{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/jsfa.4645", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:14:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-10-12", "title": "Restricted Mineralization Of Fresh Organic Materials Incorporated Into A Subtropical Paddy Soil", "description": "Abstract

BACKGROUND: Microbial activities involved in the dynamics of organic matter determine the potential for organic carbon (C) accumulation in soil. To understand this for paddy soil, an incubation experiment (25 \uffc2\uffb0C, 45% water\uffe2\uff80\uff90holding capacity) was established using 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90labelled glucose and rice straw (500 \uffc2\uffb5g C g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 soil) as substrates; an adjacent upland soil was used for comparison.

RESULTS: The amount of microbial biomass in the paddy soil was approximately 6 times larger and its turnover rate was 1.5\uffe2\uff80\uff933 times faster than in the upland soil. These proportions of 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90labelled glucose and rice straw mineralized in the paddy soil were about 3% smaller (P < 0.01) than those in the upland soil. Also, there was no significant priming effect of fresh substrate additions on the mineralization of native organic C in the paddy soil, while the priming effect was significant in the upland soil.

CONCLUSION: Although the paddy soil contains a large amount of microbial biomass, which is also very active, the mineralization of fresh substrates is significantly restricted in this soil, along with a small priming effect. This favours the accumulation of organic C in paddy soils. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Minerals", "Tropical Climate", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "Glucose", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ping Zhou, John Keith Syers, Hongzhao Yuan, Yirong Su, Ling Li, Jinshui Wu,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4645"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.4645", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.4645", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.4645"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-10-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00267-013-0181-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:14:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-12", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon Stock And Distribution In Cultivated Land Converted To Grassland In A Subtropical Region Of China", "description": "Land-use change from one type to another affects soil carbon (C) stocks which is associated with fluxes of CO2 to the atmosphere. The 10-years converted land selected from previously cultivated land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China was studied to understand the effects of land-use conversion on soil organic casrbon (SOC) sequestration under landscape position influences in a subtropical region of China. The SOC concentrations of the surface soil were greater (P 0.001) for converted soils than those for cultivated soils but lower (P 0.001) than those for original uncultivated soils. The SOC inventories (1.90\u20131.95 kg m-2) in the 0\u201315 cm surface soils were similar among upper, middle, and lower slope positions on the converted land, while the SOC inventories (1.41\u20131.65 kg m-2) in this soil layer tended to increase from upper to lower slope positions on the cultivated slope. On the whole, SOC inventories in this soil layer significantly increased following the conversion from cultivated land to grassland (P 0.001). In the upper slope positions, converted soils (especially in 0\u20135 cm surface soil) exhibited a higher C/N ratio than cultivated soils (P = 0.012), implying that strong SOC sequestration characteristics exist in upper slope areas where severe soil erosion occurred before land conversion. It is suggested that landscape position impacts on the SOC spatial distribution become insignificant after the conversion of cultivated land to grassland, which is conducive to the immobilization of organic C. We speculate that the conversion of cultivated land to grassland would markedly increase SOC stocks in soil and would especially improve the potential for SOC sequestration in the surface soil over a moderate period of time (10 years).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Soil", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Carbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Y. Wang, Jianhui Zhang, Fugui Li, Deyi Xiong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0181-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00267-013-0181-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00267-013-0181-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00267-013-0181-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-005-0222-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-10-04", "title": "Variations In Soil N Cycling And Trace Gas Emissions In Wet Tropical Forests", "description": "We used a previously described precipitation gradient in a tropical montane ecosystem of Hawai'i to evaluate how changes in mean annual precipitation (MAP) affect the processes resulting in the loss of N via trace gases. We evaluated three Hawaiian forests ranging from 2200 to 4050 mm year-1 MAP with constant temperature, parent material, ecosystem age, and vegetation. In situ fluxes of N2O and NO, soil inorganic nitrogen pools (NH4+ and NO3-), net nitrification, and net mineralization were quantified four times over 2 years. In addition, we performed 15N-labeling experiments to partition sources of N2O between nitrification and denitrification, along with assays of nitrification potential and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA). Mean NO and N2O emissions were highest at the mesic end of the gradient (8.7+/-4.6 and 1.1+/-0.3 ng N cm-2 h-1, respectively) and total oxidized N emitted decreased with increased MAP. At the wettest site, mean trace gas fluxes were at or below detection limit ( Terrestrial biosphere\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange is dominated by tropical forests, where photosynthetic carbon (C) uptake is thought to be phosphorus (P)-limited. In P-poor tropical forests, P may also limit organic matter decomposition and soil C losses. We conducted a field-fertilization experiment to show that P fertilization stimulates soil respiration in a lowland tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In the early wet season, when soluble organic matter inputs to soil are high, P fertilization drove large increases in soil respiration. Although the P-stimulated increase in soil respiration was largely confined to the dry-to-wet season transition, the seasonal increase was sufficient to drive an 18% annual increase in CO 2 efflux from the P-fertilized plots. Nitrogen (N) fertilization caused similar responses, and the net increases in soil respiration in response to the additions of N and P approached annual soil C fluxes in mid-latitude forests. Human activities are altering natural patterns of tropical soil N and P availability by land conversion and enhanced atmospheric deposition. Although our data suggest that the mechanisms driving the observed respiratory responses to increased N and P may be different, the large CO 2 losses stimulated by N and P fertilization suggest that knowledge of such patterns and their effects on soil CO 2 efflux is critical for understanding the role of tropical forests in a rapidly changing global C cycle.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Atmosphere", "Temperature", "Humidity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Fertilizers"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600989103"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.0600989103", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.0600989103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.0600989103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-07-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.1220608110", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-28", "title": "Conversion Of The Amazon Rainforest To Agriculture Results In Biotic Homogenization Of Soil Bacterial Communities", "description": "

The Amazon rainforest is the Earth\uffe2\uff80\uff99s largest reservoir of plant and animal diversity, and it has been subjected to especially high rates of land use change, primarily to cattle pasture. This conversion has had a strongly negative effect on biological diversity, reducing the number of plant and animal species and homogenizing communities. We report here that microbial biodiversity also responds strongly to conversion of the Amazon rainforest, but in a manner different from plants and animals. Local taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria increases after conversion, but communities become more similar across space. This homogenization is driven by the loss of forest soil bacteria with restricted ranges (endemics) and results in a net loss of diversity. This study shows homogenization of microbial communities in response to human activities. Given that soil microbes represent the majority of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems and are intimately involved in ecosystem functions, we argue that microbial biodiversity loss should be taken into account when assessing the impact of land use change in tropical forests.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Rain", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Animals", "Humans", "Cattle", "Brazil", "Ecosystem", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220608110"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.1220608110", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.1220608110", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.1220608110"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1073/pnas.2201832120", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-23", "title": "Megaherbivores modify forest structure and increase carbon stocks through multiple pathways", "description": "Abstract

