{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-10-20", "title": "Can Carbon Sequestration Markets Benefit Low-Income Producers In Semi-Arid Africa? Potentials And Challenges", "description": "Abstract   The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change allows a country that emits C above agreed-upon limits to purchase C offsets from an entity that uses biological means to absorb or reduce greenhouse emissions. The CDM is currently offered for afforestation and reforestation projects, but may apply subsequently to sequestration in agricultural soils. Additionally, markets outside of the Protocol are developing for soil C sequestration.  In theory, C markets present win-win opportunities for buyers and sellers of C stocks. In practice, however, C markets are very complex. They presuppose the existence and integration of technical capacity to enhance C storage in production systems, the capacity for resource users to adopt and maintain land resource practices that sequester C, the ability for dealers or brokers to monitor C stocks at a landscape level, the institutional capacity to aggregate C credits, the financial mechanisms for incentive payments to reach farmers, and transparent and accountable governance structures that can ensure equitable distribution of benefits. Hence, while C payments may contribute to increasing rural incomes and promoting productivity enhancement practices, they may also expose resource users to additional social tensions and institutional risks.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Poverty reduction", "Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Payments for environmental services", "Agricultural ecosystems", "Afforestation", "West Africa", "11. Sustainability", "Reforestation", "Poverty", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Drylands", "1. No poverty", "Kyoto Protocol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil carbon", "Semiarid zones", "Carbon credits", "PES", "Greenhouse gases", "Carbon offsets", "Emissions", "Economic incentives", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Carbon markets"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Perez, C., Roncoli, \u202aCarla, Neely, Constance L., Steiner, J. L.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-09-28", "title": "A Simulation-Based Analysis Of Productivity And Soil Carbon In Response To Time-Controlled Rotational Grazing In The West African Sahel Region", "description": "In the Sahel region of West Africa, the traditional organization of the population and the grazing land avoided overexploitation of pastures. Since independence in the 1960s, grazing lands have been opened to all without specific guidance, and the vulnerability of the pastures to degradation has increased. Rotational grazing is postulated as a possible solution to provide higher pasture productivity, higher animal loads per unit land, and perhaps improved soil carbon storage. The objective of this study was to conduct a simulation-based assessment of the impact of rotational grazing management on pasture biomass production, grazing efficiency, animal grazing requirement satisfaction, and soil carbon storage in the Madiama Commune, Mali. The results showed that grazing intensity is the primary factor influencing the productivity of annual pastures and their capacity to provide for animal grazing requirements. Rotating the animals in paddocks is a positive practice for pasture protection that showed advantage as the grazing pressure increased. Increasing the size of the reserve biomass not available for grazing, which triggers the decision of taking the animals off the field, provided better pasture protection but reduced animal grazing requirements satisfaction. In terms of soil carbon storage, all management scenarios led to reduction of soil carbon at the end of the 50-year simulation periods, ranging between 4% and 5% of the initial storage. The differences in reduction as a function of grazing intensity were of no practical significance in these soils with very low organic matter content, mostly resistant to decomposition.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Livestock management", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Grazing systems", "Rotation", "Rotational grazing", "Pastures", "Soil carbon storage", "Controlled grazing", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Pasture management", "Soil carbon", "Simulation modeling", "Semiarid zones", "Paddocks", "Sahel", "Range management", "West Africa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Cattle", "Field Scale", "Productivity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Washington State University Bryan Hall, P.O. Box 645121, Pullman, WA 99164-5121, USA ( host institution ), Badini, Oumarou, St\u00f6ckle, Claudio O., Jones, Jim W., Nelson, Roger, Kodio, Amadou, Keita, Moussa,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.09.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:14:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-15", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Fallow Systems And Lengths On Crop Production And Soil Fertility Maintenance In West Africa", "description": "In the development of short fallow systems as alternatives to shifting cultivation in West Africa, a long-term trial was established at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) on an Alfisol in the forest-savanna transitional zone of southwestern Nigeria, comparing three fallow systems; natural regrowth fallow, cover crop fallow and alley cropping on soil productivity and crop yield sustainability. The natural fallow system consisted of natural regrowth of mainly Chromolaena odorata shrub as fallow vegetation. The cover crop fallow system consisted of Pueraria phaseoloides, a herbaceous legume as fallow vegetation. The alley cropping system consisted of woody hedgerows of Leucaena leucocephala as fallow vegetation. The fallow lengths were 0 (continuous cropping), 1, 2 and 3 years after 1 year of maize/cassava intercropping. Biomass produced from natural fallow