{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1111/gcb.13013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-06-27", "title": "Canopy Warming Caused Photosynthetic Acclimation And Reduced Seed Yield In Maize Grown At Ambient And Elevated [Co2]", "description": "Abstract

Rising atmosphericCO2concentration ([CO2]) and attendant increases in growing season temperature are expected to be the most important global change factors impacting production agriculture. Although maize is the most highly produced crop worldwide, few studies have evaluated the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and temperature on its photosynthetic physiology, agronomic traits or biomass, and seed yield under open field conditions. This study investigates the effects of rising [CO2] and warmer temperature, independently and in combination, on maize grown in the field throughout a full growing season. Free\uffe2\uff80\uff90airCO2enrichment (FACE) technology was used to target atmospheric [CO2] to 200\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921above ambient [CO2] and infrared heaters to target a plant canopy increase of 3.5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C, with actual season mean heating of ~2.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C, mimicking conditions predicted by the second half of this century. Photosynthetic gas\uffe2\uff80\uff90exchange parameters, leaf nitrogen and carbon content, leaf water potential components, and developmental measurements were collected throughout the season, and biomass and yield were measured at the end of the growing season. As predicted for a C4plant, elevated [CO2] did not stimulate photosynthesis, biomass, or yield. Canopy warming caused a large shift in aboveground allocation by stimulating season\uffe2\uff80\uff90long vegetative biomass and decreasing reproductive biomass accumulation at bothCO2concentrations, resulting in decreased harvest index. Warming caused a reduction in photosynthesis due to down\uffe2\uff80\uff90regulation of photosynthetic biochemical parameters and the decrease in the electron transport rate. The reduction in seed yield with warming was driven by reduced photosynthetic capacity and by a shift in aboveground carbon allocation away from reproduction. This field study portends that future warming will reduce yield in maize, and this will not be mitigated by higher atmospheric [CO2] unless appropriate adaptation traits can be introduced into future cultivars.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "03 medical and health sciences", "Hot Temperature", "13. Climate action", "Acclimatization", "Seeds", "Illinois", "Carbon Dioxide", "Photosynthesis", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-11", "title": "The Benefits Of Conservation Agriculture On Soil Organic Carbon And Yield In Southern Africa Are Site-Specific", "description": "Abstract Conservation agriculture (CA), with reduced tillage, permanent soil cover and diversified cropping systems, is advocated in southern Africa to improve soil quality, reduce input costs and mitigate climate-induced risks. However, improvements in terms of yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) under CA are slow and variable and many small-scale farmers are unable to buffer themselves against potential short-term financial losses. In this study we examined the effects of CA-related management practices on SOC sequestration and productivity at two medium-term sites on a sandy soil (eight year trial) and clay soil (six years) in maize producing areas of South Africa. Using field data, current input costs and market prices for crops, we calculated the gross margin for each system. Treatments compared conventional ploughing under maize monoculture with reduced tillage, intercropping and crop rotation. On the clay soil, SOC was increased under reduced tillage (57.6\u202ft C ha\u22121) compared to conventional tillage (54.9\u202ft C ha\u22121) while there was no difference for the sandy soil (19.7\u202ft C ha\u22121 average across treatments). Profitability was most strongly influenced by seasonal rainfall, but was higher on the sandy soil than the clay soil, with an average gross margin of R11,344 ha\u22121 and R5,686 ha\u22121, respectively. This study has demonstrated that while certain CA practices can create site-specific benefits for farmers, it is highly dependent on local weather and soil conditions. For the clay soil an additional payment scheme would be required to reward farmers in southern Africa for C-sequestration to make CA profitable and achieve increased C-mitigation through soil sequestration.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Conservation agriculture (CA)", "Losses", "Cropping systems", "Soil organic carbon (SOC)", "Crops", "Small-scale farmers", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Maize", "Costs", "Intercropping", "Crop rotation", "Soil conservation", "Sand", "Monoculture", "Reduced tillage", "Soil conditions", "Clay", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Profitability", "Agricultural machinery", "Organic carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2018.05.016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.009", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-04", "title": "A Conserved Microbial Motif \u2018Traps\u2019 Protease Activation in Host Immunity", "description": "A recent study (Misas-Villamil et al., Nat. Commun., 2019) reveals that Pit2, an apoplastic effector of the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis, contains an embedded motif of 14 amino acids that binds to and inhibits plant cysteine proteases, thereby modulating host immunity. Intriguingly, the inhibitory motif acts by mimicking the protease substrate and is conserved across microbial kingdoms.