Megaherbivores have pervasive ecological effects. In African rainforests, elephants can increase aboveground carbon, though the mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine a large unpublished dataset of forest elephant feeding with published browsing preferences totaling > 120,000 records covering 700 plant species, including nutritional data for 102 species. Elephants increase carbon stocks by: 1) promoting high wood density tree species via preferential browsing on leaves from low wood density species, which are more digestible; 2) dispersing seeds of trees that are relatively large and have the highest average wood density among tree guilds based on dispersal mode. Loss of forest elephants could cause a 5-12% decline in carbon stocks due to regeneration failure of elephant-dispersed trees and an increase in abundance of low wood density trees. These results show the major importance of megaherbivores in maintaining diverse, high-carbon tropical forests. Successful elephant conservation will contribute to climate mitigation at a scale of global relevance.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "plant animal interactions", "Elephants", "MESH: Carbon", "carbon cycling", "Forests", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "megafauna", "MESH: Biomass", "Animals", "MESH: Animals", "Biomass", "nature-based solutions", "Tropical Climate", "biogeochemical cycles", "MESH: Forests", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "MESH: Trees", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "MESH: Elephants", "MESH: Tropical Climate", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2201832120"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2201832120"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Proceedings%20of%20the%20National%20Academy%20of%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1073/pnas.2201832120", "name": "item", "description": "10.1073/pnas.2201832120", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1073/pnas.2201832120"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/ismej.2012.113", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-15", "title": "Pre-Exposure To Drought Increases The Resistance Of Tropical Forest Soil Bacterial Communities To Extended Drought", "description": "Abstract

Global climate models project a decrease in the magnitude of precipitation in tropical regions. Changes in rainfall patterns have important implications for the moisture content and redox status of tropical soils, yet little is known about how these changes may affect microbial community structure. Specifically, does exposure to prior stress confer increased resistance to subsequent perturbation? Here we reduced the quantity of precipitation throughfall to tropical forest soils in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Treatments included newly established throughfall exclusion plots (de novo excluded), plots undergoing reduction for a second time (pre-excluded) and ambient control plots. Ten months of throughfall exclusion led to a small but statistically significant decline in soil water potential and bacterial populations clearly adapted to increased osmotic stress. Although the water potential decline was small and microbial biomass did not change, phylogenetic diversity in the de novo-excluded plots decreased by \uffe2\uff88\uffbc40% compared with the control plots, yet pre-excluded plots showed no significant change. On the other hand, the relative abundances of bacterial taxa in both the de novo-excluded and pre-excluded plots changed significantly with throughfall exclusion compared with control plots. Changes in bacterial community structure could be explained by changes in soil pore water chemistry and suggested changes in soil redox. Soluble iron declined in treatment plots and was correlated with decreased soluble phosphorus concentrations, which may have significant implications for microbial productivity in these P-limited systems.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Rain", "Puerto Rico", "Water", "Phosphorus", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Trees", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "Biomass", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.113"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20ISME%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/ismej.2012.113", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/ismej.2012.113", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/ismej.2012.113"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-18", "title": "Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising atmospheric water stress", "description": "Evidence exists that tree mortality is accelerating in some regions of the tropics1,2, with profound consequences for the future of the tropical carbon sink and the global anthropogenic carbon budget left to limit peak global warming below 2\u2009\u00b0C. However, the mechanisms that may be driving such mortality changes and whether particular species are especially vulnerable remain unclear3-8. Here we analyse a 49-year record of tree dynamics from 24 old-growth forest plots encompassing a broad climatic gradient across the Australian moist tropics and find that annual tree mortality risk has, on average, doubled across all plots and species over the last 35\u00a0years, indicating a potential halving in life expectancy and carbon residence time. Associated losses in biomass were not offset by gains from growth and recruitment. Plots in less moist local climates presented higher average mortality risk, but local mean climate did not predict the pace of temporal increase in mortality risk. Species varied in the trajectories of their mortality risk, with the highest average risk found nearer to the upper end of the atmospheric vapour pressure deficit niches of species. A long-term increase in vapour pressure deficit was evident across the region, suggesting that thresholds involving atmospheric water stress, driven by global warming, may be a primary cause of increasing tree mortality in moist tropical forests.", "keywords": ["Risk", "0301 basic medicine", "Carbon Sequestration", "Time Factors", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", "Population dynamics", "Acclimatization", "[SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "Global Warming", "History", " 21st Century", "333", "[SDV.BV.BOT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Stress", " Physiological", "[SDV.BID.SPT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics", " Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.EE.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Ecosystems", "Community ecology", "Biomass", "580", "Population Density", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Dehydration", "Atmosphere", "Climate-change ecology", "Australia", "Water", "Humidity", "Phylogenetics and taxonomy", "[SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics", "History", " 20th Century", "15. Life on land", "Tropical ecology", "Carbon", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "13. Climate action", "[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Forest ecology", "environment/Ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/187195/1/Bauman_et_al_ms_Nature_final_AAM.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04737-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41586-022-04737-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep07952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-22", "title": "Co2 Enrichment And N Addition Increase Nutrient Loss From Decomposing Leaf Litter In Subtropical Model Forest Ecosystems", "description": "As atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, many experiments have been carried out to study effects of CO2 enrichment on litter decomposition and nutrient release. However, the result is still uncertain. Meanwhile, the impact of CO2 enrichment on nutrients other than N and P are far less studied. Using open-top chambers, we examined effects of elevated CO2 and N addition on leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release in subtropical model forest ecosystems. We found that both elevated CO2 and N addition increased nutrient (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn) loss from the decomposing litter. The N, P, Ca and Zn loss was more than tripled in the chambers exposed to both elevated CO2 and N addition than those in the control chambers after 21 months of treatment. The stimulation of nutrient loss under elevated CO2 was associated with the increased soil moisture, the higher leaf litter quality and the greater soil acidity. Accelerated nutrient release under N addition was related to the higher leaf litter quality, the increased soil microbial biomass and the greater soil acidity. Our results imply that elevated CO2 and N addition will increase nutrient cycling in subtropical China under the future global change.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep07952", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep07952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep07952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/ber2004347", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-04", "title": "Abundance, Dispersion And Parasitism Of The Stem Borer Busseola Fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) In Maize In The Humid Forest Zone Of Southern Cameroon", "description": "Abstract

This study was conducted in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, in 2002 and 2003. The main objective was to investigate the effects of intercropping on infestation levels and parasitism of the noctuid maize stem borer Busseola fusca Fuller. Two trials were planted per year, one during the long and one during the short rainy season. Maize monocrops were compared with maize/legume or maize/cassava intercrops in two spatial arrangements: maize on alternate hills or in alternate rows. Spatial analyses showed that the stemborer egg batches were regularly dispersed in the maize monocrop and aggregated in the intercrops, as indicated by b, the index of dispersion of Taylor's power law. Depending on the crop association and planting pattern, intercrops reduced the percentage of plants with stem borer eggs by 47.4\uffe2\uff80\uff9358.4% and egg densities by 41.2\uffe2\uff80\uff9354.5% compared to monocropped maize. Consequently, larval densities were 44.4\uffe2\uff80\uff9361.5% lower in intercrops compared to monocrops. Intercropping maize with non-host plants did not affect larval parasitism. Up to two-fold higher levels of egg parasitism by scelionid Telenomus spp. were recorded in inter- compared to monocrops during the short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003. No differences were found among the mixed cropping treatments and parasitism was lower during the long compared to the short rainy seasons. It was proposed that differences in levels of parasitism were due to density dependence effects rather than the effect of the presence of non-host plants in the system.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Population Density", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Tropical Climate", "Wasps", "Agriculture", "Moths", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Larva", "Linear Models", "Animals", "Cameroon", "Seasons", "Ovum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. Chabi-Olaye, Christian Nolte, Christian Borgemeister, Fritz Schulthess,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2004347"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Entomological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/ber2004347", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/ber2004347", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/ber2004347"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rstb.2007.0031", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-16", "title": "Drought Effects On Litterfall, Wood Production And Belowground Carbon Cycling In An Amazon Forest: Results Of A Throughfall Reduction Experiment", "description": "

