{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1071/sr13043", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-20", "title": "Impact Of Carbon Farming Practices On Soil Carbon In Northern New South Wales", "description": "

This study sought to quantify the influence of \uffe2\uff80\uff98carbon farming\uffe2\uff80\uff99 practices on soil carbon stocks, in comparison with conventional grazing and cropping, in northern New South Wales. The study had two components: assessment of impacts of organic amendments on soil carbon and biological indicators in croplands on Vertosols of the Liverpool Plains; and assessment of the impact of grazing management on soil carbon in Chromosols of the Northern Tablelands. The organic amendment sites identified for the survey had been treated with manures, composts, or microbial treatments, while the conventional management sites had received only chemical fertilisers. The rotational grazing sites had been managed so that grazing was restricted to short periods of several days, followed by long rest periods (generally several months) governed by pasture growth. These were compared with sites that were grazed continuously. No differences in total soil carbon stock, or soil carbon fractions, were observed between sites treated with organic amendments and those treated with chemical fertiliser. There was some evidence of increased soil carbon stock under rotational compared with continuous grazing, but the difference was not statistically significant. Similarly, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stocks were not significantly different in either of the management contrasts, but tended to show higher values in organic treatments and rotational grazing. The enzymatic activities of \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase were significantly higher in rotational than continuous grazing but statistically similar for the cropping site treatments. Relative abundance and community structure, measured on a subset of the cropping sites, showed a higher bacteria\uffe2\uff80\uff89:\uffe2\uff80\uff89fungi ratio and provided evidence that microbial process rates were significantly higher in chemically fertilised sites than organic amendment sites, suggesting enhanced mineralisation of organic matter under conventional management. The higher enzyme activity and indication of greater efficiency of microbial populations on carbon farming sites suggests a greater potential to build soil carbon under these practices. Further research is required to investigate whether the indicative trends observed reflect real effects of management.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Land Capability and Soil Degradation", "550", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Carbon Sequestration Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Land capability and soil productivity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1071/sr13043"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1071/sr13043", "name": "item", "description": "10.1071/sr13043", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1071/sr13043"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/jpe/rtw066", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-29", "title": "Effects Of Soil Warming History On The Performances Of Congeneric Temperate And Boreal Herbaceous Plant Species And Their Associations With Soil Biota", "description": "Aims Climate warming raises the probability of range expansions of warm-adapted temperate species into areas currently dominated by cold-adapted boreal species. Warming-induced plant range expansions could partly depend on how warming modifies relationships with soil biota that promote plant growth, such as by mineralizing nutrients. Here, we grew two pairs of congeneric herbaceous plants species together in soil with a 5-year warming history (ambient, +1.7\u00b0C, +3.4\u00b0C) and related their performances to plant-beneficial soil biota. Methods Each plant pair belonged to either the mid-latitude temperate climate or the higher latitude southern boreal climate. Warmed soils were extracted from a chamberless heating experiment at two field sites in the temperate-boreal ecotone of North America. To isolate potential effects of different soil warming histories, air temperature for the greenhouse experiment was identical across soils. We hypothesized that soil with a 5-year warming history in the field would enhance the performance of temperate plant species more than boreal plant species and expected improved plant performances to have positive associations with plant growth-promoting soil biota (microbial-feeding nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). Important Findings Our main hypothesis was partly confirmed as only one temperate species performed better in soil with warming history than in soil with history of ambient temperature. Further, this effect was restricted to the site with higher soil water content in the growing season of the sampling year (prior to soil collection). One of the boreal species performed consistently worse in previously warmed soil, whereas the other species showed neutral responses to soil warming history. We found a positive correlation between the density of microbial-feeding nematodes and the performance of one of the temperate species in previously wetter soils, but this correlation was negative at the site with previously drier soil. We found no significant correlations between the ...", "keywords": ["Aster cordifolius", "0106 biological sciences", "ecotone", "seedling emergence", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "ecotones", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "seeds", "biotic communities", "01 natural sciences", "soil biota", "range shift"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtw066"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/jpe/rtw066", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/jpe/rtw066", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/jpe/rtw066"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1959.7/uws:72836", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-04-24", "title": "Different Cerrado Ecotypes Show Contrasting Soil Microbial Properties, Functioning Rates, and Sensitivity to Changing Water Regimes", "description": "Abstract

