rootzone drying (HRD; irrigation evenly distributed); fixed PRD (PRD-F, irrigation applied to one fixed compartment); alternated PRD (PRD-A: as PRD-F but alternating the irrigated compartment every three days). Stem diameter and evapotranspiration were monitored during alternation cycles. The day after alternating the irrigated side of the root system, whole-plant gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured following step increments of vapour pressure deficit.

Results

Alternation did not affect stem diameter contractions or evapotranspiration, which were lower in HRD than in the two PRD treatments. However, soil evaporation was higher in HRD and PRD-A after alternation than in PRD-F. Following alternation, higher soil evaporation was counteracted by decreased transpiration compared with fixed PRD, despite similar overall soil water content. VPD increments did not change this pattern.

Conclusion

Irrigation placement determined soil moisture distribution, which in turn affected soil evaporation and whole plant gas exchange. Optimising the frequency of PRD alternation to maximise water savings while ensuring productive water use needs to consider how soil moisture distribution affects both soil evaporation and plant water use.

", "keywords": ["580", "Irrigation efficiency", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "Stem diameter variations", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant water status", "Deficit irrigation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/174395/1/Pu_rtolas_final_manuscript_1_.pdf"}, {"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-03", "title": "Regulated Deficit Irrigation In Different Phenological Stages Of Potted Geranium Plants: Water Consumption, Water Relations And Ornamental Quality", "description": "Open AccessThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL 2008-05258-C02-1-2, AGL 2011-30022-C02-01) and Fundaci\u00f3n S\u00e9neca (15356/PI/10).", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "Hydraulic conductivity", "Water potential", "Water stress", "Osmotic adjustment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Gas exchange", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Acta%20Physiologiae%20Plantarum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11738-012-1165-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-25", "title": "Leaf And Ecosystem Response To Soil Water Availability In Mountain Grasslands", "description": "Climate change is expected to affect the Alps by increasing the frequency and intensity of summer drought events with negative impacts on ecosystem water resources. The response of CO2 and H2O exchange of a mountain grassland to natural fluctuations of soil water content was evaluated during 2001-2009. In addition, the physiological performance of individual mountain forb and graminoid plant species under progressive soil water shortage was explored in a laboratory drought experiment. During the 9-year study period the natural occurrence of moderately to extremely dry periods did not lead to substantial reductions in net ecosystem CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration. Laboratory drought experiments confirmed that all the surveyed grassland plant species were insensitive to progressive soil drying until very low soil water contents (<0.01 m3 m-3) were reached after several days of drought. In field conditions, such a low threshold was never reached. Re-watering after a short-term drought event (5\u00b11 days) resulted in a fast and complete recovery of the leaf CO2 and H2O gas exchange of the investigated plant species. We conclude that the present-day frequency and intensity of dry periods does not substantially affect the functioning of the investigated grassland ecosystem. During dry periods the observed 'water spending' strategy employed by the investigated mountain grassland species is expected to provide a cooling feedback on climate warming, but may have negative consequences for down-stream water users.", "keywords": ["Drought", "Evapotranspiration", "Montane ecosystem", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "Climate change", "02 engineering and technology", "Photosynthesis", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-14", "title": "Partitioning of evapotranspiration in remote sensing-based models", "description": "Abstract Satellite based retrievals of evapotranspiration (ET) are widely used for assessments of global and regional scale surface fluxes. However, the partitioning of the estimated ET between soil evaporation, transpiration, and canopy interception regularly shows strong divergence between models, and to date, remains largely unvalidated. To examine this problem, this paper considers three algorithms: the Penman-Monteith model from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (PM-MODIS), the Priestley-Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model (PT-JPL), and the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). Surface flux estimates from these three models, obtained via the WACMOS-ET initiative, are compared against a comprehensive collection of field studies, spanning a wide range of climates and land cover types. Overall, we find errors between estimates of field and remote sensing-based soil evaporation (RMSD\u202f=\u202f90\u2013114%, r2\u202f=\u202f0.14\u20130.25, N\u202f=\u202f35), interception (RMSD\u202f=\u202f62\u2013181%, r2\u202f=\u202f0.39\u20130.85, N\u202f=\u202f13), and transpiration (RMSD\u202f=\u202f54\u2013114%, r2 \u202f=\u202f0.33\u20130.55, N\u202f=\u202f35) are relatively large compared to the combined estimates of total ET (RMSD\u202f=\u202f35\u201349%, r2 \u202f=\u202f0.61\u20130.75, N\u202f=\u202f35). Errors in modeled ET components are compared between land cover types, field methods, and precipitation regimes. Modeled estimates of soil evaporation were found to have significant deviations from observed values across all three models, while the characterization of vegetation effects also influences errors in all three components. Improvements in these estimates, and other satellite based partitioning estimates are likely to lead to better understanding of the movement of water through the soil-plant-water continuum.", "keywords": ["Evapotranspiration", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "Modeling", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Transpiration", "13. Climate action", "[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "Soil evaporation", "Partitioning"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.05.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.031", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-29", "title": "Partitioning evapotranspiration of a drip-irrigated wheat crop: Inter-comparing eddy covariance-, sap flow-, lysimeter- and FAO-based methods", "description": "Abstract A precise estimate of the evapotranspiration (ET) partitioning is fundamental for determining the crop water needs and optimizing irrigation management. The plant transpiration (T) is generally considered to be the most desirable component, while reducing the soil evaporation (E) could be one of the most important water-saving actions in semi-arid agricultural regions. Given the lack of reference method to estimate the E/T partitioning of wheat crop, this study inter-compares four different methods based on eddy covariance, sap flow and lysimetry measurements and FAO modeling. The objectives are: i) to quantify the systematic and random uncertainty in E and T observations, ii) to evaluate the partitioning ratio (T/ET) at the daily/field scale and iii) to assess the performance of the FAO model over two drip irrigated wheat fields. Results indicate that despite the small surface sensed by mini-lysimeters, the partitioning ratio is evaluated more precisely (19% relative error) with lysimetry than with the other systems (any combination of eddy covariance, lysimetry and sap flow measurements). Moreover, stem-scale T measurements from sap flow sensors are subject to representativeness issues at the field scale, and to systematic errors during water-stress and senescence periods. The lysimeter-derived partitioning ratio increases from about 0.50 to 0.85 during the growth stage and rapidly drops towards 0 during senescence. Its dynamics is found to be significantly correlated (R>0.7) with the 5-cm soil moisture. By comparing FAO simulations with observations, it is found that the FAO method overestimates T and underestimates E, while keeping satisfying ET estimates for drip irrigated wheat. This study suggests that different independent measurement techniques should be implemented to both quantify and reduce uncertainties in the T/ET ratio, and that accurate observations are still needed to improve the modeling of E/T components.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Lysimeter", "Eddy correlation", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Sap flow", "Wheat", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Evaporation-transpiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.031"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.031", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.031", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.031"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108064", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-16", "title": "Effect of using pruning waste as an organic mulching on a drip-irrigated vineyard evapotranspiration under a semi-arid climate", "description": "Project Co-ordinators: Dr. Jose Alfonso G\u00f3mez Calero (Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CISC), Dr. Weifeng Xu (Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, FAFU). In a drip-irrigated vineyard soil evaporation (E) can reach up to 30-40% of the seasonal grapevine crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Vineyard soil management can be used as a technique to reduce soil E for improving crop water use efficiency. The aim of this experiment was to analyze the effect of using pruning waste as an organic mulching on vineyard ETc. During three experimental seasons, several cycles of grapevines water use determinations were conducted using a large weighing lysimeter located in Albacete (southeast Spain) under drip irrigation. Measurements were carried out under different soil management practices: i) keeping the bare soil within the lysimeter during the first 2-3 days (bare soil), ii) covering the lysimeter soil surface with pruning waste as an organic mulching (about 5 cm thick) for the next 2-3 days (organic mulch), and iii) covering the lysimeter with a waterproof canvas (plastic mulch), similar in colour to the soil, for the last 2-3 days of each measurement cycle. In 2017, the measurements period was initiated when midday stem water potential (\u03a8stem) values reached -1.3 MPa, in order to study the effect of the different soil management on grapevine ETc when vines in the lysimeter were suffering from severe water stress. During the 3-year study, plant determinations (i.e., canopy cover and the phenological stage) showed that vines were at the same stage of development during each period of measurements. Under equal evaporative demand and fractional canopy cover, results showed a reduction in the vineyard ETc between 16-18% with the organic mulching, and up to 24-30% with the plastic mulching. Even though plastic mulches significantly reduced water evaporation from soil surface, this reduction could have resulted in an increase in crop transpiration (T). However, results in this experiment show that both organic and inorganic mulching did not increase vine T compared to no mulching conditions, based on vine T values estimated during the three experimental periods of 2015. Therefore, using pruning waste as an organic mulch could be an environmental friendly alternative to reduce soil evaporation and increase crop water productivity in large areas where vineyards are drip-irrigated. This research has been funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n with FEDER co-financing Project AGL2017-83738-C3-3-R and by the European Commission with project \u201cSHui\u201d (grant number: 773903) and project \u201cSUPROMED\u201d (grant number: 1813). R. L\u00f3pez-Urrea acknowledges the support of the Sport, Culture and Education Council (JCCM, Spain), together with FEDER funds, throughout the \u201cANIATEL\u201d project (SBPLY/17/180501/000357). Peer reviewed", "keywords": ["Plastic mulch", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Vine transpiration", "13. Climate action", "Organic mulch", "Weighing lysimeter", "15. Life on land", "Soil evaporation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Water use"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108064"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108064", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108064", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108064"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-10", "title": "Yield Response Of Corn To Deficit Irrigation In A Semiarid Climate", "description": "Abstract Irrigation water supplies are decreasing in many areas of the US Great Plains, which is requiring many farmers to consider deficit-irrigating corn (Zea mays L.) or growing crops like winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that require less water, but that are less profitable. The objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify the yield response of corn to deficit irrigation, and (2) determine which of several seasonal water variables correlated best to corn yield in a semiarid climate. Eight (T1\u2013T8) and nine (T1\u2013T9) deficit-irrigated treatments (including dryland), were compared in 2003 and 2004 in North Platte, Nebraska. The actual seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETd) (calculated with procedures in FAO-56) for the different treatments was 37\u201379% in 2003 and 63\u201391% in 2004 compared with the seasonal crop evapotranspiration when water is not limited (ETw). Quantitative relationships between grain yield and several seasonal water variables were developed. Water variables included, irrigation (I), total water (Wall), rain\u00a0+\u00a0irrigation (WR+I), evaporation (E), crop evapotranspiration (ETd), crop transpiration (Td), and the ratios of ETd and Td to evapotranspiration and transpiration when water is not limited (ETw and Tw). Both years, yield increased linearly with seasonal irrigation, but the relationship varied from year to year. Combining data from both years, ETd had the best correlation to grain yield (yield\u00a0=\u00a00.028ETd\u20135.04, R2\u00a0=\u00a00.95), and the water variables could be ranked from higher to lower R2 when related to grain yield as: E T d ( R 2 = 0.95 ) > T d ( R 2 = 0.93 ) > E T d / E T w ( R 2 = 0.90 ) = T d / T w ( R 2 = 0.90 ) > W all ( R 2 = 0.89 ) > E ( R 2 = 0.75 ) > W R + I ( R 2 = 0.65 ) > I ( R 2 = 0.06 ) . Crop water productivity (CWP) (yield per unit ETd) linearly increased with ETd/ETw (R2\u00a0=\u00a00.75), which suggests that trying to increase CWP by deficit-irrigating corn is not a good strategy under the conditions of this study.