The Amazon Basin experiences severe droughts that may become more common in the future. Little is known of the effects of such droughts on Amazon forest productivity and carbon allocation. We tested the prediction that severe drought decreases litterfall and wood production but potentially has multiple cancelling effects on belowground production within a 7-year partial throughfall exclusion experiment. We simulated an approximately 35\uffe2\uff80\uff9341% reduction in effective rainfall from 2000 through 2004 in a 1\uffe2\uff80\uff8aha plot and compared forest response with a similar control plot. Wood production was the most sensitive component of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) to drought, declining by 13% the first year and up to 62% thereafter. Litterfall declined only in the third year of drought, with a maximum difference of 23% below the control plot. Soil CO 2 efflux and its 14 C signature showed no significant treatment response, suggesting similar amounts and sources of belowground production. ANPP was similar between plots in 2000 and declined to a low of 41% below the control plot during the subsequent treatment years, rebounding to only a 10% difference during the first post-treatment year. Live aboveground carbon declined by 32.5\uffe2\uff80\uff8aMg\uffe2\uff80\uff8aha \uffe2\uff88\uff921 through the effects of drought on ANPP and tree mortality. Results of this unreplicated, long-term, large-scale ecosystem manipulation experiment demonstrate that multi-year severe drought can substantially reduce Amazon forest carbon stocks.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Time Factors", "wood production", "above-ground net primary productivity", "drought", "Medical and Health Sciences", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "Disasters", "Soil", "Amazon", "litterfall", "global change", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Evolutionary Biology", "Tropical Climate", "Water", "Biological Sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt1b27s752/qt1b27s752.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0031"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2007.0031", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2007.0031", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2007.0031"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-02-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/treephys/tpu116", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-24", "title": "Dinitrogen Fixation By Legume Shade Trees And Direct Transfer Of Fixed N To Associated Cacao In A Tropical Agroforestry System", "description": "Natural abundance of (15)N (\u03b4\u2009(15)N) was determined in bulk soil, rhizospheric soil and vegetation in an organically managed cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation with Inga edulis Mart. legume trees (inga) as the principal shade for studying the nitrogen (N) cycle in the system. Cacao without contact with legumes in an adjacent plantation was used as the reference for N2 fixation and direct N transfer calculations. Bulk and rhizospheric soils contained 72 and 20%, respectively, of whole- system N. No vegetation effect on \u03b4\u2009(15)N in rhizospheric soil was detected, probably due to the high native soil N pool. Fine roots of the cacaos associated with inga contained \u223c35% of N fixed from the atmosphere (Nf) out of the total N. Leaves of all species had significantly higher \u03b4\u2009(15)N than fine roots. Twenty percent of system Nf was found in cacao suggesting direct N transfer from inga via a common mycelial network of mycorrhizal fungi or recycling of N-rich root exudates of inga. Inga had accumulated 98\u2005kg [Nf] ha(-1) during the 14-year history of the plantation. The conservative estimate of current N2 fixation rate was 41\u2005kg [Nf] ha(-1)\u2005year(-1) based on inga biomass only and 50\u2005kg [Nf] ha(-1)\u2005year(-1) based on inga and associated trees.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Cacao", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "Nitrogen", "Plant Exudates", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Soil", "Mycorrhizae", "Nitrogen Fixation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu116"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tree%20Physiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/treephys/tpu116", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/treephys/tpu116", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/treephys/tpu116"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rstb.1999.0524", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-26", "title": "Effects Of Nitrogen And Phosphorus Fertilization In A Lowland Evergreen Rainforest", "description": "

A nutrient addition experiment was set up in August 1993 in a species\uffe2\uff80\uff93rich primary lowland dipterocarp forest in Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The following treatments were applied: control, +N, +P and +NP. There were five blocks of four 50 m times 50 m plots with a separate treatment for each plot. Fine litterfall was measured on all the plots from l May 1994 for 12 months. Litterfall mass and phosphorus concentrations were significantly higher in all the fertilizer treatments compared with the controls. All trees (greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh) were measured in August 1993 and in August 1998, and there was no significant girth increment response to fertilization in dipterocarps or non\uffe2\uff80\uff93dipterocarps. Dipterocarps of the red meranti group showed a doubling of girth increment in the +NP treatment, however, the difference from the control fell short of significance.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Tropical Climate", "Indonesia", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "01 natural sciences", "Ecosystem", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0524"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20of%20London.%20Series%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.1999.0524", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.1999.0524", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.1999.0524"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-11-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-08", "title": "Tropical land carbon cycle responses to 2015/16 El Ni\u00f1o as recorded by atmospheric greenhouse gas and remote sensing data", "description": "

The outstanding tropical land climate characteristic over the past decades is rapid warming, with no significant large-scale precipitation trends. This warming is expected to continue but the effects on tropical vegetation are unknown. El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o-related heat peaks may provide a test bed for a future hotter world. Here we analyse tropical land carbon cycle responses to the 2015/16 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o heat and drought anomalies using an atmospheric transport inversion. Based on the global atmospheric CO 2 and fossil fuel emission records, we find no obvious signs of anomalously large carbon release compared with earlier El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o events, suggesting resilience of tropical vegetation. We find roughly equal net carbon release anomalies from Amazonia and tropical Africa, approximately 0.5 PgC each, and smaller carbon release anomalies from tropical East Asia and southern Africa. Atmospheric CO anomalies reveal substantial fire carbon release from tropical East Asia peaking in October 2015 while fires contribute only a minor amount to the Amazonian carbon flux anomaly. Anomalously large Amazonian carbon flux release is consistent with downregulation of primary productivity during peak negative near-surface water anomaly (October 2015 to March 2016) as diagnosed by solar-induced fluorescence. Finally, we find an unexpected anomalous positive flux to the atmosphere from tropical Africa early in 2016, coincident with substantial CO release.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \uffe2\uff80\uff98The impact of the 2015/2016 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications\uffe2\uff80\uff99.

", "keywords": ["Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics", "FLUX", "0301 basic medicine", "Hot Temperature", "550", "551", "global warming", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Greenhouse Gases", "03 medical and health sciences", "[SDU.STU.CL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL", "carbon cycle", "INVERSION", "Biology", "TEMPERATURE", "11 Medical and Health Sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "tropical forests", "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", "Evolutionary Biology", "Tropical Climate", "Science & Technology", "Atmosphere", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "EQUATORIAL PACIFIC", "Articles", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology", "13. Climate action", "PRECIPITATION", "Remote Sensing Technology", "INDUCED CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE", "CO2", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "SENSITIVITY", "environment", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "fire"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/135234/8/Tropical%20land%20carbon%20cycle%20responses%20to%202015/16%20El%20Ni%C3%B1o%20as%20recorded%20by%20atmospheric%20greenhouse%20gas%20and%20remote%20sensing%20data.pdf"}, {"href": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0302", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2017.0302"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1100/tsw.2001.450", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-23", "title": "The Impact Of Long-Term Nitrogen Addition On Microbial Community Composition In Three Hawaiian Forest Soils", "description": "

