Microbial functional diversity in litter and soil has been hypothesized to affect the rate of decomposition of organic matter and other soil ecosystem functions. However, there are no clear theoretical expectations on how these effects might change with substrate availability, heterogeneity in the substrate chemistry, and different aspects of functional diversity itself (number of microbial groups vs. distribution of functional traits). To explore how these factors shape the decomposition-diversity relation, we carry out numerical experiments using a flexible reaction network comprising microbial processes and interactions with bioavailable carbon (extracellular degradation, uptake, respiration, growth, and mortality), and ecological processes (competition among the different groups). We also considered diverse carbon substrates, in terms of varying nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC). The reaction network was used to test the effects of (i) number of microbial groups, (ii) number of carbon pools, (iii) microbial functional diversity, and (iv) amount of bioavailable carbon. We found that the decomposition rate constant increases with increasing substrate concentration and heterogeneity, as well as with increasing microbial functional diversity or variance of microbial traits, albeit these biological factors are less important. The multivariate dependence of the decomposition rate constant (and other decomposition and microbial growth metrics) on substrate and microbial factors can be described using power laws with exponents lower than one, indicating that diversity effects on decomposition and microbial growth are reduced at high substrate concentration and heterogeneity, or at high microbial diversity.
Many studies have attempted to predict whether coastal marshes will be able to keep up with future acceleration of sea-level rise by estimating marsh accretion rates. However, there are few studies focussing on the long-term effects of herbivores on vegetation structure and subsequent effects on marsh accretion. Deposition of fine-grained, mineral sediment during tidal inundations, together with organic matter accumulation from the local vegetation, positively affects accretion rates of marsh surfaces. Tall vegetation can enhance sediment deposition by reducing current flow and wave action. Herbivores shorten vegetation height and this could potentially reduce sediment deposition. This study estimated the effects of herbivores on 1) vegetation height, 2) sediment deposition and 3) resulting marsh accretion after long-term (at least 16 years) herbivore exclusion of both small (i.e. hare and goose) and large grazers (i.e. cattle) for marshes of different ages. Our results firstly showed that both small and large herbivores can have a major impact on vegetation height. Secondly, grazing processes did not affect sediment deposition. Finally, trampling by large grazers affected marsh accretion rates by compacting the soil. In many European marshes, grazing is used as a tool in nature management as well as for agricultural purposes. Thus, we propose that soil compaction by large grazers should be taken in account when estimating the ability of coastal systems to cope with an accelerating sea-level rise. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
", "keywords": ["marsh succession", "0106 biological sciences", "Surface elevation change", "Sea-level rise", "FLOW", "Sedimentation rate", "SEA-LEVEL RISE", "SURFACE ELEVATION", "01 natural sciences", "BROWN HARES", "Herbivory", "14. Life underwater", "Marsh succession", "Biology", "Global change", "VEGETATION SUCCESSION", "global change", "COASTAL WETLANDS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "sedimentation rate", "herbivory", "GEESE", "sea-level rise", "15. Life on land", "PRODUCTIVITY GRADIENT", "surface elevation change", "NORTH-SEA", "13. Climate action", "TIDAL MARSH"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-17", "title": "Methane, Carbon Dioxide And Nitrous Oxide Fluxes From A Temperate Salt Marsh: Grazing Management Does Not Alter Global Warming Potential", "description": "Soil greenhouse gas emissions from cattle grazed and un-grazed temperate upper salt marsh were measured using dark static chambers, monthly for one year. Below-ground gas sampling tubes were also used to measure soil methane (CH4) concentrations. CH4 efflux from grazed and un-grazed salt marsh did not differ significantly although grazing did lead to \u2018hotspots\u2019 of underground CH4 (up to 6% of total air volume) and CH4 efflux (peak of 9 mg m\u22122 h\u22121) significantly linked to high soil moisture content, low soil temperatures and the presence of Juncus gerardii. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux was greater from the un-grazed marsh (mean of 420 mg m\u22122 h\u22121) than the grazed marsh (mean of 333 mg m\u22122 h\u22121) throughout most of the year and was positively correlated with the deeper water table and greater soil temperatures. Grazing was not a significant predictor of nitrous oxide (N2O) soil emissions. Global Warming Potential (GWP; over 100 years), calculated from mean yearly chamber fluxes for CH4 and CO2, did not differ significantly with grazing treatment. Seasonal variation in the key drivers of soil greenhouse gas efflux; soil temperature, moisture and water table, plus the presence or absence of aerenchymatous plants such as J. gerardii were more important to the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions than grazing management per se.", "keywords": ["chamber flux measurements", "salt