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "571", "330", "Evapotranspiration", "Corn", "Corn / maize", "Mass Import - autoclassified (may be erroneous)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "Maize", "Biological Engineering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Deficit irrigation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Payero, Jos\u00c3\u00a9 O., Melvin, Steven R., Irmak, Suat, Tarkalson, David D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107290", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-22", "title": "Assimilation of SMAP disaggregated soil moisture and Landsat land surface temperature to improve FAO-56 estimates of ET in semi-arid regions", "description": "Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is of crucial importance in water science and hydrological process understanding especially in semi-arid/arid areas since ET represents more than 85% of the total water budget. FAO-56 is one of the widely used formulations to estimate the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET c act) due to its operational nature and since it represents a reasonable compromise between simplicity and accuracy. In this vein, the objective of this paper was to examine the possibility of improving ET c act estimates through remote sensing data assimilation. For this purpose, remotely sensed soil moisture (SM) and Land surface temperature (LST) data were simultaneously assimilated into FAO-dualK c. Surface SM observations were assimilated into the soil evaporation (E s) component through the soil evaporation coefficient, and LST data were assimilated into the actual crop transpiration (T c act) component through the crop stress coefficient. The LST data were used to estimate the water stress coefficient (K s) as a proxy of LST (LST proxy). The FAO-Ks was corrected by assimilating LST proxy derived from Landsat data based on the variances of predicted errors on K s estimates from FAO-56 model and thermal-derived K s. The proposed approach was tested over a semi-arid area in Morocco using first, in situ data collected during 2002-2003 and 2015-2016 wheat growth seasons over two different fields and then, remotely sensed data derived from disaggregated Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SM and Landsat-LST sensors were used. Assimilating SM data leads to an improvement of the ET c act model prediction: the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 0.98 to 0.65 mm/day compared to the classical FAO-dualK c using in situ SM. Moreover, assimilating both in situ SM and LST data provided more accurate results with a RMSE error of 0.55 mm/day. By using SMAP-based SM and Landsat-LST, results also improved in comparison with standard FAO and reached a RMSE of 0.73 mm/day against eddy-covariance ET c act measurements.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "550", "Evapotranspiration Data assimilation FAO-dualK c Soil moisture Land surface temperature", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "FAO-dualK(c)", "13. Climate action", "Data assimilation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Soil moisture", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Land surface temperature"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107290"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107290", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107290", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107290"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Estimating the water budget components of irrigated crops: Combining the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient with surface temperature and vegetation index data", "description": "Abstract The FAO-56 dual crop coefficient (FAO-2Kc) model has been extensively used at the field scale to estimate the crop water requirements by means of the simulated evapotranspiration (ET) and its two components evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). Given that the main limitation of FAO-2Kc for operational irrigation management over large areas is the unavailability (over most irrigated areas) of irrigation data, this study investigates the feasibility 1) to constrain the FAO-2Kc ET from LST and VI data, 2) to retrieve irrigation amounts and dates from LST and VI data and 3) to estimate the root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the daily scale. In practice, the vegetation and soil temperatures retrieved from LST/VI data are used to estimate the FAO-2Kc vegetation stress coefficient (Ks) and soil evaporation reduction coefficient (Kr), respectively. The modeling and remote sensing combined approach is tested over a wheat crop field in central Morocco, and results are evaluated in terms of ET, irrigation and RZSM estimates. ET is estimated with a RMSE of 0.68\u202fmm day-1 compared to 0.84\u202fmm day-1 for the standard (without using LST data) FAO-2Kc based on tabulated values for the parameters. The total irrigation depth (67\u202fmm) is correctly estimated and is very close to the actual effective irrigation (69.8\u202fmm) applied by the farmer. Daily RZSM is estimated with an R2 value of 0.68 (0.42) and a RMSE value of 0.034 (0.061) m3 m-3 by forcing FAO-2Kc using the retrieved irrigation (from LST-derived estimates and precipitation only). Since spaceborne LST data are currently not available at both high-spatial and high-temporal resolution, a sensitivity analysis is finally undertaken to assess the potential and applicability of the proposed methodology to temporally-sparse thermal data.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Root-zone soil moisture", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Root-Zone Soil Moisture", "Surface Temperature", "[INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "[INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Irrigation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106293", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-15", "title": "Introducing water stress hysteresis to the Feddes empirical macroscopic root water uptake model", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Root water uptake", "Relative transpiration", "Recovery", "Hysteresis effect", "Water stress", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106293"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106293", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106293", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106293"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-18", "title": "Parameterization of the AquaCrop model for simulating table grapes growth and water productivity in an arid region of Mexico.", "description": "Abstract Currently, the AquaCrop model has been widely tested for many fruit/grain crops; root and tuber crops; leafy vegetables, or forage crops, but is restricted to annual herbaceous species, while deciduous crops have received less if no attention. In this context, this study aims to test for the first time the ability of the AquaCrop model to simulate canopy cover (CC), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), total soil water content (TWC), biomass (B) and fruit yield (FY) of table grapes vineyards (Vitis vinifera L., cvs. Perlette and Superior) at the Costa de Hermosillo, Sonora in Northwest Mexico. Observed weather and soil physical parameters, with measured crop parameters from an experiment conducted during 2005 were used to develop climate, soil and crop input files for AquaCrop and for calibrating the model. While collected data during the 2006 growing season were used to validate the model.\u00a0The model adequately simulated CC, ETa and TWC during 2005 and 2006. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between observed and measured CC, ETa and TWC were 5.18%, 0.46\u00a0mm/day and 10.11\u00a0mm during 2005, and 8.82%, 0.84\u00a0mm/day and 9.1\u00a0mm during 2006, respectively. The good accuracy of simulations of CC, ETa and TWC by the model have been confirmed by additional statistical parameters like the coefficient of determination (R2), The Mean Bias Error (MBE), the Willmott\u2019s index of agreement (d) and the Nash\u2013Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). For the B and FY simulations, the results showed that the model correctly reproduced the B and FY with NRMSE value of 8.8%. The estimated average value of FY (14.56\u00a0t/ha) for both seasons are in the range of the potential yield (14\u201318\u00a0t/ha) of table grapes in the irrigated Costa de Hermosillo in northwest Mexico. After the validation of the AquaCrop model, it was used to evaluate the irrigation scheduling by the farmer as well as to assess the water productivity computed as the ratio of crop production to crop water use. The results showed that, the recommended irrigation by the model was about 547\u00a0mm and 509\u00a0mm, which it is about half of that applied by the farmer (1006\u00a0mm and 929\u00a0mm) during 2005 and 2006, respectively. This large difference, which represents approximately 54% and 57% of the irrigation supply, is lost through deep percolation and could be saved without vegetation suffering from water stress while maintaining the same yield. The high loss of water by percolation affects significantly the water productivity (WP), which decreases from 3.22 to 1.74\u00a0kg/m3 if we consider the transpiration (WPTr), and the sum of ETa and Percolation (WPETa+Pr) for WP computations, respectively. Consequently, the AquaCrop model can be used as an operational tool by decision makers and growers to improve irrigation management. This is of crucial importance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is becoming increasingly scarce.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "Water productivity", "[SPI] Engineering Sciences [physics]", "Percolation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tablegrapes (Vitisvinifera L. cvs. Perletteand Superior)", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Irrigation scheduling", "AquaCrop", "[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics]", "Vitisvinifera L cvs Perletteand Superior", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Tablegrapes"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106585"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107719", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-17", "title": "Effects of tillage systems on soil water distribution, crop development, and evaporation and transpiration rates of soybean", "description": "Open AccessTillage practices are known to affect soil water retention, plant available water and, consequently, crop production. Impacts can be determined by assessing soil hydraulic properties and crop characteristics. In this study, three tillage practices were investigated with respect to vertical soil water distribution and development of soybean. A specific focus was set on determining evaporation and transpiration as fractions of evapotranspiration to obtain additional information on water availability and crop water use. The agricultural practices included conventional tillage, reduced tillage (no plow), and no-tillage. The study site was a long-term field experiment under rainfed conditions. The investigations covered a vegetation period of soybean. The measurements comprised weather and soil water monitoring using sensors and manual monitoring of crop development. Evapotranspiration and its components were determined using scintillometer measurements and an isotope-based water balance technique. In the researched vegetation period with limited water availability, the conservative tillage practices showed better water storage, water use, and crop yields compared to the conventional practice. The weekly evaporation and transpiration rates progressed according to the respective canopy development. Thus, delayed plant development of the no-till practice led to extended green cover and productive water use during the late season, where a large part of the precipitation has fallen. The tillage-induced differences of soil hydraulic properties had a substantial impact on soil water distribution, but a comparatively small impact on the soil surface wetness and thus directly on the evaporation rate. The tillage-induced impacts on soil cover by plant residues, however, showed the substantial reduction effect of plant residue cover on evaporation losses. Hence, assessment of evaporation and transpiration rates contributes to the understanding of differences in water productivity and promotes the efficient use of the available water resources.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Tillage", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil water management", "Isotope fractionation", "Scintillometry", "Water use"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liebhard, Gunther, Klik, Andreas, Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Nolz, Reinhard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107719"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107719", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107719", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107719"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.039", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-04-08", "title": "California Black Oak Response To Nitrogen Amendment At A High O3, Nitrogen-Saturated Site", "description": "In a nitrogen (N) saturated forest downwind from Los Angeles, California, the cumulative response to long-term background-N and N-amendment on black oak (Quercus kelloggii) was described in a below-average and average precipitation year. Monthly measurements of leaf and branch growth, gas exchange, and canopy health attributes were conducted. The effects of both pollutant exposure and drought stress were complex due to whole tree and leaf level responses, and shade versus full sun leaf responses. N-amended trees had lower late summer carbon (C) gain and greater foliar chlorosis in the drought year. Leaf water use efficiency was lower in N-amended trees in midsummer of the average precipitation year, and there was evidence of poor stomatal control in full sun. In shade, N-amendment enhanced stomatal control. Small differences in instantaneous C uptake in full sun, lower foliar respiration, and greater C gain in low light contributed to the greater aboveground growth observed.