We evaluated the microbial communities in three Hawaiian forest soils along a natural fertility gradient and compared their distinct responses to long-term nitrogen (N) additions. The sites studied have the same elevation, climate, and dominant vegetation, but vary in age of development, and thus in soil nutrient availability and nutrient limitation to plant growth. Fertilized plots at each site have received 100 kg ha year-1N addition for at least 8 years. Soil parameters, water content, pH, and ammonium and nitrate availability differed by site, but not between control and N-addition treatments within a site at the time of sampling. Microbial biomass also varied by site, but was not affected by N addition. In contrast, microbial community composition (measured by phospholipid analysis) varied among sites and between control and N-addition plots within a site. These data suggest that microbial community composition responds to N addition even when plant net primary productivity is limited by nutrients other than N. This may have implications for the behavior of forests impacted by atmospheric N deposition that are considered to be \uffe2\uff80\uff9cnitrogen saturated,\uffe2\uff80\uff9d yet still retain N in the soil.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Technology", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "T", "Science", "Q", "R", "Fungi", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Hawaii", "6. Clean water", "Time", "Trees", "Soil", "Viruses", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Phospholipids", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Teri C. Balser", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.450"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Scientific%20World%20JOURNAL", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1100/tsw.2001.450", "name": "item", "description": "10.1100/tsw.2001.450", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1100/tsw.2001.450"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1101/2021.12.23.473993", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-23", "title": "Megaherbivores modify forest structure and increase carbon stocks through multiple pathways", "description": "Abstract

Megaherbivores have pervasive ecological effects. In African rainforests, elephants can increase aboveground carbon, though the mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine a large unpublished dataset of forest elephant feeding with published browsing preferences totaling > 120,000 records covering 700 plant species, including nutritional data for 102 species. Elephants increase carbon stocks by: 1) promoting high wood density tree species via preferential browsing on leaves from low wood density species, which are more digestible; 2) dispersing seeds of trees that are relatively large and have the highest average wood density among tree guilds based on dispersal mode. Loss of forest elephants could cause a 5-12% decline in carbon stocks due to regeneration failure of elephant-dispersed trees and an increase in abundance of low wood density trees. These results show the major importance of megaherbivores in maintaining diverse, high-carbon tropical forests. Successful elephant conservation will contribute to climate mitigation at a scale of global relevance.To explore the importance of 12 elements in litter production and decomposition, we fertilized 36 1600\uffe2\uff80\uff83m2\uffe2\uff80\uff90plots with combinations of N, P, K, or micronutrients (i.e. B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, S, Zn) for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in a lowland Panamanian forest. The 90% of litter falling as leaves and twigs failed to increase with fertilization, but reproductive litter (fruits and flowers) increased by 43% with N. K enhanced cellulose decomposition; one or more micronutrients enhanced leaf\uffe2\uff80\uff90litter decomposition; P enhanced both. Our results suggest tropical forests are a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90Liebig world of multiple nutrient limitations, with at least four elements shaping rates of litterfall and decomposition. Multiple metallomic enzymes and cofactors likely create gradients in the break down of leaf litter. Selection favours individuals that make more propagules, and even in an N\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich forest, N is a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90substitutable resource for reproduction.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "Potassium", "Phosphorus", "Micronutrients", "15. Life on land", "Cellulose", "Fertilizers", "01 natural sciences", "Ecosystem", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01124.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01124.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01124.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01124.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-19", "title": "Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation: a meta-analysis", "description": "Summary

Afforestation has been proposed as an effective method of carbon (C) sequestration; however, the magnitude and direction of soil carbon accumulation following afforestation and its regulation by soil nitrogen (N) dynamics are still not well understood.

We synthesized the results from 292 sites and carried out a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to evaluate the dynamics of soil C and N stocks following afforestation.

Changes in soil C and N stocks were significantly correlated and had a similar temporal pattern. Significant C and N stock increases were found 30 and 50\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr after afforestation, respectively. Before these time points, C and N stocks were either depleted or unchanged. Carbon stock increased following afforestation on cropland and pasture, and in tropical, subtropical and boreal zones. The soil N stock increased in the subtropical zone. The soil C stock increased after afforestation with hardwoods such as Eucalyptus, but did not change after afforestation with softwoods such as pine. Soil N stocks increased and decreased, respectively, after afforestation with hardwoods (excluding Eucalyptus) and pine.

These results indicate that soil C and N stocks both increase with time after afforestation, and that C sequestration through afforestation depends on prior land use, climate and the tree species planted.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "Soil", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "Climate", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Trees", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04150.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.20401", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:19:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-01-17", "title": "Insights into the subdaily variations in methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes from upland tropical tree stems", "description": "Summary

Recent studies have shown that stem fluxes, although highly variable among trees, can alter the strength of the methane (CH4) sink or nitrous oxide (N2O) source in some forests, but the patterns and magnitudes of these fluxes remain unclear. This study investigated the drivers of subdaily and seasonal variations in stem and soil CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes.

CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes were measured continuously for 19\uffe2\uff80\uff89months in individual stems of two tree species, Eperua falcata (Aubl.) and Lecythis poiteaui (O. Berg), and surrounding soils using an automated chamber system in an upland tropical forest. Subdaily variations in these fluxes were related to environmental and stem physiological (sap flow and stem diameter variations) measurements under contrasting soil water conditions.

The results showed that physiological and climatic drivers only partially explained the subdaily flux variations. Stem CH4 and CO2 emissions and N2O uptake varied with soil water content, time of day and between individuals. Stem fluxes decoupled from soil fluxes.

Our study contributes to understanding the regulation of stem greenhouse gas fluxes. It suggests that additional variables (e.g. internal gas concentrations, wood\uffe2\uff80\uff90colonising microorganisms, wood density and anatomy) may account for the remaining unexplained variability in stem fluxes, highlighting the need for further studies.

Tropical forests are being rapidly altered by logging and cleared for agriculture. Understanding the effects of these land use changes on soil bacteria, which constitute a large proportion of total biodiversity and perform important ecosystem functions, is a major conservation frontier. Here we studied the effects of logging history and forest conversion to oil palm plantations in Sabah, Borneo, on the soil bacterial community. We used paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, V3 region, to compare the bacterial communities in primary, once-logged, and twice-logged forest and land converted to oil palm plantations. Bacteria were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% similarity level, and OTU richness and local-scale \uffce\uffb1-diversity showed no difference between the various forest types and oil palm plantations. Focusing on the turnover of bacteria across space, true \uffce\uffb2-diversity was higher in oil palm plantation soil than in forest soil, whereas community dissimilarity-based metrics of \uffce\uffb2-diversity were only marginally different between habitats, suggesting that at large scales, oil palm plantation soil could have higher overall \uffce\uffb3-diversity than forest soil, driven by a slightly more heterogeneous community across space. Clearance of primary and logged forest for oil palm plantations did, however, significantly impact the composition of soil bacterial communities, reflecting in part the loss of some forest bacteria, whereas primary and logged forests did not differ in composition. Overall, our results suggest that the soil bacteria of tropical forest are to some extent resilient or resistant to logging but that the impacts of forest conversion to oil palm plantations are more severe.