marshes", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse gases", "Ribble estuary", "livestock grazing", "UK", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-09", "title": "Impact Of Grazing Management On Silica Export Dynamics Of Wadden Sea Saltmarshes", "description": "Abstract During periods of silica limitation, its supply from tidal marshes is important for the stability of estuarine and coastal food webs. Saltmarshes are highly dynamic, grass dominated ecosystems: their large area, high salinity and location imply that they could efficiently contribute to the buffering of silica depletion events in the coastal zone. As grazing management potentially alters vegetation and sedimentation dynamics in saltmarshes, it could have an indirect impact on silica cycling in these systems. In two saltmarshes of the Wadden Sea coast, concentrations of dissolved and biogenic silica (DSi and BSi) were measured in eight creeks in four seasons under different management conditions. Export rates were calculated using simultaneous discharge measurements. Mean annual DSi concentration in the seepage water was 338\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0112\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0l \u22121 . Ungrazed sites had significantly higher seepage water DSi concentrations than sites which were grazed by sheep. BSi concentrations were, in general, lower and more variable. DSi export rates from ungrazed sites (265\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0155\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0m \u22122 \u00a0day \u22121 ) were twice as high as from grazed saltmarshes (126\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0137\u00a0\u03bcmol\u00a0m \u22122 \u00a0day \u22121 ). DSi concentrations were among the highest values previously reported for saltmarshes and tidal freshwater marshes. Although differences in silica exports from grazed and ungrazed sites might be partly explained by silica uptake of benthic diatoms in the creeks, differences in hydrology appeared to be an overarching factor, controlling silica exports from Wadden Sea saltmarshes.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "Biology", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.026", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-01", "title": "Does Livestock Grazing Affect Sediment Deposition And Accretion Rates In Salt Marshes?", "description": "Accretion rates, defined as the vertical growth of salt marshes measured in mm per year, may be influenced by grazing livestock in two ways: directly, by increasing soil compaction through trampling, and indirectly, by reducing aboveground biomass and thus decreasing sediment deposition rates measured in g/m(2) per year. Although accretion rates and the resulting surface elevation change largely determine the resilience of salt marshes to sea-level rise (SLR), the effect of livestock grazing on accretion rates has been little studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of livestock grazing on salt-marsh accretion rates. We hypothesise that accretion will be lower in grazed compared to ungrazed salt marshes. In four study sites along the mainland coast of the Wadden Sea (in the south-eastern North Sea), accretion rates, sediment deposition rates, and soil compaction of grazed and ungrazed marshes were analysed using the Cs-137 radionuclide dating method. Accretion rates were on average 11.6 mm yr(-1) during recent decades and thus higher than current and projected rates of SLR. Neither accretion nor sediment deposition rates were significantly different between grazing treatments. Meanwhile, soil compaction was clearly affected by grazing with significantly higher dry bulk density on grazed compared to ungrazed parts. Based on these results, we conclude that other factors influence whether grazing has an effect on accretion and sediment deposition rates and that the effect of grazing on marsh growth does not follow a direct causal chain. It may have a great importance when interacting with other biotic and abiotic processes on the marsh. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "F800 - Physical geographical sciences", "550", "137Cs", "geochronology", "SEA-LEVEL RISE", "SURFACE ELEVATION", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Wadden Sea", "inundation", "CS-137", "F820 Geomorphology", "(CS)-C-137", "compaction", "NITROGEN MINERALIZATION", "COASTAL WETLANDS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "land use management", "WADDEN SEA", "15. Life on land", "NORTH-SEA", "13. Climate action", "C180 - Ecology", "TIDAL MARSH", "VEGETATION", "C180 Ecology", "dating", "SW NETHERLANDS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.026"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.026", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.026", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.026"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-13", "title": "Seasonal Variability Of Co2 Emissions From Sediments In Planted Mangroves (Northern Viet Nam)", "description": "Abstract Mangrove sediment stores a large quantity of organic carbon. However, its decomposition produces a significant amount of CO2, which can be further emitted to the atmosphere. The objective of the present study was to determine CO2 fluxes at the sediment-air interface of planted mangrove forests and adjacent bare sediment and determine how sediment characteristics, seasonal and tidal variations impact CO2 emissions. The results suggest sediment organic carbon content (TOC) was a key parameter influencing sediment properties beside others sediment characteristics such as grain-size and sediment water content. At the sediment-air interface, CO2 fluxes measured in the wet season were significantly higher (P", "keywords": ["570", "550", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2018.08.