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Acclimatization", "Plant Transpiration", "15. Life on land", "Los Angeles", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Disasters", "Quercus", "Ozone", "13. Climate action", "Sunlight", "Environmental Pollutants", "Seasons", "Photosynthesis", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nancy Grulke, P. Mingus, W. Dobrowolski, Mark E. Fenn,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.039"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.039", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.039", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.01.039"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-24", "title": "Modified Penman\u2013Monteith equation for monitoring evapotranspiration of wheat crop: Relationship between the surface resistance and remotely sensed stress index", "description": "Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an essential role for detecting plant water status, estimating crop water needs and optimising irrigation management. Accurate estimates of ET at field scale are therefore critical. The present paper investigates a remote sensing and modelling coupled approach for monitoring actual ET of irrigated wheat crops in the semi-arid region of Tensift Al Haouz (Morocco). The ET modelling is based on a modified Penman\u2013Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a stress index (SI). SI is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The proposed model is first calibrated using eddy covariance measurements of ET during one growing season (2015\u20132016) over an experimental flood-irrigated wheat field located within the irrigated perimeter named R3. It is then validated during the same growing season over another drip-irrigated wheat field located in the same perimeter. Next, the proposed ET model is implemented over a 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u00a0km2 area in R3 using a time series of Landsat-7/8 reflectance and LST data. The comparison between modelled and measured ET fluxes indicates that the model works well. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values over drip and flood sites were 13 and 12\u00a0W\u00a0m\u22122, respectively. The proposed approach has a great potential for detecting crop water stress and estimating crop water requirements over large areas along the agricultural season.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "Penman-30", "Penman-Monteith", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Crop water stress", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Bulk surface resistance", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Landsat"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biosystems%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2017.09.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.rse.2019.111627", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-01-10", "title": "Irrigation retrieval from Landsat optical/thermal data integrated into a crop water balance model: A case study over winter wheat fields in a semi-arid region", "description": "Abstract Monitoring irrigation is essential for an efficient management of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions. We propose to estimate the timing and the amount of irrigation throughout the agricultural season using optical and thermal Landsat-7/8 data. The approach is implemented in four steps: i) partitioning the Landsat land surface temperature (LST) to derive the crop water stress coefficient (Ks), ii) estimating the daily root zone soil moisture (RZSM) from the integration of Landsat-derived Ks into a crop water balance model, iii) retrieving irrigation at the Landsat pixel scale and iv) aggregating pixel-scale irrigation estimates at the crop field scale. The new irrigation retrieval method is tested over three agricultural areas during four seasons and is evaluated over five winter wheat fields under different irrigation techniques (drip, flood and no-irrigation). The model is very accurate for the seasonal accumulated amounts (R ~ 0.95 and RMSE ~ 44\u00a0mm). However, lower agreements with observed irrigations are obtained at the daily scale. To assess the performance of the irrigation retrieval method over a range of time periods, the daily predicted and observed irrigations are cumulated from 1 to 90\u00a0days. Generally, acceptable errors (R\u00a0=\u00a00.52 and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a027\u00a0mm) are obtained for irrigations cumulated over 15\u00a0days and the performance gradually improves by increasing the accumulation period, depicting a strong link to the frequency of Landsat overpasses (16\u00a0days or 8\u00a0days by combining Landsat-7 and -8). Despite the uncertainties in retrieved irrigations at daily to weekly scales, the daily RZSM and evapotranspiration simulated from the retrieved daily irrigations are estimated accurately and are very close to those estimated from actual irrigations. This research demonstrates the utility of high spatial resolution optical and thermal data for estimating irrigation and consequently for better closing the water budget over agricultural areas. We also show that significant improvements can be expected at daily to weekly time scales by reducing the revisit time of high-spatial resolution thermal data, as included in the TRISHNA future mission requirements.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "Root-zone soil moisture", "0207 environmental engineering", "FAO-56 model", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "630", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Irrigation", "Landsat", "Land surface temperature"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Olivera-Guerra, Luis Enrique, Merlin, Olivier, Er-Raki, Salah,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111627"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing%20of%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rse.2019.111627", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rse.2019.111627", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111627"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.rse.2020.112030", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-12", "title": "Sun-induced fluorescence closely linked to ecosystem transpiration as evidenced by satellite data and radiative transfer models", "description": "Closed Access[EN] Transpiration (7) returns about half of continental precipitation back into the atmosphere. However, the global spatial and temporal dynamics of transpiration are highly uncertain, and current estimates rely on either indirect remote sensing or empirical model formulations. Here, we show that T can be estimated reliably at the global scale using observations of plant sun-induced fluorescence (SIF). To do so, we derive T using two different methods from globally-distributed eddy-covariance measurements and compare it with satellite SIF retrievals from GOME-2 and OCO-2. Whereas most research to date has focused on the link between SIF and gross primary production (GPP), we demonstrate that SIF is as highly correlated with T (mean correlation coefficient R of 0.76 across sites for 16-day periods with GOME-2 and 0.75 at the daily scale with OCO-2). SIF shows a greater predictive skill to estimate T than traditional optical vegetation indices and its dynamics are very similar to those of T. Through the use of an advanced radiative transfer model, we also demonstrate a clear empirical link between SIF and T. At 83 FLUXNET sites, remote sensing data and flux-derived GPP and T are used to estimate the relevant parameters of the Soil Canopy Observation of Photosynthesis and Energy fluxes (SCOPE) radiative transfer model and to model SIF. While the relationship between SIF and photosynthesis (GPP) is mostly controlled by leaf biochemical properties and plant structure, the SIF-T relationship appears largely determined by air temperature and intrinsic water use efficiency. Our findings suggest that ongoing advances in satellite SIF retrievals will allow for a more direct estimation of transpiration over large scales", "keywords": ["Evapotranspiration", "FLUXNET", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Solar-induced fluorescence", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Transpiration", "OCO-2", "GOME-2", "SCOPE", "13. Climate action", "FISICA APLICADA", "Photosynthesis", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112030"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing%20of%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rse.2020.112030", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rse.2020.112030", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112030"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104055", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-12", "title": "The uncertain role of rising atmospheric CO2 on global plant transpiration", "description": "As CO2 concentration in the atmosphere rises, there is a need for improved physical understanding of its impact on global plant transpiration. This knowledge gap poses a major hurdle in robustly projecting changes in the global hydrologic cycle. For this reason, here we review the different processes by which atmospheric CO2 concentration affects plant transpiration, the several uncertainties related to the complex physiological and radiative processes involved, and the knowledge gaps which need to be filled in order to improve predictions of plant transpiration. Although there is a high degree of certainty that rising CO2 will impact plant transpiration, the exact nature of this impact remains unclear due to complex interactions between CO2 and climate, and key aspects of plant morphology and physiology. The interplay between these factors has substantial consequences not only for future climate and global vegetation, but also for water availability needed for sustaining the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Future changes in global plant transpiration in response to enhanced CO2 are expected to be driven by water availability, atmospheric evaporative demand, plant physiological processes, emergent plant disturbances related to increasing temperatures, and the modification of plant physiology and coverage. Considering the universal sensitivity of natural and agricultural systems to terrestrial water availability we argue that reliable future projections of transpiration is an issue of the highest priority, which can only be achieved by integrating monitoring and modeling efforts to improve the representation of CO2 effects on plant transpiration in the next generation of earth system models. \u00a9 2022 The Authors", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "VAPOR-PRESSURE DEFICIT", "COMMUNITY LAND MODEL", "DECIDUOUS FOREST TREES", "TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "Earth system models", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Transpiration", "03 medical and health sciences", "DYNAMIC VEGETATION MODELS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "MOJAVE DESERT SHRUBS", "Climate change", "CO2", "ELEVATED CO2", "Atmospheric water demand", "WATER-USE EFFICIENCY", "Projections", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104055"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth-Science%20Reviews", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104055", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104055", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104055"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104770", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-16", "title": "METRIC-GIS: An advanced energy balance model for computing crop evapotranspiration in a GIS environment", "description": "A novel ArcGIS toolbox that applies the Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration model was developed and tested in a semi-arid environment. The tool, named METRIC-GIS, facilitates the pre-processing operations and the automatic identification of potential calibration and pixels review. The energy balance components obtained from METRIC-GIS were contrasted with those from the original METRIC version (R2 = 1; RMSE = 0 W m\u22122 or mm day\u22121 for ETc) Additionally, an irrigated scheme located at southern Spain was considered for assessing Kc variability in the maize fields with METRIC-GIS. The identified spatial variability was mainly due to differences in irrigation regimes, crop management practices, and planting and harvesting dates. This information is critical for developing irrigation advisory strategies that contribute to the area sustainability. The developed tool facilitates data input introduction and reduces computational time by up to 50%, providing a more user-friendly alternative to other existing platforms that use METRIC. This research was funded by the projects RTA2011-00015-00-00 funded by the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA) and FEDER 2014\u20132020 \u201cPrograma Operativo de Crecimiento Inteligente\u201d and by the European Commission with project \u201cSHui\u201d (grant number: 773903). Additional funding support was provided by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station.", "keywords": ["550", "satellite", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "630", "Modelling", "Water requirements", "modelling", "remote sensing", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "crop coefficient", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "Natural Resources Management and Policy", "Crop coefficients", "water requirements", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Satellite", "Crop coefficient", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Other Environmental Sciences", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552482/2/Environmental%20modelling%20and%20software%202020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104770"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Modelling%20%26amp%3B%20Software", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104770", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104770", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104770"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:16:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-05-25", "title": "Global sensitivity analysis of crop yield and transpiration from the FAO-AquaCrop model for dryland environments", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "Yield", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "630", "AquaCrop", "6. Clean water", "Transpiration", "Dryland", "13. Climate action", "Sensitivity analysis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/449637/1/AquaCrop_GSA_rev2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/449637/2/Lu2021_AquaCrop_GSA.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108182", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-10-17", "title": "Are Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Models Reliable Across South American Ecoregions", "description": "Abstract