", "keywords": ["DNA", " Bacterial", "0301 basic medicine", "Tropical Climate", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Agriculture", "Sequence Analysis", " DNA", "15. Life on land", "Biota", "DNA", " Ribosomal", "333", "Trees", "03 medical and health sciences", "Borneo", "13. Climate action", "RNA", " Ribosomal", " 16S", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02541-13"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.02541-13", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.02541-13", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.02541-13"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0041493", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-23", "title": "Effects Of Precipitation Increase On Soil Respiration: A Three-Year Field Experiment In Subtropical Forests In China", "description": "The aim of this study was to determine response patterns and mechanisms of soil respiration to precipitation increases in subtropical regions.Field plots in three typical forests [i.e. pine forest (PF), broadleaf forest (BF), and pine and broadleaf mixed forest (MF)] in subtropical China were exposed under either Double Precipitation (DP) treatment or Ambient Precipitation (AP). Soil respiration, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil microbial biomass and fine root biomass were measured over three years. We tested whether precipitation treatments influenced the relationship of soil respiration rate (R) with soil temperature (T) and soil moisture (M) using R\u200a=\u200a(a+cM)exp(bT), where a is a parameter related to basal soil respiration; b and c are parameters related to the soil temperature and moisture sensitivities of soil respiration, respectively. We found that the DP treatment only slightly increased mean annual soil respiration in the PF (15.4%) and did not significantly change soil respiration in the MF and the BF. In the BF, the increase in soil respiration was related to the enhancements of both soil fine root biomass and microbial biomass. The DP treatment did not change model parameters, but increased soil moisture, resulting in a slight increase in soil respiration. In the MF and the BF, the DP treatment decreased soil temperature sensitivity b but increased basal soil respiration a, resulting in no significant change in soil respiration.Our results indicate that precipitation increasing in subtropical regions in China may have limited effects on soil respiration.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Tropical Climate", "Science", "Rain", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees", "Soil", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0041493"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0041493", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0041493", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0041493"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-07-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0084101", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-31", "title": "Effects Of Experimental Nitrogen And Phosphorus Addition On Litter Decomposition In An Old-Growth Tropical Forest", "description": "The responses of litter decomposition to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions were examined in an old-growth tropical forest in southern China to test the following hypotheses: (1) N addition would decrease litter decomposition; (2) P addition would increase litter decomposition, and (3) P addition would mitigate the inhibitive effect of N addition. Two kinds of leaf litter, Schima superba Chardn. & Champ. (S.S.) and Castanopsis chinensis Hance (C.C.), were studied using the litterbag technique. Four treatments were conducted at the following levels: control, N-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), P-addition (150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)) and NP-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) plus 150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)). While N addition significantly decreased the decomposition of both litters, P addition significantly inhibited decomposition of C.C., but did not affect the decomposition of S.S. The negative effect of N addition on litter decomposition might be related to the high N-saturation in this old-growth tropical forest; however, the negative effect of P addition might be due to the suppression of 'microbial P mining'. Significant interaction between N and P addition was found on litter decomposition, which was reflected by the less negative effect in NP-addition plots than those in N-addition plots. Our results suggest that P addition may also have negative effect on litter decomposition and that P addition would mitigate the negative effect of N deposition on litter decomposition in tropical forests.", "keywords": ["China", "Geologic Sediments", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0084101"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0084101", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0084101", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371%2fjournal.pone.0084101"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0029642", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-01-04", "title": "Carbon Stocks And Fluxes In Tropical Lowland Dipterocarp Rainforests In Sabah, Malaysian Borneo", "description": "Deforestation in the tropics is an important source of carbon C release to the atmosphere. To provide a sound scientific base for efforts taken to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) good estimates of C stocks and fluxes are important. We present components of the C balance for selectively logged lowland tropical dipterocarp rainforest in the Malua Forest Reserve of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Total organic C in this area was 167.9 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b13.8 (SD), including: Total aboveground (TAGC: 55%; 91.9 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b12.9 SEM) and belowground carbon in trees (TBGC: 10%; 16.5 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b10.5 SEM), deadwood (8%; 13.2 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b13.5 SEM) and soil organic matter (SOM: 24%; 39.6 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b10.9 SEM), understory vegetation (3%; 5.1 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b11.7 SEM), standing litter (<1%; 0.7 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b10.1 SEM) and fine root biomass (<1%; 0.9 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b10.1 SEM). Fluxes included litterfall, a proxy for leaf net primary productivity (4.9 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 yr\u207b\u00b9\u00b10.1 SEM), and soil respiration, a measure for heterotrophic ecosystem respiration (28.6 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 yr\u207b\u00b9\u00b11.2 SEM). The missing estimates necessary to close the C balance are wood net primary productivity and autotrophic respiration.Twenty-two years after logging TAGC stocks were 28% lower compared to unlogged forest (128 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9\u00b113.4 SEM); a combined weighted average mean reduction due to selective logging of -57.8 Mg C ha\u207b\u00b9 (with 95% CI -75.5 to -40.2). Based on the findings we conclude that selective logging decreased the dipterocarp stock by 55-66%. Silvicultural treatments may have the potential to accelerate the recovery of dipterocarp C stocks to pre-logging levels.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "1000 Multidisciplinary", "Tropical Climate", "Science", "Rain", "Q", "R", "1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Dipterocarpaceae", "Trees", "10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies", "Soil", "1300 General Biochemistry", " Genetics and Molecular Biology", "Borneo", "Seedlings", "13. Climate action", "570 Life sciences; biology", "590 Animals (Zoology)", "Medicine", "Biomass", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Saner, Philippe, Loh, Yen Yee, Ong, Robert C., Hector, Andy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029642"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0029642", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0029642", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0029642"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-19", "title": "Changes In The Diversity Of Soil Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi After Cultivation For Biofuel Production In A Guantanamo (Cuba) Tropical System", "description": "Open AccessLes champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (FMA) sont un \u00e9l\u00e9ment cl\u00e9 et int\u00e9gral de la stabilit\u00e9, de la durabilit\u00e9 et du fonctionnement des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Dans cette \u00e9tude, nous avons caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 la biodiversit\u00e9 de l'AMF dans un sol v\u00e9g\u00e9tal natif et dans un sol cultiv\u00e9 avec Jatropha curcas ou Ricinus communis, dans un syst\u00e8me tropical \u00e0 Guantanamo (Cuba), afin de v\u00e9rifier si un changement d'utilisation des terres pour la production de plantes biocarburants a eu un effet sur les communaut\u00e9s de l'AMF. Nous \u00e9valuons \u00e9galement si certaines propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du sol li\u00e9es \u00e0 la fertilit\u00e9 du sol (N total, C organique, biomasse microbienne C, pourcentage de stabilit\u00e9 globale, pH et conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9es avec la culture des deux esp\u00e8ces de cultures. Les g\u00e8nes d'ARNr de la petite sous-unit\u00e9 fongique AM (SSU) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 soumis \u00e0 une PCR, \u00e0 un clonage, \u00e0 un s\u00e9quen\u00e7age et \u00e0 des analyses phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques. Vingt types de s\u00e9quences fongiques AM ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s\u00a0: 19 appartiennent aux Glomeraceae et un aux Paraglomeraceae. Deux types de s\u00e9quences d'AMF li\u00e9s \u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces d'AMF cultiv\u00e9es (Glo G3 pour Glomus sinuosum et Glo G6 pour Glomus intraradices-G. fasciculatum-G. irregulare) ne se sont pas produits dans le sol cultiv\u00e9 avec J. curcas et R. communis. Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du sol (N total, C organique et biomasse microbienne C) \u00e9taient plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es dans le sol cultiv\u00e9 avec les deux esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales. La diversit\u00e9 de la communaut\u00e9 AMF a diminu\u00e9 dans le sol des deux cultures, par rapport au sol v\u00e9g\u00e9tal indig\u00e8ne, et variait consid\u00e9rablement en fonction des esp\u00e8ces cultiv\u00e9es plant\u00e9es. Ainsi, le sol de R. communis pr\u00e9sentait une diversit\u00e9 AMF plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e que le sol de J. curcas. En conclusion, R. communis pourrait \u00eatre plus adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la conservation \u00e0 long terme et \u00e0 la gestion durable de ces \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes tropicaux.", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "Jatropha", "Plant Science", "Plant Roots", "7. Clean energy", "Fungal Diversity", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Mycorrhizae", "Jatropha curcas", "Soil water", "Saproxylic Insect Ecology and Forest Management", "Mycological Typing Techniques", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Q", "R", "Cuba", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Medicine", "Research Article", "Science", "Soil fertility", "12. Responsible consumption", "Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions", "Health Sciences", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Ribosome Subunits", " Small", " Eukaryotic", "Pharmacology", "Tropical Climate", "Soil organic matter", "Electric Conductivity", "Botany", "Medicinal Mushrooms: Antitumor and Immunomodulating Properties", "Spore", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Glomus", "Molecular Typing", "Biofuels", "Insect Science", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ricinus communis"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034887"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0034887", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0034887"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-04-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0061188", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-12", "title": "Interactive Effects Of Nitrogen And Phosphorus On Soil Microbial Communities In A Tropical Forest", "description": "Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition in humid tropical regions may exacerbate phosphorus (P) deficiency in forests on highly weathered soils. However, it is not clear how P availability affects soil microbes and soil carbon (C), or how P processes interact with N deposition in tropical forests. We examined the effects of N and P additions on soil microbes and soil C pools in a N-saturated old-growth tropical forest in southern China to test the hypotheses that (1) N and P addition will have opposing effects on soil microbial biomass and activity, (2) N and P addition will alter the composition of the microbial community, (3) the addition of N and P will have interactive effects on soil microbes and (4) addition-mediated changes in microbial communities would feed back on soil C pools. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to quantify the soil microbial community following four treatments: Control, N addition (15 g N m(-2) yr(-1)), P addition (15 g P m(-2) yr(-1)), and N&P addition (15 g N m(-2) yr(-1) plus 15 g P m(-2) yr(-1)). These were applied from 2007 to 2011. Whereas additions of P increased soil microbial biomass, additions of N reduced soil microbial biomass. These effects, however, were transient, disappearing over longer periods. Moreover, N additions significantly increased relative abundance of fungal PLFAs and P additions significantly increased relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi PLFAs. Nitrogen addition had a negative effect on light fraction C, but no effect on heavy fraction C and total soil C. In contrast, P addition significantly decreased both light fraction C and total soil C. However, there were no interactions between N addition and P addition on soil microbes. Our results suggest that these nutrients are not co-limiting, and that P rather than N is limiting in this tropical forest.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "Fatty Acids", "R", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Phospholipids", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061188"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0061188", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0061188", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0061188"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-04-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0082661", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-20", "title": "Nutrient Limitation In Three Lowland Tropical Forests In Southern China Receiving High Nitrogen Deposition: Insights From Fine Root Responses To Nutrient Additions", "description": "Elevated nitrogen (N) deposition to tropical forests may accelerate ecosystem phosphorus (P) limitation. This study examined responses of fine root biomass, nutrient concentrations, and acid phosphatase activity (APA) of bulk soil to five years of N and P additions in one old-growth and two younger lowland tropical forests in southern China. The old-growth forest had higher N capital than the two younger forests from long-term N accumulation. From February 2007 to July 2012, four experimental treatments were established at the following levels: Control, N-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), P-addition (150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)) and N+P-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) plus 150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)). We hypothesized that fine root growth in the N-rich old-growth forest would be limited by P availability, and in the two younger forests would primarily respond to N additions due to large plant N demand. Results showed that five years of N addition significantly decreased live fine root biomass only in the old-growth forest (by 31%), but significantly elevated dead fine root biomass in all the three forests (by 64% to 101%), causing decreased live fine root proportion in the old-growth and the pine forests. P addition significantly increased live fine root biomass in all three forests (by 20% to 76%). The combined N and P treatment significantly increased live fine root biomass in the two younger forests but not in the old-growth forest. These results suggest that fine root growth in all three study forests appeared to be P-limited. This was further confirmed by current status of fine root N:P ratios, APA in bulk soil, and their responses to N and P treatments. Moreover, N addition significantly increased APA only in the old-growth forest, consistent with the conclusion that the old-growth forest was more P-limited than the younger forests.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Analysis of Variance", "China", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "Acid Phosphatase", "R", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Xiankai Lu, Feifei Zhu, Frank S. Gilliam, Jiangming Mo, Muneoki Yoh,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082661"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0082661", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0082661", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0082661"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0084101", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-31", "title": "Effects Of Experimental Nitrogen And Phosphorus Addition On Litter Decomposition In An Old-Growth Tropical Forest", "description": "The responses of litter decomposition to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions were examined in an old-growth tropical forest in southern China to test the following hypotheses: (1) N addition would decrease litter decomposition; (2) P addition would increase litter decomposition, and (3) P addition would mitigate the inhibitive effect of N addition. Two kinds of leaf litter, Schima superba Chardn. & Champ. (S.S.) and Castanopsis chinensis Hance (C.C.), were studied using the litterbag technique. Four treatments were conducted at the following levels: control, N-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), P-addition (150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)) and NP-addition (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) plus 150 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1)). While N addition significantly decreased the decomposition of both litters, P addition significantly inhibited decomposition of C.C., but did not affect the decomposition of S.S. The negative effect of N addition on litter decomposition might be related to the high N-saturation in this old-growth tropical forest; however, the negative effect of P addition might be due to the suppression of 'microbial P mining'. Significant interaction between N and P addition was found on litter decomposition, which was reflected by the less negative effect in NP-addition plots than those in N-addition plots. Our results suggest that P addition may also have negative effect on litter decomposition and that P addition would mitigate the negative effect of N deposition on litter decomposition in tropical forests.", "keywords": ["China", "Geologic Sediments", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Trees", "Plant Leaves", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084101"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0084101", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0084101", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0084101"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-07-21", "title": "Experimental Drought In A Tropical Rain Forest Increases Soil Carbon Dioxide Losses To The Atmosphere", "description": "

