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We show that, in general, urban greenspaces and nearby natural areas support similar levels of soil multiservices, with only six of 23 attributes (available phosphorus, water holding capacity, water respiration, plant cover, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and arachnid richness) significantly greater in greenspaces, and one (available ammonium) greater in natural areas. Further analyses showed that, although natural areas and urban greenspaces delivered a similar number of services at low (&gt;25% threshold) and moderate (&gt;50%) levels of functioning, natural systems supported significantly more functions at high (&gt;75%) levels of functioning. Management practices (mowing) played an important role in explaining urban ecosystem services, but there were no effects of fertilisation or irrigation. Some services declined with increasing site size, for both greenspaces and natural areas. 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Further analyses showed that, although natural areas and urban greenspaces delivered a similar number of services at low (&gt;25% threshold) and moderate (&gt;50%) levels of functioning, natural systems supported significantly more functions at high (&gt;75%) levels of functioning. Management practices (mowing) played an important role in explaining urban ecosystem services, but there were no effects of fertilisation or irrigation. Some services declined with increasing site size, for both greenspaces and natural areas. 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These features are green urban areas, private gardens, sports and leisure areas, allotments, trees, natural and semi-natural areas, high nature value agricultural areas, and blue elements (wetlands and water).", "keywords": ["EEA38 (from 2020)", "United Kingdom", "agriculture", "environmental analysis", "natural areas", " landscape", " ecosystems", "urban ecology", "urban environment", " urban stress", "animal corridor", "animal habitat", "forest ecology", "natural areas protection", "built environment", "Land cover", "Land use", "Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units", "European", "Annually"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "5de8734b-1640-4af0-a4df-2778e39bc4e1", "name": "item", "description": "5de8734b-1640-4af0-a4df-2778e39bc4e1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/5de8734b-1640-4af0-a4df-2778e39bc4e1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2018-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-23.77, 28.17], [-23.77, 70.41], [43.95, 70.41], [43.95, 28.17], [-23.77, 28.17]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}, {"id": "Land use"}, {"id": "Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "environmental analysis"}, {"id": "natural areas, landscape, ecosystems"}, {"id": "urban ecology"}, {"id": "urban environment, urban stress"}, {"id": "animal corridor"}, {"id": "forest ecology"}, {"id": "animal habitat"}, {"id": "natural areas protection"}, {"id": "built environment"}, {"id": "agriculture"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "Spatial scope"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Annually"}], "scheme": "Temporal resolution"}], "updated": "2023-02-22T08:25:40.642Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2021-09-30", "language": "eng", "title": "Green Infrastructure Elements in the urban and commuting zones in 2018 - version 1, May 2021", "description": "This metadata refers to the raster data on green infrastructure networks covering 786 cities in EEA38 member countries and United Kingdom in 2018. The dataset consist of strategically planned natural and man-made green structures, designed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services. These services include water and air purification, space for recreation and climate mitigation and adaptation. This network of green (land) and blue (water) spaces can improve environmental conditions and therefore citizens' health and quality of life. It also supports a green economy, creates job opportunities and enhances biodiversity. To maximise its benefits, Green Infrastructure should be an essential component of spatial and physical planning.\n\nGreen Infrastructure comprises a wide range of environmental features that operate at different scales and form part of an interconnected ecological network. This dataset identifies the Green Infrastructure elements in the urban and commuting zones. These elements are green urban areas, private gardens, sports and leisure areas, allotments, trees, natural and semi-natural areas, high nature value agricultural areas, and blue elements (wetlands and water).", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}], "keywords": ["Land cover", "Land use", "Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units", "environmental analysis", "natural areas", " landscape", " ecosystems", "urban ecology", "urban environment", " urban stress", "animal corridor", "forest ecology", "animal habitat", "natural areas protection", "built environment", "agriculture", "United Kingdom", "EEA38 (from 2020)", "European", "Annually"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "10", "distanceuom": "m", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_r_3035_10_m_green-urban-areas-elements_p_2018_v01_r00/TIFF/", "description": "GeoTIFF", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/dashboards/urban-green-infrastructure-2018", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1", "name": "item", "description": "36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/36778099-d630-498d-bc6e-3cd92edd99c1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2018-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2018-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "3d41c738-2e57-4c9e-b81f-3a1cd7722f30", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[13.04, 52.3], [13.04, 52.71], [13.65, 52.71], [13.65, 52.3], [13.04, 52.3]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "biodiversity"}, {"id": "urban areas"}, {"id": "field experimentation"}, {"id": "grasslands"}, {"id": "soil functions"}, {"id": "soil organic carbon"}, {"id": "invasive species"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "ecological novelty"}, {"id": "novel ecosystems"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}, {"id": "biodiversity"}, {"id": "urban ecology"}, {"id": "field experiment"}, {"id": "grassland"}, {"id": "soil function"}, {"id": "soil organism"}, {"id": "exotic species"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2022-02-18", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-01-27", "language": "eng", "title": "BIBS-dataset: Biodiversity maintains soil multifunctionality and soil organic carbon in novel urban ecosystems", "description": "In this study, we assessed the influence of above- and belowground diversity, as well as urbanization and plant invasions, on multifunctionality and organic carbon stocks of soils in non-manipulated grasslands along an urbanization gradient in Berlin, Germany. We focused on plant diversity (measured as species richness and functional trait diversity) and, in addition, on soil organism diversity as a potential mediator for the relationship of plant species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Our results showed positive effects of plant diversity on soil multifunctionality and soil organic carbon stocks along the entire gradient. Structural equation models revealed that plant diversity enhanced soil multifunctionality and soil organic carbon by increasing the diversity of belowground organisms. These positive effects of plant diversity on soil multifunctionality and soil fauna were not restricted to native plant species only, but were also exerted by non-native species, although to a lesser degree. 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