Many remote sensing\uffe2\uff80\uff90based evapotranspiration (RSBET) algorithms have been proposed in the past decades and evaluated using flux tower data, mainly over North America and Europe. Model evaluation across South America has been done locally or using only a single algorithm at a time. Here, we provide the first evaluation of multiple RSBET models, at a daily scale, across a wide variety of biomes, climate zones, and land uses in South America. We used meteorological data from 25 flux towers to force four RSBET models: Priestley\uffe2\uff80\uff93Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT\uffe2\uff80\uff90JPL), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), Penman\uffe2\uff80\uff93Monteith Mu model (PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90MOD), and Penman\uffe2\uff80\uff93Monteith Nagler model (PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI). was predicted satisfactorily by all four models, with correlations consistently higher () for GLEAM and PT\uffe2\uff80\uff90JPL, and PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90MOD and PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI presenting overall better responses in terms of percent bias (%). As for PM\uffe2\uff80\uff90VI, this outcome is expected, given that the model requires calibration with local data. Model skill seems to be unrelated to land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use but instead presented some dependency on biome and climate, with the models producing the best results for wet to moderately wet environments. Our findings show the suitability of individual models for a number of combinations of land cover types, biomes, and climates. At the same time, no model outperformed the others for all conditions, which emphasizes the need for adapting individual algorithms to take into account intrinsic characteristics of climates and ecosystems in South America.