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "papain like cysteine proteases", "Ustilago maydis", "substrate", "apoplast", "Microbial inhibitor", "Zea mays", "microbial inhibitor", "Apoplast", "03 medical and health sciences", "Papain-like cysteine proteases", "Ustilago", "Plant Immunity", "Substrate", "Peptide Hydrolases"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Trends%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-18", "title": "Closing nutrient loops in a maize rotation. Catch crops to reduce nutrient leaching and increase biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion with dairy manure", "description": "Three catch crop species, ryegrass, forage rape and black oat, were grown between successive rotations of maize to reduce nitrogen leaching due to maize fertilization with digested dairy manure. Catch crops showed a high nutrient uptake, but with a wide range, depending on the year and the specie. Ensiling was shown to be a feasible storing method increasing catch crop methane production per hectare between 14-36% compared with fresh catch crop. In semi-continuous co-digestion experiments, methane production was increased between 35-48%, in comparison with anaerobic digestion of dairy manure alone. Catch crops were shown to be a good co-substrate, being a sustainable option to prevent leaching of nutrients to the environment, thus closing the loops from production to utilization by optimal recycling measures.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nutrients", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "619", "Biofuels", "Digestion", "Anaerobiosis", "Methane", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Waste%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019043.33580.a6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-10", "title": "Nitrogen Fertilizer Equivalencies Of Organics Of Differing Quality And Optimum Combination With Inorganic Nitrogen Source In Central Kenya", "description": "Decline in crop yields is a major problem facing smallholder farmers in Kenya and the entire Sub-Saharan region. This is attributed mainly to the mining of major nutrients due to continuous cropping without addition of adequate external nutrients. In most cases inorganic fertilizers are expensive, hence unaffordable to most smallholder farmers. Although organic nutrient sources are available, information about their potential use is scanty. A field experiment was set up in the sub-humid highlands of Kenya to establish the chemical fertilizer equivalency values of different organic materials based on their quality. The experiment consisted of maize plots to which freshly collected leaves of Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia), Senna spectabilis (senna) and Calliandra calothyrsus (calliandra) (all with %N>3) obtained from hedgerows grown ex situ (biomass transfer) and urea (inorganic nitrogen source) were applied. Results obtained for the cumulative above ground biomass yield for three seasons indicated that a combination of both organic and inorganic nutrient source gave higher maize biomass yield than when each was applied separately. Above ground biomass yield production in maize (t ha\u22121) from organic and inorganic fertilization was in the order of senna+urea (31.2), tithonia+urea (29.4), calliandra+urea (29.3), tithonia (28.6), senna (27.9), urea (27.4), calliandra (25.9), and control (22.5) for three cumulative seasons. On average, the three organic materials (calliandra, senna and tithonia) gave fertilizer equivalency values for the nitrogen contained in them of 50, 87 and 118%, respectively. It is therefore recommended that tithonia biomass be used in place of mineral fertilizer as a source of nitrogen. The high equivalency values can be attributed to the synergetic effects of nutrient supply, and improved moisture and soil physical conditions of the mulch. However, for sustainable agricultural production, combination with mineral fertilizer would be the best option.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Organic", "biomass", "N fertilizer equivalency", "yields", "abonos nitrogenados", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910", "15. Life on land", "maize", "N-sources", "6. Clean water", "ma\u00edz", "12. Responsible consumption", "Inorganic", "zea mays", "nitrogen fertilizers", "biomasa", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "organic fertilizers", "inorganic fertilizers", "abonos org\u00e1nicos", "abonos inorg\u00e1nicos", "rendimiento"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:fres.0000019043.33580.a6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019043.33580.a6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:fres.0000019043.33580.a6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:fres.0000019043.33580.a6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es300233m", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-25", "title": "Corn Ethanol Production, Food Exports, And Indirect Land Use Change", "description": "The approximately 100 million tonne per year increase in the use of corn to produce ethanol in the U.S. over the past 10 years, and projections of greater future use, have raised concerns that reduced exports of corn (and other agricultural products) and higher commodity prices would lead to land-use changes and, consequently, negative environmental impacts in other countries. The concerns have been driven by agricultural and trade models, which project that large-scale corn ethanol production leads to substantial decreases in food exports, increases in food prices, and