Climate models predict precipitation changes for much of the humid tropics, yet few studies have investigated the potential consequences of drought on soil carbon (C) cycling in this important biome. In wet tropical forests, drought could stimulate soil respiration via overall reductions in soil anoxia, but previous research suggests that litter decomposition is positively correlated with high rainfall fluxes that move large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the litter layer to the soil surface. Thus, reduced rainfall could also limit C delivery to the soil surface, reducing respiration rates. We conducted a throughfall manipulation experiment to investigate how 25% and 50% reductions in rainfall altered both C movement into soils and the effects of those DOM fluxes on soil respiration rates. In response to the experimental drought, soil respiration rates increased in both the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments. Throughfall fluxes were reduced by 26% and 55% in the \uffe2\uff88\uff9225% and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% treatments, respectively. However, total DOM fluxes leached from the litter did not vary between treatments, because the concentrations of leached DOM reaching the soil surface increased in response to the simulated drought. Annual DOM concentrations averaged 7.7 \uffc2\uffb1 0.8, 11.2 \uffc2\uffb1 0.9, and 15.8 \uffc2\uffb1 1.2 mg C/L in the control, \uffe2\uff88\uff9225%, and \uffe2\uff88\uff9250% plots, respectively, and DOM concentrations were positively correlated with soil respiration rates. A laboratory incubation experiment confirmed the potential importance of DOM concentration on soil respiration rates, suggesting that this mechanism could contribute to the increase in CO2 fluxes observed in the reduced rainfall plots. Across all plots, the data suggested that soil CO2 fluxes were partially regulated by the magnitude and concentration of soluble C delivered to the soil, but also by soil moisture and soil oxygen availability. Together, our data suggest that declines in precipitation in tropical rain forests could drive higher CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere both via increased soil O2 availability and through responses to elevated DOM concentrations.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Time Factors", "Atmosphere", "Rain", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "Trees", "Soil", "Oxygen Consumption", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-1582.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-1582.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-0795.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-01", "title": "Earthworms And Litter Management Contributions To Ecosystem Services In A Tropical Agroforestry System", "description": "