", "keywords": ["ATMOSPHERE WATER FLUX", "550", "VEGETATION INDEX", "Penman-Monteith", "RIPARIAN EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "SURFACE-TEMPERATURE", "01 natural sciences", "transpiration", "SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "ENERGY-BALANCE CLOSURE", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Water Science and Technology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "RAINFALL INTERCEPTION", "PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR", "WACMOS-ET PROJECT", "TRANSPIRATION", "15. Life on land", "EDDY COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS", "name=Water and Environmental Engineering", "MODIS", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Priestley-Taylor", "PENMAN-MONTEITH", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/water_and_environmental_engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/101236/1/agujournaltemplateDinizetal.pdf"}, {"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020WR028752"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028752"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20Resources%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2020wr028752", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2020wr028752"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1017/s0021859618000084", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-28", "title": "Forecasting potential evapotranspiration by combining numerical weather predictions and visible and near-infrared satellite images: an application in southern Italy", "description": "Abstract

Irrigation according to reliable estimates of crop water requirements (CWR) is one of the key strategies to ensure long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture. In southern Mediterranean regions, during the irrigation season, CWR is almost totally controlled by the potential evapotranspiration of the irrigated crop. An innovative system for forecasting crop potential evapotranspiration (ETp) has been implemented recently in the Campania region (southern Italy). The system produces ETp forecasts with a lead time of up to 5 days, by coupling the visible and near-infrared crop imagery with numerical weather prediction outputs of a limited area model. The forecasts are delivered to farmers with a simple and intuitive web app interface, which makes daily real-time ETp maps accessible from desktop computers, tablets and smartphones. Forecast performances were evaluated for maize fields of two farms in two irrigation seasons (2014\uffe2\uff80\uff932015). The mean absolute bias of the forecasted ETp was <0.3 mm/day and the RMSE was <0.6 mm/day, both for lead times up to 5 days.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Earth observation", "Crop water requirements", "0207 environmental engineering", "forecasting", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "numerical weather predictions", "13. Climate action", "potential evapotranspiration", "11. Sustainability", "Genetics", "Animal Science and Zoology", "Agronomy and Crop Science", "Crop water requirements; Earth observation; forecasting; numerical weather predictions; potential evapotranspiration; Animal Science and Zoology; Agronomy and Crop Science; Genetics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000084"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Journal%20of%20Agricultural%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1017/s0021859618000084", "name": "item", "description": "10.1017/s0021859618000084", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1017/s0021859618000084"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2020wr028055", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-09", "title": "On the Use of the Term \u201cEvapotranspiration\u201d", "description": "Abstract