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:22:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-11", "title": "Assessing the Climate Regulation Potential of Agricultural Soils Using a Decision Support Tool Adapted to Stakeholders' Needs and Possibilities", "description": "Open AccessSoils perform many functions that are vital to societies, among which their capability to regulate global climate has received much attention over the past decades. An assessment of the extent to which soils perform a specific function is not only important to appropriately value their current capacity, but also to make well-informed decisions about how and where to change soil management to align the delivered soil functions with societal demands. To obtain an overview of the capacity of soils to perform different functions, accurate and easy-to-use models are necessary. A problem with most currently-available models is that data requirements often exceed data availability, while generally a high level of expert knowledge is necessary to apply these models. Therefore, we developed a qualitative model to assess how agricultural soils function with respect to climate regulation. The model is driven by inputs about agricultural management practices, soil properties and environmental conditions. To reduce data requirements on stakeholders, the 17 input variables are classified into either (1) three classes: low, medium and high or (2) the presence or absence of a management practice. These inputs are combined using a decision tree with internal integration rules to obtain an estimate of the magnitude of N2O emissions and carbon sequestration. These two variables are subsequently combined into an estimate of the capacity of a soil to perform the climate regulation function. The model was tested using data from long-term field experiments across Europe. This showed that the model is generally able to adequately assess this soil function across a range of environments under different management practices. In a next step, this model will be combined with models to assess other soil functions (soil biodiversity, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water regulation and purification). This will allow the assessment of trade-offs between these soil functions for agricultural land across Europe.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N2O emissions", "agroecosystems", "qualitative decision modeling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "climate regulation", "carbon sequestration", "Environmental sciences", "NO emissions", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "soil functions; climate regulation; carbon sequestration; N2O emissions; agroecosystems; qualitative decision modeling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00131"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-03-16", "title": "Managing Tephrosia Mulch And Fertilizer To Enhance Coffee Productivity On Smallholder Farms In The Eastern African Highlands", "description": "Abstract In Maraba, Southwest Rwanda, coffee productivity is constrained by poor soil fertility and lack of organic mulch. We investigated the potential to produce mulch by growing Tephrosia vogelii either intercropped with smallholder coffee or in arable fields outside the coffee, and the effect of the mulch on coffee yields over two years. Two accessions of T. vogelii (ex. Gisagara, Rwanda and ex. Kisumu, Kenya) were grown for six months both within and outside smallholder coffee fields in the first year. Experimental blocks were replicated across eight smallholder farms, only a single replicate per farm due to the small farm sizes. The accession from Rwanda (T. vogelii ex. Gisagara) grew more vigorously in all experiments. Soils within the coffee fields were more fertile those outside the coffee fields, presumably due to farmers\u2019 long-term management with mulch. Tephrosia grew less well in the fields outside coffee, producing only 0.6\u20130.7\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 of biomass and adding (in kg\u00a0ha\u22121) 19 N, 1 P and 6 K in the mulch. By contrast, Tephrosia intercropped with coffee, produced 1.4\u20131.9\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 of biomass and added (in kg\u00a0ha\u22121) 42\u201357 N, 3 P and 13\u201316 K in the mulch. Coffee yields were increased significantly by 400\u2013500\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 only in the treatments where Tephrosia was intercropped with coffee. Soil analysis and a missing-nutrient pot experiment showed that the poor growth of Tephrosia in the fields outside coffee was due to soil acidity (aluminium toxicity) combined with deficiencies of P, K and Ca. In the second year, the treatments in fields outside coffee were discontinued, and in the coffee intercrops, two Tephrosia accessions were grown in treatments with and without NPK fertilizer. Tephrosia grew well and produced between 2.5 and 3.8\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 biomass for the two accessions when interplanted within coffee fields, adding 103\u2013150\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121, 5\u20139\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha\u22121 and 24\u201338\u00a0kg\u00a0K\u00a0ha\u22121. Tephrosia mulch increased yields of coffee by 400\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121. Combined