Soil moisture is among the most important factors regulating soil biodiversity and functioning. Models forecast changes in the precipitation regime in many areas of the planet, but how these changes will influence soil functioning, and how biotic drivers modulate such effects, is far from being understood. We evaluated the responses of C and N fluxes, and soil microbial properties to different soil water regimes in soils from the main three ecotypes of the world's largest and most diverse tropical savanna. Further, we explored the direct and indirect effects of changes in the ecotype and soil water regimes on these key soil processes. Soils from the woodland savanna showed a better nutritional status than the other ecotypes, as well as higher potential N cycling rates, N2O emissions, and soil bacterial abundance but lower bacterial richness, whereas potential CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake peaked in the intermediate savanna. The ecotype also modulated the effects of changes in the soil water regime on nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas fluxes, and soil bacterial properties, with more intense responses in the intermediate savanna. Further, we highlight the existence of multiple contrasting direct and indirect (via soil microbes and abiotic properties) effects of an intensification of the precipitation regime on soil C- and N-related processes. Our results confirm that ecotype is a fundamental driver of soil properties and functioning in the Cerrado and that it can determine the responses of key soil processes to changes in the soil water regime.Theory suggests that the diversity of molecules in soil organic matter (SOM functional diversity) provides key insights on multiple ecosystem services. We aimed to investigate how and why SOM functional diversity and composition change as topsoils develop, and its implications for key soil functions (e.g., from nutrient pool to water regulation).

Location

We reported data on 16 soil chronosequences globally distributed in nine countries from six continents.

Time Period

2016\uffe2\uff80\uff932017.

Major Taxa Studied

Soil microbes (bacteria and fungi) and vascular plants.

Methods

SOM functional diversity and composition without mineral interference were measured using diffuse reflectance mid\uffe2\uff80\uff90infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). We aimed to characterize the main environmental factors related to SOM functional diversity and composition. Also, we calculated the links among SOM functional diversity and key soil functions.

Results

We found that SOM functional diversity declines after millions of years of soil formation (pedogenesis). We further showed that increases in plant cover and productivity led to a higher ratio of reduced (e.g., alkanes) over oxidized carbon forms (i.e., C: O\uffe2\uff80\uff90functional groups ratio), which was positively correlated to SOM functional diversity as soils age. Our findings indicated that the plant footprint (i.e., the accumulation of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived material promoting the C: O\uffe2\uff80\uff90functional group ratio) would explain the reduction of SOM functional diversity as ecosystems develop. Moreover, the dissimilarity in SOM composition consistently increased with soil age, with the soil development stage emerging as the main predictor of SOM dissimilarity across contrasting biomes.

Main Conclusions

Our global survey contextualized the natural history of SOM functional diversity and composition during long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil development. Together, we showed how plant footprint drives the losses of SOM functional diversity with increasing age, which might provide a novel mechanism to explain typically reported losses in ecosystem functions during ecosystem retrogression.Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition greatly affects ecosystem processes and properties. However, few studies have simultaneously examined the responses of both the above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and belowground communities to N deposition. Here, we investigated the effects of 8\uffc2\uffa0years of simulated N deposition on soil microbial communities and plant diversity in a subtropical forest. The quantities of experimental N added (g of N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffc2\uffa0year\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and treatment codes were 0 (N0, control), 6 (N1), 12 (N2), and 24 (N3). Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis was used to characterize the soil microbial community while plant diversity and coverage were determined in the permanent field plots. Microbial abundance was reduced by the N3 treatment, and plant species richness and coverage were reduced by both N2 and N3 treatments. Declines in plant species richness were associated with decreased abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, increased bacterial stress index, and reduced soil pH. The plasticity of soil microbial community would be more related to the different responses among treatments when compared with plant community. These results indicate that long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N deposition has greater effects on the understory plant community than on the soil microbial community and different conservation strategies should be considered.

", "keywords": ["580", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Original Research"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.750"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology%20and%20Evolution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ece3.750", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ece3.750", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ece3.750"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ecy.2137", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-10", "title": "Ecological drivers of soil microbial diversity and soil biological networks in the Southern Hemisphere", "description": "Abstract