Evaporation is the phenomenon by which a substance is converted from its liquid into its vapor phase, independently of where it lies in nature. However, language is alive, and just like regular speech, scientific terminology changes. Frequently, those changes are grounded on a solid rationale, but sometimes these semantic transitions have a fragile foundation. That is the case with \uffe2\uff80\uff9cevapotranspiration.\uffe2\uff80\uff9d A growing generation of scientists have been educated on using this terminology and are unaware of the historical controversy and physical inconsistency that surrounds it. Here, we present what may appear to some as an esoteric linguistic discussion, yet it was originally triggered by the increasing time some of us have devoted to justifying our word choice to reviewers, editors, and peers. By clarifying our arguments for using the term \uffe2\uff80\uff9cevaporation,\uffe2\uff80\uff9d we also seek to prevent having to revive this discussion every time a new article is submitted, so that we can move directly on to more scientifically relevant matters.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "SDG 16 - Peace", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "interception", "01 natural sciences", "Justice and Strong Institutions", "evaporation", "transpiration", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Commentaries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr028055"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%20Resources%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2020wr028055", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2020wr028055", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2020wr028055"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-06-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/254580", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:24:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-16", "title": "Effect of using pruning waste as an organic mulching on a drip-irrigated vineyard evapotranspiration under a semi-arid climate", "description": "Project Co-ordinators: Dr. Jose Alfonso G\u00f3mez Calero (Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CISC), Dr. Weifeng Xu (Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, FAFU). In a drip-irrigated vineyard soil evaporation (E) can reach up to 30-40% of the seasonal grapevine crop evapotranspiration (ETc). Vineyard soil management can be used as a technique to reduce soil E for improving crop water use efficiency. The aim of this experiment was to analyze the effect of using pruning waste as an organic mulching on vineyard ETc. During three experimental seasons, several cycles of grapevines water use determinations were conducted using a large weighing lysimeter located in Albacete (southeast Spain) under drip irrigation. Measurements were carried out under different soil management practices: i) keeping the bare soil within the lysimeter during the first 2-3 days (bare soil), ii) covering the lysimeter soil surface with pruning waste as an organic mulching (about 5 cm thick) for the next 2-3 days (organic mulch), and iii) covering the lysimeter with a waterproof canvas (plastic mulch), similar in colour to the soil, for the last 2-3 days of each measurement cycle. In 2017, the measurements period was initiated when midday stem water potential (\u03a8stem) values reached -1.3 MPa, in order to study the effect of the different soil management on grapevine ETc when vines in the lysimeter were suffering from severe water stress. During the 3-year study, plant determinations (i.e., canopy cover and the phenological stage) showed that vines were at the same stage of development during each period of measurements. Under equal evaporative demand and fractional canopy cover, results showed a reduction in the vineyard ETc between 16-18% with the organic mulching, and up to 24-30% with the plastic mulching. Even though plastic mulches significantly reduced water evaporation from soil surface, this reduction could have resulted in an increase in crop transpiration (T). However, results in this experiment show that both organic and inorganic mulching did not increase vine T compared to no mulching conditions, based on vine T values estimated during the three experimental periods of 2015. Therefore, using pruning waste as an organic mulch could be an environmental friendly alternative to reduce soil evaporation and increase crop water productivity in large areas where vineyards are drip-irrigated. This research has been funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n with FEDER co-financing Project AGL2017-83738-C3-3-R and by the European Commission with project \u201cSHui\u201d (grant number: 773903) and project \u201cSUPROMED\u201d (grant number: 1813). R. L\u00f3pez-Urrea acknowledges the support of the Sport, Culture and Education Council (JCCM, Spain), together with FEDER funds, throughout the \u201cANIATEL\u201d project (SBPLY/17/180501/000357). Peer reviewed", "keywords": ["Plastic mulch", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Vine transpiration", "13. Climate action", "Organic mulch", "Weighing lysimeter", "15. Life on land", "Soil evaporation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Water use"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/254580"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20and%20Forest%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/254580", "name": "item", "description": "10261/254580", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/254580"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/nature10274", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-01", "title": "C-4 Grasses Prosper As Carbon Dioxide Eliminates Desiccation In Warmed Semi-Arid Grassland", "description": "Global warming is predicted to induce desiccation in many world regions through increases in evaporative demand. Rising CO(2) may counter that trend by improving plant water-use efficiency. However, it is not clear how important this CO(2)-enhanced water use efficiency might be in offsetting warming-induced desiccation because higher CO(2) also leads to higher plant biomass, and therefore greater transpirational surface. Furthermore, although warming is predicted to favour warm-season, C(4) grasses, rising CO(2) should favour C(3), or cool-season plants. Here we show in a semi-arid grassland that elevated CO(2) can completely reverse the desiccating effects of moderate warming. Although enrichment of air to 600\u2009p.p.m.v. CO(2) increased soil water content (SWC), 1.5/3.0\u2009\u00b0C day/night warming resulted in desiccation, such that combined CO(2) enrichment and warming had no effect on SWC relative to control plots. As predicted, elevated CO(2) favoured C(3) grasses and enhanced stand productivity, whereas warming favoured C(4) grasses. Combined warming and CO(2) enrichment stimulated above-ground growth of C(4) grasses in 2 of 3\u2009years when soil moisture most limited plant productivity. The results indicate that in a warmer, CO(2)-enriched world, both SWC and productivity in semi-arid grasslands may be higher than previously expected.", "keywords": ["Wyoming", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Atmosphere", "Water", "Plant Transpiration", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Global Warming", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Plant Stomata", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Desert Climate", "Desiccation", "Photosynthesis", "Volatilization", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10274"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/nature10274", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/nature10274", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/nature10274"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-07-17", "title": "Recent increases in terrestrial carbon uptake at little cost to the water cycle", "description": "Abstract