greater deforestation globally. Over the past decade, the increased use of corn for ethanol has been largely matched by the increased corn harvest attributable mainly to increased yields. U.S. exports of corn, wheat, soybeans, pork, chicken, and beef either increased or remained unchanged. Exports of distillers' dry grains (DDG, a coproduct of ethanol production and a valuable animal feed) increased by more than an order of magnitude to 9 million tonnes in 2010. Increased biofuel production may lead to intensification (higher yields) and extensification (more land) of agricultural activities. Intensification and extensification have opposite impacts on land use change. We highlight the lack of information concerning the magnitude of intensification effects and the associated large uncertainties in assessments of the indirect land use change associated with corn ethanol.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ethanol", "Commerce", "Agriculture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "United States", "Food", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es300233m"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es300233m", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es300233m", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es300233m"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es302959h", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-26", "title": "Spatially-Explicit Life Cycle Assessment Of Sun-To-Wheels Transportation Pathways In The Us", "description": "Growth in biofuel production, which is meant to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil energy demand, is increasingly seen as a threat to food supply and natural habitats. Using photovoltaics (PV) to directly convert solar radiation into electricity for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is an alternative to photosynthesis, which suffers from a very low energy conversion efficiency. Assessments need to be spatially explicit, since solar insolation and crop yields vary widely between locations. This paper therefore compares direct land use, life cycle GHG emissions and fossil fuel requirements of five different sun-to-wheels conversion pathways for every county in the contiguous U.S.: Ethanol from corn or switchgrass for internal combustion vehicles (ICVs), electricity from corn or switchgrass for BEVs, and PV electricity for BEVs. Even the most land-use efficient biomass-based pathway (i.e., switchgrass bioelectricity in U.S. counties with hypothetical crop yields of over 24 tonnes/ha) requires 29 times more land than the PV-based alternative in the same locations. PV BEV systems also have the lowest life cycle GHG emissions throughout the U.S. and the lowest fossil fuel inputs, except for locations with hypothetical switchgrass yields of 16 or more tonnes/ha. Including indirect land use effects further strengthens the case for PV.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Ethanol", "15. Life on land", "Panicum", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Electric Power Supplies", "Electricity", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es302959h"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es302959h", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es302959h", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es302959h"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es303459h", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-22", "title": "Environmental And Economic Trade-Offs In A Watershed When Using Corn Stover For Bioenergy", "description": "There is an abundant supply of corn stover in the United States that remains after grain is harvested which could be used to produce cellulosic biofuels mandated by the current Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). This research integrates the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model and the DayCent biogeochemical model to investigate water quality and soil greenhouse gas flux that results when corn stover is collected at two different rates from corn-soybean and continuous corn crop rotations with and without tillage. Multiobjective watershed-scale optimizations are performed for individual pollutant-cost minimization criteria based on the economic cost of each cropping practice and (individually) the effect on nitrate, total phosphorus, sediment, or global warming potential. We compare these results with a purely economic optimization that maximizes stover production at the lowest cost without taking environmental impacts into account. We illustrate trade-offs between cost and different environmental performance criteria, assuming that nutrients contained in any stover collected must be replaced. The key finding is that stover collection using the practices modeled results in increased contributions to atmospheric greenhouse gases while reducing nitrate and total phosphorus loading to the watershed relative to the status quo without stover collection. Stover collection increases sediment loading to waterways relative to when no stover is removed for each crop rotation-tillage practice combination considered; no-till in combination with stover collection reduced sediment loading below baseline conditions without stover collection. Our results suggest that additional information is needed about (i) the level of nutrient replacement required to maintain grain yields and (ii) cost-effective management practices capable of reducing soil erosion when crop residues are removed in order to avoid contributions to climate change and water quality impairments as a result of using corn stover to satisfy the RFS.