The ecological drivers of soil biodiversity in the Southern Hemisphere remain underexplored. Here, in a continental survey comprising 647 sites, across 58 degrees of latitude between tropical Australia and Antarctica, we evaluated the major ecological patterns in soil biodiversity and relative abundance of ecological clusters within a co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurrence network of soil bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Six major ecological clusters (modules) of co\uffe2\uff80\uff90occurring soil taxa were identified. These clusters exhibited strong shifts in their relative abundances with increasing distance from the equator. Temperature was the major environmental driver of the relative abundance of ecological clusters when Australia and Antarctica are analyzed together. Temperature, aridity, soil properties and vegetation types were the major drivers of the relative abundance of different ecological clusters within Australia. Our data supports significant reductions in the diversity of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes in Antarctica vs. Australia linked to strong reductions in temperature. However, we only detected small latitudinal variations in soil biodiversity within Australia. Different environmental drivers regulate the diversity of soil archaea (temperature and soil carbon), bacteria (aridity, vegetation attributes and pH) and eukaryotes (vegetation type and soil carbon) across Australia. Together, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms driving soil biodiversity in the Southern Hemisphere.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Terrestrial Ecosystems", "archaea", "Evolution", "Eukaryotes", "Antarctic Regions", "1105 Ecology", "Biodiversity; Terrestrial Ecosystems; Archaea; Bacteria; Eukaryotes; Australia; Antarctica.", "Terrestrial ecosystems", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "eukaryotes", "Behavior and Systematics", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "14. Life underwater", "bacteria", "Phylogeny", "Soil Microbiology", "biodiversity", "2. Zero hunger", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Australia", "terrestrial ecosystems", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "archaebacteria", "Archaea", "soil ecology", "13. Climate action", "eukaryotic cells", "Antarctica"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecy.2137"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2137"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ecy.2137", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ecy.2137", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ecy.2137"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ecy.2199", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-27", "title": "Temperature and aridity regulate spatial variability of soil multifunctionality in drylands across the globe", "description": "Abstract

The relationship between the spatial variability of soil multifunctionality (i.e., the capacity of soils to conduct multiple functions; SVM) and major climatic drivers, such as temperature and aridity, has never been assessed globally in terrestrial ecosystems. We surveyed 236 dryland ecosystems from six continents to evaluate the relative importance of aridity and mean annual temperature, and of other abiotic (e.g., texture) and biotic (e.g., plant cover) variables as drivers of SVM, calculated as the averaged coefficient of variation for multiple soil variables linked to nutrient stocks and cycling. We found that increases in temperature and aridity were globally correlated to increases in SVM. Some of these climatic effects on SVM were direct, but others were indirectly driven through reductions in the number of vegetation patches and increases in soil sand content. The predictive capacity of our structural equation\uffc2\uffa0modelling was clearly higher for the spatial variability of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90 than for C\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90related soil variables. In the case of N cycling, the effects of temperature and aridity were both direct and indirect via changes in soil properties. For C and P, the effect of climate was mainly indirect via changes in plant attributes. These results suggest that future changes in climate may decouple the spatial availability of these elements for plants and microbes in dryland soils. Our findings significantly advance our understanding of the patterns and mechanisms driving SVM in drylands across the globe, which is critical for predicting changes in ecosystem functioning in response to climate change.Non\uffe2\uff80\uff90native, invasive earthworms are altering soils throughout the world. Ecological cascades emanating from these invasions stem from rapid consumption of leaf litter by earthworms. This occurs at a midpoint in the trophic pyramid, unlike the more familiar bottom\uffe2\uff80\uff90up or top\uffe2\uff80\uff90down cascades. These cascades cause fundamental changes (\uffe2\uff80\uff9cmicrocascade effects\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) in soil morphology, bulk density, and nutrient leaching, and a shift to warmer, drier soil surfaces with a loss of leaf litter. In North American temperate and boreal forests, microcascade effects can affect carbon sequestration, disturbance regimes, soil and water quality, forest productivity, plant communities, and wildlife habitat, and can facilitate other invasive species. These broader\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale changes (\uffe2\uff80\uff9cmacrocascade effects\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) are of greater concern to society. Interactions among these fundamental changes and broader\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale effects create \uffe2\uff80\uff9ccascade complexes\uffe2\uff80\uff9d that interact with climate change and other environmental processes. The diversity of cascade effects, combined with the vast area invaded by earthworms, leads to regionally important changes in ecological functioning.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "earthworms", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "introduced organisms", "soil structure", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "ecosystem health"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/fee.2099"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2099"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Ecology%20and%20the%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/fee.2099", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/fee.2099", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/fee.2099"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-24", "title": "Alleviating Nitrogen Limitation in Mediterranean Maquis Vegetation Leads to Ecological Degradation", "description": "Abstract