Quantifying the responses of the coupled carbon and water cycles to current global warming and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is crucial for predicting and adapting to climate changes. Here we show that terrestrial carbon uptake (i.e. gross primary production) increased significantly from 1982 to 2011 using a combination of ground-based and remotely sensed land and atmospheric observations. Importantly, we find that the terrestrial carbon uptake increase is not accompanied by a proportional increase in water use (i.e. evapotranspiration) but is largely (about 90%) driven by increased carbon uptake per unit of water use, i.e. water use efficiency. The increased water use efficiency is positively related to rising CO2 concentration and increased canopy leaf area index, and negatively influenced by increased vapour pressure deficits. Our findings suggest that rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has caused a shift in terrestrial water economics of carbon uptake.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric sciences", "GLOBAL-SCALE", "Climate Change and Variability Research", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Terrestrial ecosystem", "Carbon fibers", "Climate change", "Terrestrial plant", "Global and Planetary Change", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "Evapotranspiration", "Primary production", "Ecology", "Global warming", "Q", "TRANSPIRATION", "Composite number", "Geology", "Carbon cycle", "6. Clean water", "Physical Sciences", "8. Economic growth", "DIOXIDE", "Water-use efficiency", "Composite material", "Atmospheric carbon cycle", "Science", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "0207 environmental engineering", "Article", "Environmental science", "USE EFFICIENCY", "ATMOSPHERIC CO2", "Irrigation", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "TRENDS", "Materials science", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Global Methane Emissions and Impacts", "VEGETATION", "Water cycle", "Climate Modeling", "Water use"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00114-5.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-017-00114-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-11-08", "title": "Terrestrial evaporation response to modes of climate variability", "description": "Abstract

Large-scale modes of climate variability (or teleconnection patterns), such as the El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, affect local weather worldwide. However, the response of terrestrial water and energy fluxes to these modes of variability is still poorly understood. Here, we analyse the response of evaporation to 16 teleconnection patterns, using a simple supervised learning framework and global observation-based datasets of evaporation and its key climatic drivers. Our results show that the month-to-month variability in terrestrial evaporation is strongly affected by (coupled) oscillations in sea-surface temperature and air pressure: in specific hotspot regions, up to 40% of the evaporation dynamics can be explained by climate indices describing the fundamental modes of climate variability. While the El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o Southern Oscillation affects the dynamics in land evaporation worldwide, other phenomena such as the East Pacific\uffe2\uff80\uff93North Pacific teleconnection pattern are more dominant at regional scales. Most modes of climate variability affect terrestrial evaporation by inducing changes in the atmospheric demand for water. However, anomalies in precipitation associated to particular teleconnections are crucial for the evaporation in water-limited regimes, as well as in forested regions where interception loss forms a substantial fraction of total evaporation. Our results highlight the need to consider the concurrent impact of these teleconnections to accurately predict the fate of the terrestrial branch of the hydrological cycle, and provide observational evidence to help improve the representation of surface fluxes in Earth system models.

", "keywords": ["EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "0207 environmental engineering", "TELECONNECTION", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "NORTH-ATLANTIC", "PACIFIC OSCILLATION", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "LAND EVAPORATION", "PRECIPITATION", "PATTERNS", "HYDROCLIMATOLOGY", "TEMPERATURE", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0053-5.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/npj%20Climate%20and%20Atmospheric%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41612-018-0053-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep26856", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-26", "title": "Soil Water Balance And Water Use Efficiency Of Dryland Wheat In Different Precipitation Years In Response To Green Manure Approach", "description": "Abstract

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) monoculture is conventionally cultivated followed by two to three months of summer fallow in the Loess Plateau. To develop a sustainable cropping system, we conducted a six-year field experiment to investigate the effect of leguminous green manure (LGM) instead of bare fallow on the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat and the soil water balance (SWB) in different precipitation years in a semi-arid region of northwest China. Results confirmed that planting LGM crop consumes soil water in the fallow season can bring varied effects to the subsequent wheat. The effect is positive or neutral when the annual precipitation is adequate, so that there is no significant reduction in the soil water supplied to wheat. If this is not the case, the effect is negative. On average, the LGM crop increased wheat yield and WUE by 13% and 28%, respectively, and had considerable potential for maintaining the SWB (0\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) compared with fallow management. In conclusion, cultivation of the LGM crop is a better option than fallow to improve the productivity and WUE of the next crop and maintain the soil water balance in the normal and wet years in the Loess Plateau.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Glycine max", "Rain", "Vigna", "Water", "Agriculture", "Plant Transpiration", "15. Life on land", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Soil", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Yangyang Li, Pengwei Yao, Dabin Zhang, Weidong Cao, Suiqi Zhang, Zhao Na, Yajun Gao, Yajun Gao,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep26856", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep26856", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep26856"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Co2 And Vascular Plants On Evapotranspiration In Bog Vegetation", "description": "Abstract

We determined evapotranspiration in three experiments designed to study the effects of elevated CO2 and increased N deposition on ombrotrophic bog vegetation. Two experiments used peat monoliths with intact bog vegetation in containers, with one experiment outdoors and the other in a greenhouse. A third experiment involved monocultures and mixtures of Sphagnum magellanicum and Eriophorum angustifolium in containers in the same greenhouse. To determine water use of the bog vegetation in July\uffe2\uff80\uff93August for each experiment and each year we measured water inputs and outputs from the containers. We studied the effects of elevated CO2 and N supply on evapotranspiration in relation to vascular plant biomass and exposure of the moss surface (measured as height of the moss surface relative to the container edge).

Elevated CO2 reduced water use of the bog vegetation in all three experiments, but the CO2 effect on evapotranspiration interacted with vascular plant biomass and exposure of the moss surface. Evapotranspiration in the outdoor experiment was largely determined by evaporation from the Sphagnum moss surface (as affected by exposure to wind) and less so by vascular plant transpiration. Nevertheless, elevated CO2 significantly reduced evapotranspiration by 9\uffe2\uff80\uff9310% in the outdoor experiment.