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Models", " Economic", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Water Quality", "Gases", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es303459h"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es303459h", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es303459h", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es303459h"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/es404130v", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-18", "title": "Regional Water Implications Of Reducing Oil Imports With Liquid Transportation Fuel Alternatives In The United States", "description": "The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) is among the cornerstone policies created to increase U.S. energy independence by using biofuels. Although greenhouse gas emissions have played a role in shaping the RFS, water implications are less understood. We demonstrate a spatial, life cycle approach to estimate water consumption of transportation fuel scenarios, including a comparison to current water withdrawals and drought incidence by state. The water consumption and land footprint of six scenarios are compared to the RFS, including shale oil, coal-to-liquids, shale gas-to-liquids, corn ethanol, and cellulosic ethanol from switchgrass. The corn scenario is the most water and land intense option and is weighted toward drought-prone states. Fossil options and cellulosic ethanol require significantly less water and are weighted toward less drought-prone states. Coal-to-liquids is an exception, where water consumption is partially weighted toward drought-prone states. Results suggest that there may be considerable water and land impacts associated with meeting energy security goals through using only biofuels. Ultimately, water and land requirements may constrain energy security goals without careful planning, indicating that there is a need to better balance trade-offs. Our approach provides policymakers with a method to integrate federal policies with regional planning over various temporal and spatial scales.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "Marketing", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Ethanol", "Transportation", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "United States", "6. Clean water", "Coal", "Petroleum", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Biomass", "Policy Making"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/es404130v"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/es404130v", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/es404130v", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/es404130v"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/ber2005373", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-09-29", "title": "Relationships Of Intercropped Maize, Stem Borer Damage To Maize Yield And Land-Use Efficiency In The Humid Forest Of Cameroon", "description": "Abstract

Stem borers are the most important maize pests in the humid forest zone of Cameroon. Field trials were conducted in the long and short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003 to assess the level of damage and yield reductions caused by stem borers in monocropped maize and in maize intercropped with non-host plants such as cassava, cowpea and soybean. The intercrops were planted in two spatial arrangements, i.e. alternating hills or alternating rows. All intercrops and the maize monocrop were grown with and without insecticide treatment for assessment of maize yield loss due to borer attacks. The land-use efficiency of each mixed cropping system was evaluated by comparing it with the monocrop. The temporal fluctuation of larval infestations followed the same pattern in all cropping systems, but at the early stage of plant growth, larval densities were 21.3\uffe2\uff80\uff9348.1% higher in the monocrops than in intercrops, and they tended to be higher in alternating rows than alternating hills arrangements. At harvest, however, pest densities did not significantly vary between treatments. Maize monocrops had 3.0\uffe2\uff80\uff938.8 times more stems tunnelled and 1.3\uffe2\uff80\uff933.1 times more cob damage than intercrops. Each percentage increase in stem tunnelling lowered maize grain yield by 1.10 and 1.84 g per plant, respectively, during the long and short rainy season in 2002, and by 5.39 and 1.41 g per plant, respectively, in 2003. Maize yield losses due to stem borer were 1.8\uffe2\uff80\uff933.0 times higher in monocrops than in intercrops. Intercrops had generally a higher land-use efficiency than monocrops, as indicated by land-equivalent-ratios and area-time-equivalent-ratios of >1.0. Land-use efficiency was similar in both spatial arrangements. At current price levels, the net production of mixed cropping systems was economically superior to controlling stem borers with insecticide in monocropped maize. The maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93cassava intercrop yielded the highest land equivalent ratios and the highest replacement value of the intercrop. At medium intensity cropping this system is thus recommended for land-constrained poor farmers who do not use external inputs such as fertilizer and insecticides.