and cover crop fallow was burnt during the land preparation. Fertilizer was not applied throughout the study. Without fertilizer application, maize yield declined from above 3.0 t ha\u22121 to below 0.5 t ha\u22121 during 12 years of cultivation (1989\u20132000) on a land cleared from a 23-year old secondary forest. Temporal change in cassava tuber yield was erratic. Mean maize grain yields from 1993\u20132000 except for 1999 were higher in cover crop fallow system (1.89 t ha\u22121) than in natural fallow system (1.73 t ha\u22121), while natural fallow system outperformed alley cropping system (1.46 t ha\u22121). During the above 7 years, mean cassava tuber yield in cover crop system (7.7 t ha\u22121) did not differ from natural fallow system (8.2 t ha\u22121), and both systems showed higher cassava tuber than the alley cropping system (5.7 t ha\u22121). The positive effect of fallowing on crop yields was observed for both crops in the three systems, however, insignificant effects were seen when fallow length exceeded 1 year for cover crop and alley cropping, and 2 years for natural fallow. Soil pH, organic carbon, available P and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K decreased considerably after 12 years of cultivation, even in a 3-year fallow subplot. After 12 years, soil organic carbon (SOC) within 0\u20135 cm depth in alley cropping (13.9 g kg\u22121) and natural fallow (13.7 g kg\u22121) was higher than in cover crop fallow (11.6 g kg\u22121). Whereas significant increase in SOC with either natural fallow or alley cropping was observed only after 2 or 3 years of fallow, the SOC in the 1-year fallow alley cropping subplot was higher than that in continuous cropping natural fallow subplot. It can be concluded from our study that in transforming shifting cultivation to a permanent cropping, fallow with natural vegetation (natural fallow), herbaceous legumes (cover crop fallow) and woody legumes (alley cropping) can contribute to the maintenance of crop production and soil fertility, however, length of fallow period does not need to exceed 2 years. When the fallow length is reduced to 1 year, a better alternative to natural regrowth fallow would be the cover crop for higher maize yield and alley cropping for higher soil organic matter. For fallow length of 2 years, West African farmers would be better off with the natural fallow system.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Crop yields", "Conservation agriculture", "Cover crops", "Nigeria", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Soil degradation", "01 natural sciences", "Soil quality", "Woody species", "Long-term trial", "West Africa", "Shifting cultivation", "Fallow", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Guanglong Tian, Guanglong Tian, B. T. Kang, F. K. Salako, P. Idinoba, G.O. Kolawole,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-004-1927-y"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-02", "title": "Long-Term Piliostigma Reticulatum Intercropping In The Sahel: Crop Productivity, Carbon Sequestration, Nutrient Cycling, And Soil Quality", "description": "Abstract   Throughout the Sahel, food insecurity remains a persistent threat. A few studies have shown that  Piliostigma reticulatum , a dominant native shrub in parklands from Senegal to Sudan, can positively impact crop yields. However, there are no experiments that measure whether this species can stabilize long-term crop productivity under erratic rainfall. Therefore, an 11-year study of an optimized  P. reticulatum  intercropping system (1000 shrubs ha \u22121  with annual coppiced residue soil amendments) was initiated in 2004 in Senegal, West Africa to determine its impacts on crop productivity and soil quality. The experiment was a split-plot factorial design with the main plot shrubs (with and without) and the subplot fertilizer rate (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 times the recommended N-P-K rate) with an annual groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) crop rotation. Yield, biomass, soil carbon, and soil and plant nutrient data from 2011 to 2015 were compared with data from 2004 to 2007. The presence of shrubs increased millet and groundnut yield from 2011 to 2015 and rainfall water use efficiency (WUE) between 2004 and 2015. Without fertilizer addition, the shrub plots had approximately 2 times greater millet yield throughout the duration of this experiment. The presence of shrubs also improved soil quality, as evidenced by significantly greater C in the fraction  P. reticulatum  intercropping promotes C sequestration. In addition, five macronutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg, S) and two micronutrients (Mn and Cu) were significantly greater in the shrub plots. The results provide strong evidence that intercropping with  P. reticulatum  is an ecological agroforestry system for the Sahel that can remediate soils, increase crop yields, and buffer climate change.", "keywords": ["580", "Pearl millet", "2. Zero hunger", "Parklands", "Groundnut", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Agroforestry", "15. Life on land", "West africa", "Shrub intercropping", "630", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2017.03.