use of NPK\u00a0+\u00a0Tephrosia mulch increased Tephrosia biomass production and in turn yielded an additional 300\u2013700\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121 of coffee. Over the two years, this was equivalent to a 23\u201336% increase in coffee yield using Tephrosia intercropping alone and a further 25\u201342% increase in coffee yield when NPK fertilizer was also added. Agronomic efficiency (AE) of nutrients added were 30% greater when the Tephrosia mulch was grown in situ and the two cultivars of Tephrosia did not differ in AE. The AE of Tephrosia mulch was 87% that of NPK fertilizer, reflecting the rapid mineralization of Tephrosia mulch. There was a synergistic effect of Tephrosia mulch on the efficiency with which NPK fertilizer was used by coffee. The increase in coffee yields was positively related to the amount of nutrients added in the Tephrosia biomass. Tephrosia intercropping required 30 man-days\u00a0ha\u22121 less than current farmer management due to reduced labour required for weeding, and benefit\u2013cost ratios ranged between 3.4 and 5.5. The Tephrosia-coffee intercropping system offers great potential for agroecological intensification for smallholder farmers in the East African highlands.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "decomposition", "variability", "tephrosia", "coffee", "nitrogen release", "western kenya", "resource-allocation", "cropping systems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "smallholder farmer", "15. Life on land", "improved fallows", "bukoba district", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "cover crops", "intercropping", "management"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.eja.2013.02.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-05-12", "title": "Changes In Organic Carbon Accumulation Driven By Mangrove Expansion And Deforestation In A New Zealand Estuary", "description": "Abstract Mangroves are rapidly being lost to deforestation in many locations while expanding their areal extent in other subtropical and temperate regions. Currently, there is a paucity of information on how these changes may alter the carbon accumulation capacity of coastal areas. Here, sediment cores were collected from two areas and used to determine the influence of mangrove migration and deforestation on sediment carbon stocks and accumulation rates. The deforested area contained lower sedimentary organic carbon stocks (2767\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0580\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 ) compared to the preserved area (6949\u00a0\u00b1\u00a084\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 ). Sediment accumulation rates, derived from excess 210 Pb and 239+240 Pu depositional signatures, ranged from 0.19 to 0.35\u00a0cm\u00a0yr \u22121 . The total sedimentary organic carbon (TOC) accumulation rates for the period after mangrove deforestation (2005\u20132011) exhibited significant differences between preserved areas (Core C: 43.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.9\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 yr \u22121 ; Core D: 83.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.9\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 yr \u22121 ) and the deforested area (Core B: 25.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.0\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 yr \u22121 ), suggesting a decline after deforestation. For the preserved area, the TOC accumulation under mangrove dominance (65.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.3\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 yr \u22121 , after 1944) was higher than under saltmarsh dominance (23.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.9\u00a0g\u00a0m \u22122 yr \u22121 , before 1944), as revealed by carbon isotopic signatures (\u03b4 13 C). The increase in the TOC accumulation due to mangrove expansion in this New Zealand estuary was conservatively estimated as three-fold higher, and two-fold higher in stocks in comparison to the period when this ecosystem was dominated by non-mangrove vegetation.", "keywords": ["580", "0106 biological sciences", "Organic carbon burial", "550", "Anthropogenic deforestation", "Geology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "13. Climate action", "210Pb 239\u00fe240Pu", "Mangroves", "Geochronologies", "14. Life underwater", "Mangrove expansion", "Organic carbon", "Environmental Sciences", "210Pb", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Estuarine%2C%20Coastal%20and%20Shelf%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-05-03", "title": "Effects Of Conservation Tillage On Organic Carbon, Nitrogen And Enzyme Activities In A Hydragric Anthrosol Of Chongqing, China", "description": "AbstractPurple paddy (Hydragric Anthrosol in FAO soil classification) is one of important soil resources in Chongqing, China. Long-term conservation tillage may alter distribution of soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and enzyme activities. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of different tillage systems (conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow (CT-r) system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and winter fallow (NT-r) system, no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape (NT-rr) system and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape (CT-rr) system) on the depth distribution of soil total organic carbon, nitrogen and enzyme activities (catalase, intverase, and urease activity) in a purple paddy soil after 18 years. Soil total organic carbon and labile organic carbon were significant increased in surface soil layer (0-10cm) under CT-r, NT-r, and NT-rr systems compared to that under CT-rr system. It indicated that conservation tillage practices can sequester soil organic carbon and reduced CO2/CH4 emission. Soil total nitrogen also significant increased in surface soil layer (0-10cm) under CT-r, NT-r, and NT-rr systems with the greatest under CT-r system (36%), followed by under NT-rr system (34%), and the least under NT-r system (20%) compared to CT-rr system. No-till, ridge culture, and rotation of rice and winter fallow were increased soil catalase and urease activities, but the greatest was not observed under NT-r system, under which the catalase activities was significant decreased. Soil invertase activities were significant increased under CT-r system compared to CT-rr systems and only a little increased in 0-20cm soil layer under NT-rr system. Conservation tillage could construct good soil biochemistry environment and maintain soil fertility, and promote agroecosystem sustainable development.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic carbon", "Nitrogen", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Energy(all)", "Labile organic carbon", "Soil enzyme", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Conservation tillage", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Wang Zi-fang, Luo Youjin, Wei Chaofu, Gao Ming,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-18", "title": "Can or cannot green rust reduce chlorinated ethenes?", "description": "Abstract Green rusts (GRs) are Fe2+, Fe3+ layered double hydroxides that are widely investigated for the reduction of inorganic and organic pollutants in soils and groundwaters. Of particular interest is the use of GRs for the reduction of chlorinated ethenes, but existing literature shows contrasting results. Here, we tested 4 GRs (with different interlayer and hydroxide sheet modifications) in reactions with 3 different chlorinated ethenes (tetra-, tri-, and cis-dichloroethylene) for up to 10 months. Our results show that none of the freshly synthesized and untreated GRs can reduce the here tested chlorinated ethenes to any significant extent, corroborated by the lack of degradation products after 10 months and the absence of any significant volatilization. This is in stark contrast to previous literature, which reported that GR can degrade these chlorinated ethenes. The absence of reaction in our experiments is explained by having equilibrated GR suspensions, where the affinity of chlorinated ethenes for GR surfaces is extremely low.", "keywords": ["green rust", "chlorianted solvents", "13. Climate action", "remediation", "green rust", " chlorianted solvents", " remediation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.022", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-18", "title": "Extent of natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes at a contaminated site in Denmark", "description": "Abstract Chlorinated solvents contaminated soils and aquifers are a widespread problem in industrialized countries and many require clean-up due to the risk of contaminant flow into groundwater systems. Clean-up is costly and often invasive, thus there is high interest in stimulating natural attenuation processes. For this, first an assessment of the type and extent of natural attenuation present at the site is required. Here, we present chemical, isotopic and microbial analyses of waters collected at a chlorinated ethene contaminated site in Denmark to give insights into natural attenuation processes. The data gives indication of complete reductive dechlorination by microbial communities but their extent varies greatly across short distances and between the different geological layers. The data further indicates that overall, chlorinated ethene degradation through natural attenuation is small at this site but near surface degradation due to aerobic co-metabolism or abiotic geochemical reduction could potentially play a role.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "C", "13. Climate action", "Chlorinated solvents", "remediation", "compound stable isotope analysis", "Chlorinated solvents", " remediation", " compound stable isotope analysis", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.052", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-26", "title": "Performance analysis and application of a hybrid electromagnetic-triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting", "description": "In recent years, the possibility of harvesting the small-scale energies from the environment has been the subject of many scientific studies. Nanogenerators are emerging to be good candidates for converting the small-scale energies from the environment into electrical energy without need for battery. In this paper, a hybrid nanogenerator that integrates three different working mechanisms for conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy is presented. The hybrid nanogenerator is composed of a zig-zag contact mode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a sliding mode TENG and two electromagnetic generators (EMGs). Triboelectric surfaces are oppositely charged aluminium and Kapton layers for a zig-zag contact mode TENG and aluminium and PTFE layers for a sliding mode TENG. Aluminium layer is used as an electron donor, and also as an electrode. EMG unit is composed of two home-made copper coils and a neodymium magnet. All individual units are integrated into a two-piece acrylic shell. The whole device is