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Manihot", "Glycine max", "Rain", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "Humidity", "Moths", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Host-Parasite Interactions", "Trees", "Larva", "Animals", "Biomass", "Cameroon", "Seasons"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christian Nolte, A. Chabi-Olaye, Christian Borgemeister, Fritz Schulthess,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2005373"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Entomological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/ber2005373", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/ber2005373", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/ber2005373"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1011959805622", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Roots, Soil Water And Crop Yield: Tree Crop Interactions In A Semi-Arid Agroforestry System In Kenya", "description": "Variations in soil water, crop yield and fine roots of 3\u20134 year-old Grevillea robusta Cunn. and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. growing in association with maize (Zea mays L.) were examined in semiarid Kenya during the long rains of 1996 and 1997. Even although tree roots penetrated more deeply than maize roots, maximum root length densities for both tree species and maize occurred in the top 200 mm of the soil profile where soil moisture was frequently recharged by rains. Populations of roots in plots containing trees were dominated by tree roots at the beginning of the growing season but because tree roots died and maize root length increased during the cropping season, amounts of tree and maize roots were similar at the end of the season. Thus, there was evidence of temporal separation of root activity between species, but there was no spatial separation of the rooting zones of the trees and crops within that part of the soil profile occupied by crop roots. Tree root length density declined with increasing distances from rows of trees and with depth in the soil profile. Although Grevillea trees were largest, plots containing G. sepium trees always contained more tree roots than plots containing G. robusta trees and Gliricidia was more competitive with maize than Grevillea. Overall, Gliricidia reduced crop yield by about 50% and Grevillea by about 40% relative to crop yield in control plots lacking trees and reductions of crop yield were greatest close to trees. There was less soil moisture in plots containing trees than in control plots. Such difference between control plots and plots containing trees were maximal at the end of the dry season and there was always less soil moisture close to trees than elsewhere in the plots. Plots containing Gliricidia trees contained less soil water than plots containing Grevillea trees.", "keywords": ["Grevillea robusta", "fine root dynamics", "crop yield", "soil moisture", "Gliricidia sepium", "Zea mays"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Odhiambo, H.O., Ong, C.K., Deans, J.D., Wilson, J., Khan, A.A.H., Sprent, J.I.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011959805622"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1011959805622", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1011959805622", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1011959805622"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-019-56266-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-27", "title": "Determining the effect of exogenous organic materials on spatial distribution of maize yield", "description": "Abstract

Knowledge on spatial distribution of crop yield in relation to fixed soil fertilisation with exogenous organic materials is essential for improving precise crop and soil management practices within a field. This study assessed the effect of various application rates and types of exogenous (recycled) organic materials (EOMs) containing different organic matter and nitrogen contents vs. mineral nitrogen on the yield of maize by means of linear regressions (trends), spatial kriging-interpolated maps, and Bland-Altman statistics. The experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 on two soils, i.e. loam silt in Braszowice (Poland) and clay silt loam in Pust\uffc3\uffa9 Jakartice (Czech Republic) under a cross-border cooperation project. The organic materials included compost from manure, slurry, and straw (Ag), industrial organic compost from sewage sludge (Ra), animal meal from animal by-products (Mb), and digestate from a biogas fries factory (Dg). The following 3 application rates of each EOM were adjusted according to the reference 100%\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89200\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921: 50 (50% N from EOM and 50% mineral N), 75 (75% N from EOM and 25% mineral N), and 100 (100% N from EOM). 100% mineral N was applied on control plots. All treatments were carried out in 4 replicates. The linear regressions between the EOM application rates and the maize yield were in general ascending in the Braszowice soil and descending in the more productive Pust\uffc3\uffa9 Jakartice soil. The spatial kriging-interpolated maps allowed separating zones of lower and higher yields with EOMs compared to the control. They were attributed in part to the different EOM application rates and soil water contents. The Bland-Altaman statistics showed that addition of 50% of N from EOMs in 2013 caused a decrease and an increase in the maize grain yield in Braszowice and Pust\uffc3\uffa9 Jakartice, respectively, whereas the inverse was true with the 75 and 100% EOM additions. In 2014, the yield of maize for silage increased with the increasing EOM application rate in Braszowice and decreased in Pust\uffc3\uffa9 Jakartice, but it was smaller on all EOM-amended plots than in the control. As shown by the limits of agreement lines, the maize yields were more even in Pust\uffc3\uffa9 Jakartice than Braszowice. These results provide helpful information for selection of the most yield-producing EOM rates depending on the site soil conditions and prevalent weather conditions.In this study we used meteorological parameters and predictive