The development of sustainable agricultural systems depends in part upon improved management of non\uffe2\uff80\uff90crop species to enhance the overall functioning and provision of services by agroecosystems. To address this need, our research examined the role of earthworms and litter management on nutrient dynamics, soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization, and crop growth in the Quesungual agroforestry system of western Honduras. Field mesocosms were established with two earthworm treatments (0 vs. 8Pontoscolex corethrurusindividuals per mesocosm) and four litter quality treatments: (1) low\uffe2\uff80\uff90qualityZea mays, (2) high\uffe2\uff80\uff90qualityDiphysa robinioides, (3) a mixture of low\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and high\uffe2\uff80\uff90quality litters, and (4) a control with no organic residues applied. Mesocosms included a singleZ. maysplant and additions of15N\uffe2\uff80\uff90labeled inorganic nitrogen. At maize harvest, surface soils (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 cm) in the mesocosms were sampled to determine total and available P as well as the distribution of C, N, and15N among different aggregate\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated SOM pools. Maize plants were divided into grain and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90grain components and analyzed for total P, N, and15N. Earthworm additions improved soil structure as demonstrated by a 10% increase in mean weight diameter and higher C and N storage within large macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregates (>2000 \uffce\uffbcm). A corresponding 17% increase in C contained in micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregates within the macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregates indicates that earthworms enhance the stabilization of SOM in these soils; however, this effect only occurred when organic residues were applied. Earthworms also decreased available P and total soil P, indicating that earthworms may facilitate the loss of labile P added to this system. Earthworms decreased the recovery of fertilizer\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived N in the soil but increased the uptake of15N by maize by 7%. Litter treatments yielded minimal effects on soil properties and plant growth. Our results indicate that the application of litter inputs and proper management of earthworm populations can have important implications for the provision of ecosystem services (e.g., C sequestration, soil fertility, and plant production) by tropical agroforestry systems.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "Forestry", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Honduras", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oligochaeta", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/2010_Fonte-Earthworms_and_litter_manag.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0795.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-0795.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-0795.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-0795.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/09-1365.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-06-22", "title": "Tropical Forest Soil Microbial Communities Couple Iron And Carbon Biogeochemistry", "description": "

We report that iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90reducing bacteria are primary mediators of anaerobic carbon oxidation in upland tropical soils spanning a rainfall gradient (3500\uffe2\uff80\uff935000 mm/yr) in northeast Puerto Rico. The abundant rainfall and high net primary productivity of these tropical forests provide optimal soil habitat for iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90reducing and iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxidizing bacteria. Spatially and temporally dynamic redox conditions make iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90transforming microbial communities central to the belowground carbon cycle in these wet tropical forests. The exceedingly high abundance of iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90reducing bacteria (up to 1.2 \uffc3\uff97 109 cells per gram soil) indicated that they possess extensive metabolic capacity to catalyze the reduction of iron minerals. In soils from the higher rainfall sites, measured rates of ferric iron reduction could account for up to 44% of organic carbon oxidation. Iron reducers appeared to compete with methanogens when labile carbon availability was limited. We found large numbers of bacteria that oxidize reduced iron at sites with high rates of iron reduction and large numbers of iron reducers. The coexistence of large populations of iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90reducing and iron\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxidizing bacteria is evidence for rapid iron cycling between its reduced and oxidized states and suggests that mutualistic interactions among these bacteria ultimately fuel organic carbon oxidation and inhibit CH4 production in these upland tropical forests.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Iron", "Puerto Rico", "Communities", "58", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "Methyl Methanesulfonate", "54", "Carbon", "Carbon Cycle", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Oxidation", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Microbiology", "Reduction"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1365.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/09-1365.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/09-1365.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/09-1365.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-01-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-12", "title": "Changes In Microbial Community Characteristics And Soil Organic Matter With Nitrogen Additions In Two Tropical Forests", "description": "Microbial communities and their associated enzyme activities affect the amount and chemical quality of carbon (C) in soils. Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition, particularly in N-rich tropical forests, is likely to change the composition and behavior of microbial communities and feed back on ecosystem structure and function. This study presents a novel assessment of mechanistic links between microbial responses to N deposition and shifts in soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. We used phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and microbial enzyme assays in soils to assess microbial community responses to long-term N additions in two distinct tropical rain forests. We used soil density fractionation and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to measure related changes in SOM pool sizes and chemical quality. Microbial biomass increased in response to N fertilization in both tropical forests and corresponded to declines in pools of low-density SOM. The chemical quality of this soil C pool reflected ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition. In the lower-elevation forest, there was an increase in gram-negative bacteria PLFA biomass, and there were significant losses of labile C chemical groups (O-alkyls). In contrast, the upper-elevation tropical forest had an increase in fungal PLFAs with N additions and declines in C groups associated with increased soil C storage (alkyls). The dynamics of microbial enzymatic activities with N addition provided a functional link between changes in microbial community structure and SOM chemistry. Ecosystem-specific changes in microbial community composition are likely to have far-reaching effects on soil carbon storage and cycling. This study indicates that microbial communities in N-rich tropical forests can be sensitive to added N, but we can expect significant variability in how ecosystem structure and function respond to N deposition among tropical forest types.", "keywords": ["Soil", "Tropical Climate", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Trees"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/10-0459.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/10-0459.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/10-0459.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-21", "title": "Fire Alters Ecosystem Carbon And Nutrients But Not Plant Nutrient Stoichiometry Or Composition In Tropical Savanna", "description": "