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:17:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "description": "Open AccessUsing a three year trial in Nigeria, this article examines the effectiveness of leguminous cover crops on maize yield in West Africa. Testing multiple types of cover crops, the study universally demonstrates the cover crops conserve nitrogen and result in improvements for maize yield in both drier and wetter years. While the cover crop was more effective in improving nitrogen in wetter conditions, yields still improved during the drier year with the cover crop.", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Soil management", "fertilizers", "Conservation agriculture", "Nitrogen concentration", "legumes", "trials", "Green manure crops", "crops", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Biomass production", "Legume cover crops", "Soil conservation", "Nitrogen fertilizer replacement index", "West Africa", "Maize yield", "Field Scale"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tian, G., Kolawole, G.O., Kang, B.T., Kirchhof, G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1004873206350", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1004873206350"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:18:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-07-10", "title": "Variation In Soil Carbon Stocks And Their Determinants Across A Precipitation Gradient In West Africa", "description": "Abstract<p>We examine the influence of climate, soil properties and vegetation characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) along a transect of West African ecosystems sampled across a precipitation gradient on contrasting soil types stretching from Ghana (15\uffc2\uffb0N) to Mali (7\uffc2\uffb0N). Our findings derive from a total of 1108 soil cores sampled over 14 permanent plots. The observed pattern in SOC stocks reflects the very different climatic conditions and contrasting soil properties existing along the latitudinal transect. The combined effects of these factors strongly influence vegetation structure. SOC stocks in the first 2\uffc2\uffa0m of soil ranged from 20\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a Sahelian savanna in Mali to over 120\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for a transitional forest in Ghana. The degree of interdependence between soil bulk density (SBD) and soil properties is highlighted by the strong negative relationships observed between SBD and SOC (r2\uffc2\uffa0&gt;\uffc2\uffa00.84). A simple predictive function capable of encompassing the effect of climate, soil properties and vegetation type on SOC stocks showed that available water and sand content taken together could explain 0.84 and 0.86 of the total variability in SOC stocks observed to 0.3 and 1.0\uffc2\uffa0m depth respectively. Used in combination with a suitable climatic parameter, sand content is a good predictor of SOC stored in highly weathered dry tropical ecosystems with arguably less confounding effects than provided by clay content. There was an increased contribution of resistant SOC to the total SOC pool for lower rainfall soils, this likely being the result of more frequent fire events in the grassier savannas of the more arid regions. This work provides new insights into the mechanisms determining the distribution of carbon storage in tropical soils and should contribute significantly to the development of robust predictive models of biogeochemical cycling and vegetation dynamics in tropical regions.</p>", "keywords": ["550", "Tropical ecosystems", "biotic controls", "West africa", "01 natural sciences", "forest soils", "land-use change", "Precipitation gradient", "Soil bulk density", "senegal", "cycle feedback", "Life Science", "Resistant organic carbon", "organic-matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "savanna soils", "ddc:550", "Soil organic carbon", "sequestration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "stabilization", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "texture", "Soil carbon stocks"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02657.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3897/arphapreprints.e155078", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:21:07Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2025-04-08", "title": "Species inventory and morphological traits of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) and ants (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in northern Ghana", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agricultural expansion, a leading driver of biodiversity loss, has widespread effects on ecosystem services, particularly in tropical regions. In West Africa, the impact of intensified agriculture on local biodiversity \u2013 especially predator and decomposer species like spiders and ants \u2013 is understudied. This study in northern Ghana examines the species diversity and functional traits of spiders and ants in human-transformed mango orchards and pristine savanna, aiming to compare the biodiversity of intensively managed agroecosystems and the extensively managed natural habitats. Insights will aid in estimating the effort needed to promote diversity through agroecological practices in mango orchards.</p>         <p>In this data paper, we publish the baseline checklist and morphological traits of spiders (Araneae) and ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with mango orchards and forest savannas located in northern Ghana. In total, we collected 64 species (including 29 unidentified morphospecies) of spiders and 64 species (including 24 unidentified morphospecies) of ants. Of these, almost all spider species and nine ant species were new records for Ghana, while many of the morphospecies could potentially be undescribed new species to science. In addition, we collected six morphological traits for spiders: total body length, prosoma length, prosoma width, prosoma height, tibia I (leg) length, and fang length; and four traits for ants: total body length, head length, scape length, and eye distance.