modelling interpreted by model explanation to develop stress metrics that indicate the presence of drought and heat stress at the specific environment. We started from the extreme temperature and precipitation indices, modified some of them and introduced additional drought indices relevant to the analysis. Based on maize\uffe2\uff80\uff99s sensitivity to stress, the growing season was divided into four stages. The features were calculated throughout the growing season and split in two groups, one for the drought and the other for heat stress. Generated meteorological features were combined with soil features and fed to random forest regression model for the yield prediction. Model explanation gave us the contribution of features to yield decrease, from which we estimated total amount of stress at the environments, which represents new environmental index. Using this index we ranked the environments according to the level of stress. More than 2400 hybrids were tested across the environments where they were grown and based on the yield stability they were marked as either tolerant or susceptible to heat, drought or combined heat and drought stress. Presented methodology and results were produced within the Syngenta Crop Challenge 2019.Nitrate leaching is one of the most important pathways of nitrogen (N) loss which leads to groundwater contamination or surface water eutrophication. Clarifying the rates, controlling factors and characteristics of nitrate leaching is the pre-requisite for proposing effective mitigation strategies. We investigated the effects of interactions among chemical N fertilizer, straw and manure applications on nitrogen leaching in an intensively managed calcareous Fluvo-aquic soil with winter wheat-summer maize cropping rotations on the North China Plain from October 2010 to September 2013 using ceramic suction cups and seepage water calculations based on a long-term field experiment. Annual nitrate leaching reached 38\uffe2\uff80\uff9360\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from conventional N managements, but declined by 32\uffe2\uff80\uff9371% due to optimum N, compost manure or municipal waste treatments, respectively. Nitrate leaching concentrated in the summer maize season, and fewer leaching events with high amounts are the characteristics of nitrate leaching in this region. Overuse of chemical N fertilizers, high net mineralization and nitrification, together with predominance of rainfall in the summer season with light soil texture are the main controlling factors responsible for the high nitrate leaching loss in this soil-crop-climatic system.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Article", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Regression Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Fertilizers", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42247"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep42247", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep42247", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep42247"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep43853", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:16:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-08", "title": "A New Urease-Inhibiting Formulation Decreases Ammonia Volatilization And Improves Maize Nitrogen Utilization In North China Plain", "description": "Abstract

Overuse of urea, low nitrogen (N) utilization, and large N losses are common in maize production in North China Plain (NCP). To solve these problems, we conducted two field experiments at Shangzhuang and Quzhou in NCP to test the ability of a newly developed urease inhibitor product Limus\uffc2\uffae to decrease NH3 volatilization from urea applied to maize. Grain yield, apparent N recovery efficiency (REN) and N balance when using urea applied with or without Limus were also measured over two maize growing seasons. Cumulative NH3 loss in the two weeks following urea application without Limus ranged from 9\uffe2\uff80\uff93108\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, while Limus addition significantly decreased NH3 loss by a mean of 84%. Urea with Limus did not significantly increase maize yields (P\uffe2\uff80\uff89<\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05) compared with urea alone. However, a significant 11\uffe2\uff80\uff9317% improvement in REN with Limus was observed at QZ. The use of urea-N plus Limus would permit a reduction in N applications of 55\uffe2\uff80\uff9360% compared to farmers\uffe2\uff80\uff99 practice and/or further 20% N saving compared with optimized urea-N rate (150\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, based on N requirement by target yield of 7.5 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), and would achieve the same maize yields but with significantly decreased NH3 loss and increased N utilization.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Urease", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "Ammonia", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Seasons", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep43853", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep43853", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep43853"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1079/ber2004347", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-04", "title": "Abundance, Dispersion And Parasitism Of The Stem Borer Busseola Fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) In Maize In The Humid Forest Zone Of Southern Cameroon", "description": "Abstract