of a compact, low-cost, and lightweight design. It has a size of 37\u00a0mm \u00d7 37\u00a0mm \u00d7 70\u00a0mm, which was optimized by modelling. Performance characterization verified the proposed hybrid nanogenerator as an efficient energy harvester. Output characteristics were tested under different loads (in a range from 10 k\u03a9 to 100 M\u03a9). The maximum output voltage and current of the hybrid nanogenerator were estimated to be about 65 V and 15.25 \u03bcA, respectively. The maximum output power was 1.13\u00a0mW at 200 \u03a9. Charging performance analysis showed that the hybrid nanogenerator significantly enhanced the voltage level and charging speed of the tested capacitors in comparison with individual units. The hybrid nanogenerator charged 1\u03bcF capacitor to 9.1 V within 60\u00a0s. Individual units could simultaneously power at least 144 light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A hybrid signal could power at least 94 LEDs connected in series and at least 50 LEDs connected in parallel. Electrical energy produced by the hybrid nanogenerator was stored in a 47 \u03bcF capacitor bank and used to efficiently power a calculator.", "keywords": ["Triboelectric nanogenerators", "Electromagnetic generators", "Hybrid nanogenerator", "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "0210 nano-technology", "Mechanical energy harvesting", "01 natural sciences", "Modelling", "TK1-9971", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.052"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.052", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.052", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.07.052"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-18", "title": "Intercalation of aromatic sulfonates in \u2018green rust\u2019 via ion exchange", "description": "\u2018Green rust\u2019 intercalated with aromatic sulfonates can potentially be effective materials for the treatment of soil and groundwater polluted with chlorinated benzenes. We investigated the potential intercalation of benzene sulfonate (BzS) and 1,3-benzene disulfonate (BzDS) into green rust sulfate (GRSO4) via ion exchange. The GRSO4 reacted with various concentrations of sulfonates were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. GR interacted with BzDS did not result in intercalation due to stearic hindrance and electrostatic repulsion. For BzS, mixtures of GRSO4 and GR-BzS (d001 = 14.3 \u00c5) were obtained at molar equivalents of ion exchange capacity >5. The intercalation of BzS in the GR structure is limited (~18% intercalation) since BzS cannot fully replace SO42-. The BzS molecules are likely arranged in the interlayer as a dehydrated monolayer with the \u2013SO3 groups facing away in alternate directions.", "keywords": ["layered double hydroxide", "Iron (oxyhydr)oxides", "Iron (oxyhydr)oxides", " layered double hydroxide", " sulfonates", "sulfonates", "iron (oxyhydr)oxides", "500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften", " Geologie::551 Geologie", " Hydrologie", " Meteorologie", "02 engineering and technology", "551", "0210 nano-technology", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Procedia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.07.023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:16:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-07", "title": "Geospatial assessment of elevated agrivoltaics on arable land in Europe to highlight the implications on design, land use and economic level", "description": "Agrivoltaic systems (a combination of agricultural crop production and photovoltaics (PV) on the same land) have an increasing interest. Realizing this upcoming technology raises still many challenges at design, policy and economic level. This study addresses a geospatial methodology to quantify the important design and policy questions across Europe. An elevated agrivoltaic system on arable land is evaluated: three crop light requirements (shade-loving, shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant) are simulated at a spatial resolution of 25 km across the European Union (EU). As a result, this study gives insight into the needed optimal ground coverage ratio (GCR) of the agrivoltaic system for a specific place. Additionally, estimations of the energy production, levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are performed in comparison with a separated system. The results of the study show that the location-dependent solar insolation and crop shade tolerance have a major influence on the financial competitiveness and usefulness of these systems, where a proper European policy system and implementation strategy is required. Finally, a technical study shows an increase in PV power of 1290 GWp (almost \u00d7 10 of the current EU\u2019s PV capacity) if potato cultivation alone (1% of the total arable agricultural area) is converted into agrivoltaic systems.", "keywords": ["Photovoltaics", "13. Climate action", "EU energy strategy", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Geospatial assessment", "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "Agrivoltaics", "TK1-9971"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.06.076"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=U&offset=3850&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=U&offset=3850&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=U&offset=3800", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=U&offset=3900", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 27030, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-04T12:57:32.788780Z"}