Fire and nutrients interact to influence the global distribution and dynamics of the savanna biome, but the results of these interactions are both complex and poorly known. A critical but unresolved question is whether short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term losses of carbon and nutrients caused by fire can trigger long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term and potentially compensatory responses in the nutrient stoichiometry of plants, or in the abundance of dinitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing trees. There is disagreement in the literature about the potential role of fire on savanna nutrients, and, in turn, on plant stoichiometry and composition. A major limitation has been the lack of fire manipulations over time scales sufficiently long for these interactions to emerge. We use a 58\uffe2\uff80\uff90year, replicated, large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale, fire manipulation experiment in Kruger National Park (South Africa) in savanna to quantify the effect of fire on (1) distributions of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus at the ecosystem scale; (2) carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8anitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff8a:\uffe2\uff80\uff8aphosphorus stoichiometry of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground tissues of plant species; and (3) abundance of plant functional groups including nitrogen fixers. Our results show dramatic effects of fire on the relative distribution of nutrients in soils, but that individual plant stoichiometry and plant community composition remained unexpectedly resilient. Moreover, measures of nutrients and carbon stable isotopes allowed us to discount the role of tree cover change in favor of the turnover of herbaceous biomass as the primary mechanism that mediates a transition from low to high soil carbon and nutrients in the absence of fire. We conclude that, in contrast to extra\uffe2\uff80\uff90tropical grasslands or closed\uffe2\uff80\uff90canopy forests, vegetation in the savanna biome may be uniquely adapted to nutrient losses caused by recurring fire.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "01 natural sciences", "Carbon", "Fires", "Trees", "Soil", "South Africa", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/14-1158.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/14-1158.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2006.0501", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:21:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-17", "title": "Methane Oxidation In An Intensively Cropped Tropical Rice Field Soil Under Long-Term Application Of Organic And Mineral Fertilizers", "description": "Abstract

Methane (CH4) oxidation is the only known biological sink process for mitigating atmospheric and terrestrial emissions of CH4, a major greenhouse gas. Methane oxidation in an alluvial soil planted to rice (Oryza sativaL.) under long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term application of organic (compost with a C/N ratio of 21.71), and mineral fertilizers was measured in a field\uffe2\uff80\uff90cum\uffe2\uff80\uff90laboratory incubation study. Oxidation rates were quantified in terms of decrease in the concentration of CH4in the headspace of incubation vessels and expressed as half\uffe2\uff80\uff90life (t\uffc2\uffbd) values. Methane oxidation rates significantly differed among the treatments and growth stages of the rice crop. Methane oxidation rates were high at the maximum tillering and maturity stages, whereas they were low at grain\uffe2\uff80\uff90filling stage. Methane oxidation was low (t\uffc2\uffbd= 15.76 d) when provided with low concentration of CH4On the contrary, high concentration of CH4resulted in faster oxidation (t\uffc2\uffbd= 6.67 d), suggesting the predominance of \uffe2\uff80\uff9clow affinity oxidation\uffe2\uff80\uff9d in rice fields. Methane oxidation was stimulated following the application of mineral fertilizers or compost implicating nutrient limitation as one of the factors affecting the process. Combined application of compost and mineral fertilizer, however, inhibited CH4oxidation probably due to N immobilization by the added compost. The positive effect of mineral fertilizer on CH4oxidation rate was evident only at high CH4concentration (t\uffc2\uffbd= 4.80 d), while at low CH4concentration their was considerable suppression (t\uffc2\uffbd= 17.60 d). Further research may reveal that long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term application of fertilizers, organic or inorganic, may not inhibit CH4oxidation.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Minerals", "Tropical Climate", "Time Factors", "Chemical Phenomena", "Chemistry", " Physical", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Food", " Organic", "Fertilizers", "Oxidoreductases", "Methane", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0501"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2006.0501", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2006.0501", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2006.0501"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-02", "description": "ABSTRACT

Maize (Zea mays L.) production in the smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe is based on both organic and mineral nutrient sources. A study was conducted to determine the effect of composted cattle manure, mineral N fertilizer, and their combinations on NO3 concentrations in leachate leaving the root zone and to establish N fertilization rates that minimize leaching. Maize was grown for three seasons (1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931998, and 1998\uffe2\uff80\uff931999) in field lysimeters repacked with a coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grained sandy soil (Typic Kandiustalf). Leachate volumes ranged from 480 to 509 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (1395 mm rainfall) in 1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, 296 to 335 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (840 mm rainfall) in 1997\uffe2\uff80\uff931998, and 606 to 635 mm yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (1387 mm rainfall) in 1998\uffe2\uff80\uff931999. Mineral N fertilizer, especially the high rate (120 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and manure plus mineral N fertilizer combinations resulted in high NO3 leachate concentrations (up to 34 mg N L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and NO3 losses (up to 56 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in 1996\uffe2\uff80\uff931997, which represent both environmental and economic concerns. Although the leaching losses were relatively small in the other seasons, they are still of great significance in African smallholder farming where fertilizer is unaffordable for most farmers. Nitrate leaching from sole manure treatments was relatively low (average of less than 20 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), whereas the crop uptake efficiency of mineral N fertilizer was enhanced by up to 26% when manure and mineral N fertilizer were applied in combination. The low manure (12.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) plus 60 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 fertilizer treatment was best in terms of maintaining dry matter yield and minimizing N leaching losses.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Tropical Climate", "Nitrates", "Rain", "rainfall", "cattle manure", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Silicon Dioxide", "Plant Roots", "losses", "6. Clean water", "Manure", "corn", "nitrogen-fertilizer", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Water Pollutants", "lysimeters", "Fertilizers", "zimbabwe", "time", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.5990"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2003.5990", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2003.5990"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11104/0365439", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:26:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-01-17", "title": "Insights into the subdaily variations in methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide fluxes from upland tropical tree stems", "description": "Summary

Recent studies have shown that stem fluxes, although highly variable among trees, can alter the strength of the methane (CH4) sink or nitrous oxide (N2O) source in some forests, but the patterns and magnitudes of these fluxes remain unclear. This study investigated the drivers of subdaily and seasonal variations in stem and soil CH4, N2O and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes.

CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes were measured continuously for 19\uffe2\uff80\uff89months in individual stems of two tree species, Eperua falcata (Aubl.) and Lecythis poiteaui (O. Berg), and surrounding soils using an automated chamber system in an upland tropical forest. Subdaily variations in these fluxes were related to environmental and stem physiological (sap flow and stem diameter variations) measurements under contrasting soil water conditions.

The results showed that physiological and climatic drivers only partially explained the subdaily flux variations. Stem CH4 and CO2 emissions and N2O uptake varied with soil water content, time of day and between individuals. Stem fluxes decoupled from soil fluxes.

Our study contributes to understanding the regulation of stem greenhouse gas fluxes. It suggests that additional variables (e.g. internal gas concentrations, wood\uffe2\uff80\uff90colonising microorganisms, wood density and anatomy) may account for the remaining unexplained variability in stem fluxes, highlighting the need for further studies.

Megaherbivores have pervasive ecological effects. In African rainforests, elephants can increase aboveground carbon, though the mechanisms are unclear. Here we combine a large unpublished dataset of forest elephant feeding with published browsing preferences totaling > 120,000 records covering 700 plant species, including nutritional data for 102 species. Elephants increase carbon stocks by: 1) promoting high wood density tree species via preferential browsing on leaves from low wood density species, which are more digestible; 2) dispersing seeds of trees that are relatively large and have the highest average wood density among tree guilds based on dispersal mode. Loss of forest elephants could cause a 5-12% decline in carbon stocks due to regeneration failure of elephant-dispersed trees and an increase in abundance of low wood density trees. These results show the major importance of megaherbivores in maintaining diverse, high-carbon tropical forests. Successful elephant conservation will contribute to climate mitigation at a scale of global relevance.