</p></article>", "keywords": ["morpholometrics", "standardized sampling", "West Africa", "checklist", "agriculture", "biodiversity", "mango orchard", "West Sudanian savanna"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e155078"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3897/arphapreprints.e155078", "name": "item", "description": "10.3897/arphapreprints.e155078", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3897/arphapreprints.e155078"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/2XHKHB", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:24:26Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2009-01-01", "title": "Performance of diverse upland rice cultivars in low and high soil fertility conditions in West Africa", "description": "Traditional tropical japonica (Oryza sativa) and Oryzaglaberrimacultivars are typically grown in lowinput, subsistence production systems in the uplands of West Africa by resource-poor farmers. In these systems, low soil fertility (LF), which is generally associated with lower organic carbon content, and N and P availability, is one of the major constraints to rice productivity. Thus, cultivars adapted to LF are needed for the food security of farmers, who would otherwise be solely reliant on nutrient inputs to increase productivity. This study evaluated the performance of six diverse cultivars grown in LF and high soil fertility (HF) conditions with supplemental irrigation over two seasons. Average grain yield across all cultivars in LF was 54% of that in HF (156 vs. 340 g m_2). Three improved indicarice cultivars and CG 14 (O. glaberrima) out-yielded Morobe\u00b4 re\u00b4kan (traditional tropical japonica) and WAB450-IBP-38-HB (progeny from interspecific hybridization of tropical japonica and O. glaberrima) in LF (181 vs. 105 g m_2 on average). The high grain yield in LF was the result of large spikelet number m_2 due to superior tillering ability and high harvest index rather than biomass production. The high-yielding cultivars in LF consistently had lower leaf chlorophyll content and higher specific leaf area during the period from the early vegetative stage through the reproductive stage. Among them, two indicacultivars (B6144F-MR-6-0-0 and IR 55423-01) were also high yielding in HF. The use of improved indicacultivars adapted to LF, but also with input-responsiveness, appears to offer an attractive and economical approach to improving upland rice productivity and widening genetic diversity in this region.", "keywords": ["Specific leaf area", "West Africa", "Indica", "Upland rice", "Low soil fertility", "Chlorophyll content", "Oryzaglaberrima"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Saito, Kazuki, Futakuchi, Koichi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/2XHKHB"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/2XHKHB", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/2XHKHB", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/2XHKHB"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-3.25, 4.73], [-3.25, 11.16], [1.2, 11.16], [1.2, 4.73], [-3.25, 4.73]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "boundaries"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}], "updated": "2022-07-05T08:19:22", "language": "eng", "title": "Ghana: Livelihoods zones for Agricultural Water Management", "description": "Livelihood zoning consists in identifying areas where rural people share relatively homogeneous living conditions, on the basis of a combination of biophysical and socio-economic determinants. The main criteria to establish livelihood zones are: the predominant source of income (livelihood activities); the natural resources available to people and the way they are used; and the prevailing agroclimatic conditions that influence farming activities. Patterns of livelihood vary from one area to another, based on local factors such as climate, soil or access to markets. The analysis delineates geographical areas within which people share similar livelihood patterns: source of living, access to food, farming practices, including crops, livestock and access to markets.\nThe map of livelihood zones is the main output from a participatory mapping workshop and forms the basis for the overall AWM assessment. It describes and geographically locates the different country livelihood contexts, focusing on the main smallholders\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 livelihood strategies, their water-related problems and other constraints\nfor development, and the role agricultural water management plays for their livelihoods. An attribute table provides a detailed description of each livelihood zone.", "formats": [{"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download"}], "keywords": ["BMGF-AWS", "water management", "smallholders", "Tag_AQUASTAT", "Tag_Water-Management", "Ghana", "West Africa"], "contacts": [{"name": "Guido Santini", "organization": "UN Food and Agriculture Organization", "position": "Technical Officer", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "guido.santini@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jean-Marc Faur\u00e8s", "organization": "UN Food and Agriculture Organization", "position": "Senior Officer (Water Resources Management)", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jeanmarc.faures@fao.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "1000000"}, "links": [{"href": "http://awm-solutions.iwmi.org/", "name": "awm-solutions website", "description": "Project website", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf/resources/GHA_livelihoods.zip", "description": "Contains: ESRI shp file, livelihoods report", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-http--download", "rel": null}, {"href": "http://www.fao.org/nr/water/projects_agwatermanagement.html", "name": "Agricultural water management solutions project", "description": "Project page on FAO WATER website", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf/thumbnail/GH_map_livelihoodsST.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"href": "https://storage.googleapis.com/fao-maps-catalog-data/uuid/72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf/large_thumbnail/GH_map_livelihoodsLT.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf", "name": "item", "description": "72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/72b8edce-4737-4abb-b27c-5b54f8a5ffcf"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date-time": "2022-07-05T08:19:22Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=West+Africa&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=West+Africa&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=West+Africa&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=West+Africa&offset=9", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 9, "numberReturned": 9, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-27T09:04:04.624851Z"}