Vascular plants reduced evapotranspiration in the outdoor experiment, but increased water use in the greenhouse experiments. The relation between vascular plant abundance and evapotranspiration appears to depend on wind conditions; suggesting that vascular plants reduce water losses mainly by reducing wind speed at the moss surface.

Sphagnum growth is very sensitive to changes in water level; low water availability can have deleterious effects. As a consequence, reduced evapotranspiration in summer, whether caused by elevated CO2 or by small increases in vascular plant cover, is expected to favour Sphagnum growth in ombrotrophic bog vegetation.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Sphagnum", "Carbon dioxide", "Evapotranspiration", "13. Climate action", "Peat bog", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Mire", "Water use", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/plcell/koac263", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-26", "title": "Burning questions for a warming and changing world: 15 unknowns in plant abiotic stress", "description": "Abstract

We present unresolved questions in plant abiotic stress biology as posed by 15 research groups with expertise spanning eco-physiology to cell and molecular biology. Common themes of these questions include the need to better understand how plants detect water availability, temperature, salinity, and rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels; how environmental signals interface with endogenous signaling and development (e.g. circadian clock and flowering time); and how this integrated signaling controls downstream responses (e.g. stomatal regulation, proline metabolism, and growth versus defense balance). The plasma membrane comes up frequently as a site of key signaling and transport events (e.g. mechanosensing and lipid-derived signaling, aquaporins). Adaptation to water extremes and rising CO2 affects hydraulic architecture and transpiration, as well as root and shoot growth and morphology, in ways not fully understood. Environmental adaptation involves tradeoffs that limit ecological distribution and crop resilience in the face of changing and increasingly unpredictable environments. Exploration of plant diversity within and among species can help us know which of these tradeoffs represent fundamental limits and which ones can be circumvented by bringing new trait combinations together. Better defining what constitutes beneficial stress resistance in different contexts and making connections between genes and phenotypes, and between laboratory and field observations, are overarching challenges.

Sap flow measurements are fundamental to understanding water use in trees and could aid in predicting climate change effects on forest function. Deriving knowledge from such measurements requires empirical calibrations and upscaling methods to translate thermometric recordings to tree water use. Here, we developed a user\uffe2\uff80\uff90friendly open\uffe2\uff80\uff90source application, the Sap Flow Analyzer (SFA), which estimates sap flow rates and tree water use from the heat field deformation (HFD) instruments.

The SFA incorporates four key features to ensure maximum accuracy and reproducibility of sap flow estimates: diagnosis diagrams to assess data patterns visually, regression models implemented to increase accuracy when estimating K (the main HFD parameter), three approaches to upscale sap flow rates to whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree water use and visualization of the input parameters' uncertainty. Thirteen participants were given three raw datasets and assigned data processing tasks using the SFA user guide, from estimating sapwood depth to scaling sap flow rates to whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree water use to assess the reproducibility and applicability of the SFA.

Participants' results were reasonably consistent and independent of their background in using the SFA, R, or HFD method. The results showed lower variability for high flow rates (SD: mean 1% vs. 10%). K estimates and sapwood depth differentiation were the primary sources of variability, which in turn was mainly caused by the user's chosen scaling method.

The SFA provides an easy way to visualize and process sap flow and tree water use data from HFD measurements. It is the first free and open software tool for HFD users. The ability to trace analysis steps ensures reproducibility, increasing transparency and consistency in data processing. Developing tools such as the SFA and masked trials are essential for more precise workflows and improved quality and comparability of HFD sap flow datasets.

Sap flow measurements are fundamental to understanding water use in trees and could aid in predicting climate change effects on forest function. Deriving knowledge from such measurements requires empirical calibrations and upscaling methods to translate thermometric recordings to tree water use. Here, we developed a user\uffe2\uff80\uff90friendly open\uffe2\uff80\uff90source application, the Sap Flow Analyzer (SFA), which estimates sap flow rates and tree water use from the heat field deformation (HFD) instruments.

The SFA incorporates four key features to ensure maximum accuracy and reproducibility of sap flow estimates: diagnosis diagrams to assess data patterns visually, regression models implemented to increase accuracy when estimating K (the main HFD parameter), three approaches to upscale sap flow rates to whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree water use and visualization of the input parameters' uncertainty. Thirteen participants were given three raw datasets and assigned data processing tasks using the SFA user guide, from estimating sapwood depth to scaling sap flow rates to whole\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree water use to assess the reproducibility and applicability of the SFA.

Participants' results were reasonably consistent and independent of their background in using the SFA, R, or HFD method. The results showed lower variability for high flow rates (SD: mean 1% vs. 10%). K estimates and sapwood depth differentiation were the primary sources of variability, which in turn was mainly caused by the user's chosen scaling method.

The SFA provides an easy way to visualize and process sap flow and tree water use data from HFD measurements. It is the first free and open software tool for HFD users. The ability to trace analysis steps ensures reproducibility, increasing transparency and consistency in data processing. Developing tools such as the SFA and masked trials are essential for more precise workflows and improved quality and comparability of HFD sap flow datasets.

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are widely used empirical relationships to estimate soil hydraulic parameters. PTFs are usually derived from point soil samples analysed in the field or laboratory; thus, they contain uncertainties at different levels (i.e., from sampling and measuring techniques, as well as empirical approaches chosen to quantify relationships). When PTFs are used to parametrize agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological models, both the choice of PTF and the choice of the model may influence the simulation results. Both sources of variance (PTF choice and model structural differences) were found to be relevant in previous studies, but how they relate to each other has rarely been investigated. In this study, we addressed this research gap by conducting a systematic analysis of the variance in selected agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological model outputs (i.e., seepage water, soil water content, actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, biomass production) based on an ensemble of 18 PTFs applied to four agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological models, namely: APEX, CANDY, DAISY and SWAP. The models were calibrated for aboveground biomass and phenology of silage maize and evaluated using data of actual evapotranspiration, seepage water and soil water content obtained from a lysimeter facility in Switzerland. ANOVA\uffe2\uff80\uff90based variance partitioning was applied to attribute variance in model outputs to two uncertainty sources (PTF choice, model choice). Overall, we found that agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological model structural differences had a larger influence on the variance in model outputs than PTF differences. Further analyses undertaken per model showed that the sensitivity of the simulated outputs to the choice of PTF differed between the models; our results showed that the models integrating the Richards equation (SWAP, DAISY) were more sensitive to the choice of PTF than those using a reservoir cascade approach (APEX, CANDY). Our results also showed that simulated outputs using the mean of a PTF ensemble performed better than when using a single PTF, irrespective of the model and output variable. We therefore recommend using PTF ensembles in agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological modelling studies. The benefit of using large PTF ensembles is, however, likely to be reduced in larger ensembles of agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90hydrological models, as structural model uncertainties will dominate over PTF uncertainties, according to the four\uffe2\uff80\uff90member model ensemble investigated here.