Soils are being degraded at an alarming rate and thereby also crucial ecosystem goods and services. Nitrogen (N) enrichment is a major driver of this degradation. While the negative impacts of N enrichment on vegetation are well known globally, those on various ecological interactions, and on ecosystem functioning, remain largely unknown. Because Mediterranean ecosystems are N limited, they are good model systems for evaluating how N enrichment impacts not only vegetation but also ecological partnerships and ecosystem functioning. Using a 7\uffe2\uff80\uff90year N\uffe2\uff80\uff90manipulation (dose and form) field experiment running in a Mediterranean Basin maquis located in a region with naturally low ambient N deposition (<4\uffc2\uffa0kg\uffc2\uffa0N\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921), we assessed the impacts of the N additions on (i) the dominant plant species (photosynthetic N\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency); (ii) plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil ecological partnerships with ectomycorrhiza and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing bacteria; and (iii) ecosystem degradation (plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, biological mineral weathering and soil N fixation). N additions significantly disrupted plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil cover, plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil biotic interactions, and ecosystem functioning compared with ambient N deposition conditions. However, the higher the ammonium dose (alone or with nitrate), the more drastic these disruptions were. We report a critical threshold at 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9340\uffc2\uffa0kg ammonium ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0y\uffe2\uff88\uff921 whereby severe ecosystem degradation can be expected. These observations are critical to help explain the mechanisms behind ecosystem degradation, to describe the collective loss of organisms and multifunction in the landscape, and to predict potential fragmentation of Mediterranean maquis under conditions of unrelieved N enrichment. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "plant\u2013soil ecological partnerships", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Mediterranean", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "ammonium", "soil degradation", "13. Climate action", "ecosystem functioning", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Plant-soil ecological partnerships", "Ecosystem functioning", "ecosystem degradation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem degradation", "ecosystems", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.2784", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.2784"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ldr.2736", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:14:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-02-27", "title": "Contrasting Effects of Aridity and Grazing Intensity on Multiple Ecosystem Functions and Services in Australian Woodlands", "description": "Abstract

Global change is expected to reduce the provision of multiple ecosystem services in drylands, the largest biome on Earth. Understanding the relative importance of climate change and overgrazing on ecosystems services is critical for predicting the effects of global change on ecosystem well\uffe2\uff80\uff90being. We generated a system\uffe2\uff80\uff90level understanding of the effects of climate (aridity intensity) and land use intensification (herbivore grazing intensity) on four regulating ecosystem services (C\uffe2\uff80\uff90storage, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability, and organic matter decomposition) and one provisioning service (plant production) in wooded drylands from eastern Australia. Climate change and grazing intensity had different effects on multiple ecosystem services. Increasing aridity from 0\uffc2\uffb719 (dry subhumid) to 0\uffc2\uffb763 (arid) had consistent suppressive effects on C\uffe2\uff80\uff90storage, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability, decomposition and plant biomass services, but not on P\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability. The magnitude of these suppressive effects was greater than any effects due to grazing. All sites showed evidence of kangaroo grazing, but the heaviest grazing was due to cattle (dung: range 0\uffe2\uff80\uff934545\uffc2\uffa0kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921; mean 142\uffc2\uffa0kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Any effects of grazing on ecosystem services were herbivore specific and ranged from positive to neutral or negative. Sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, were associated with greater N\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability. Rabbits, however, had a greater effect on P\uffe2\uff80\uff90availability than aridity. Our study suggests that increases in livestock grazing may fail to sustain ecosystem services because of the generally stronger negative effect of increasing aridity on most ecosystem services in our model dryland. These services are likely therefore to decline with global increases in aridity. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.We have little information on how and why soil microbial community assembly will respond to predicted increases in aridity by the end of this century. Here, we used correlation networks and structural equation modeling to assess the changes in the abundance of the ecological clusters including potential winner and loser microbial taxa associated with predicted increases in aridity. To do this, we conducted a field survey in an environmental gradient from eastern Australia and obtained information on bacterial and fungal community composition for 120 soil samples and multiple abiotic and biotic factors. Overall, our structural equation model explained 83% of the variance in the two mesic modules. Increases in aridity led to marked shifts in the abundance of the two major microbial modules found in our network, which accounted for >99% of all phylotypes. In particular, the relative abundance of one of these modules, the Mesic Module #1, which was positively related to multiple soil properties and plant productivity, declined strongly with aridity. Conversely, the relative abundance of a second dominant module (Xeric Module #2) was positively correlated with increases in aridity. Our study provides evidence that network analysis is a useful tool to identify microbial taxa that are either winners or losers under increasing aridity and therefore potentially under changing climates. Our work further suggests that climate change, and associated land degradation, could potentially lead to extensive microbial phylotypes exchange and local extinctions, as demonstrated by the reductions of up to 97% in the relative abundance of microbial taxa within Mesic Module #1.Soil carbon losses to the atmosphere, via soil heterotrophic respiration, are expected to increase in response to global warming, resulting in a positive carbon-climate feedback. Despite the well-known suite of abiotic and biotic factors controlling soil respiration, much less is known about how the magnitude of soil respiration responses to temperature changes over soil development and across contrasting soil properties. Here, we investigated the role of soil development stage and soil properties in driving the responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to increasing temperatures. We incubated soils from eight chronosequences ranging in soil age from hundreds to million years, and encompassing a wide range of vegetation types, climatic conditions, and chronosequences origins, at three assay temperatures (5, 15 and 25\uffc2\uffb0C). We found a consistent positive effect of assay temperature on soil respiration rates across the eight chronosequences evaluated. However, soil properties such as organic carbon concentration, texture, pH, phosphorus content, and microbial biomass determined the magnitude of temperature effects on soil respiration. Finally, we observed a positive effect of soil development stage on soil respiration that did not alter the magnitude of assay temperature effects. Our work reveals that key soil properties alter the magnitude of the positive effect of temperature on soil respiration found across ecosystem types and soil development stages. This information is essential to better understand the magnitude of the carbon-climate feedback, and thus to establish accurate greenhouse gas emission targets.Soil moisture is among the most important factors regulating soil biodiversity and functioning. Models forecast changes in the precipitation regime in many areas of the planet, but how these changes will influence soil functioning, and how biotic drivers modulate such effects, is far from being understood. We evaluated the responses of C and N fluxes, and soil microbial properties to different soil water regimes in soils from the main three ecotypes of the world's largest and most diverse tropical savanna. Further, we explored the direct and indirect effects of changes in the ecotype and soil water regimes on these key soil processes. Soils from the woodland savanna showed a better nutritional status than the other ecotypes, as well as higher potential N cycling rates, N2O emissions, and soil bacterial abundance but lower bacterial richness, whereas potential CO2 emissions and CH4 uptake peaked in the intermediate savanna. The ecotype also modulated the effects of changes in the soil water regime on nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas fluxes, and soil bacterial properties, with more intense responses in the intermediate savanna. Further, we highlight the existence of multiple contrasting direct and indirect (via soil microbes and abiotic properties) effects of an intensification of the precipitation regime on soil C- and N-related processes. Our results confirm that ecotype is a fundamental driver of soil properties and functioning in the Cerrado and that it can determine the responses of key soil processes to changes in the soil water regime.Anthropogenic changes in biodiversity and atmospheric temperature significantly influence ecosystem processes. However, little is known about potential interactive effects of plant diversity and warming on essential ecosystem properties, such as soil microbial functions and element cycling. We studied the effects of orthogonal manipulations of plant diversity (one, four, and 16 species) and warming (ambient, +1.5\uffc2\uffb0C, and +3\uffc2\uffb0C) on soil microbial biomass, respiration, growth after nutrient additions, and activities of extracellular enzymes in 2011 and 2012 in the BAC (biodiversity and climate) perennial grassland experiment site at Cedar Creek, Minnesota, USA. Focal enzymes are involved in essential biogeochemical processes of the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. Soil microbial biomass and some enzyme activities involved in the C and N cycle increased significantly with increasing plant diversity in both years. In addition, 16\uffe2\uff80\uff90species mixtures buffered warming induced reductions in topsoil water content. We found no interactive effects of plant diversity and warming on soil microbial biomass and growth rates. However, the activity of several enzymes (1,4\uffe2\uff80\uff90\uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90glucosidase, 1,4\uffe2\uff80\uff90\uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90N\uffe2\uff80\uff90acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, peroxidase) depended on interactions between plant diversity and warming with elevated activities of enzymes involved in the C, N, and P cycles at both high plant diversity and high warming levels. Increasing plant diversity consistently decreased microbial biomass\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific enzyme activities and altered soil microbial growth responses to nutrient additions, indicating that plant diversity changed nutrient limitations and/or microbial community composition. In contrast to our expectations, higher plant diversity only buffered temperature effects on soil water content, but not on microbial functions. Temperature effects on some soil enzymes were greatest at high plant diversity. In total, our results suggest that the fundamental temperature ranges of soil microbial communities may be sufficiently broad to buffer their functioning against changes in temperature and that plant diversity may be a dominant control of soil microbial processes in a changing world.

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