This study was conducted in the humid forest zone of Cameroon, in 2002 and 2003. The main objective was to investigate the effects of intercropping on infestation levels and parasitism of the noctuid maize stem borer Busseola fusca Fuller. Two trials were planted per year, one during the long and one during the short rainy season. Maize monocrops were compared with maize/legume or maize/cassava intercrops in two spatial arrangements: maize on alternate hills or in alternate rows. Spatial analyses showed that the stemborer egg batches were regularly dispersed in the maize monocrop and aggregated in the intercrops, as indicated by b, the index of dispersion of Taylor's power law. Depending on the crop association and planting pattern, intercrops reduced the percentage of plants with stem borer eggs by 47.4\uffe2\uff80\uff9358.4% and egg densities by 41.2\uffe2\uff80\uff9354.5% compared to monocropped maize. Consequently, larval densities were 44.4\uffe2\uff80\uff9361.5% lower in intercrops compared to monocrops. Intercropping maize with non-host plants did not affect larval parasitism. Up to two-fold higher levels of egg parasitism by scelionid Telenomus spp. were recorded in inter- compared to monocrops during the short rainy seasons of 2002 and 2003. No differences were found among the mixed cropping treatments and parasitism was lower during the long compared to the short rainy seasons. It was proposed that differences in levels of parasitism were due to density dependence effects rather than the effect of the presence of non-host plants in the system.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Population Density", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Tropical Climate", "Wasps", "Agriculture", "Moths", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "Larva", "Linear Models", "Animals", "Cameroon", "Seasons", "Ovum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "A. Chabi-Olaye, Christian Nolte, Christian Borgemeister, Fritz Schulthess,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1079/ber2004347"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20Entomological%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1079/ber2004347", "name": "item", "description": "10.1079/ber2004347", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1079/ber2004347"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-26", "title": "Alley Cropping Of Maize And Gliricidia Sepium In The Sudanese Sahel Region: Some Technical Feasibility Aspects", "description": "An association in an alley cropping experiment of a short-term maize variety and a tree legume (#Gliricidia sepium#) adapted to the Sudanese Sahel region was studied from the point of view of the nitrogen balance and plot yields. Isotopic labelling applied in the field enabled the contribution to maize nitrogen nutrition from different nitrogen sources (fertilizer, prunings, and soil) to be quantified. For equal cultivated areas, alley cropping provides a maize yield greater than that of maize grown in pure stand without nitrogen fertilizer. However this yield is only 40% of that obtained in pure stands with fertilizer nitrogen. Alley cropping gives a very favourable Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 0.90 and 1.58 compared with N-fertilized and non-N-fertilized plots, respectively. These LERs demonstrate the increased biological efficiency of the cultivated soil in an agroforestry system. The percentage of the total nitrogen in the maize coming from prunings (Nfdp) varies between 30 and 35% and the true coefficient of nitrogen utilization of the prunings (TCUp) varies from 15-25%. In the environment of central Senegal, the percentage of total nitrogen of #G. sepium# coming from N2 fixation is quite low (Ndffix = 25%), and consequently, in the maize, the nitrogen coming from N2 fixation (Ndffix) is only 8%. It is therefore necessary to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fixation of #G. sepium# in this zone to assure the sustainability of the agroforestry system. (Resume d'auteur)", "keywords": ["Fixation de l'azote", "engrais organique", "Nitrogen", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5192", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "Gliricidia sepium", "fertilisation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16379", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4592", "Nitrogen fixation", "F01 - Culture des plantes", "Agroforestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6970", "Ecosystem", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "azote", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "technique des traceurs", "engrais azot\u00e9", "nutrition des plantes", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "Utilization", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7835", "Fertilization", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3910", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "culture intercalaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5195", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5196", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3278", "F04 - Fertilisation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ndiaye, Mamadou, Ganry, Francis, Oliver, Robert,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08903060050136432"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arid%20Soil%20Research%20and%20Rehabilitation", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/08903060050136432"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00228.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-07-29", "title": "Effect Of Tillage On Soil Organic Carbon Mineralization Estimated From 13c Abundance In Maize Fields", "description": "SUMMARY

Three methods of cultivation, conventional tillage (CT), superficial tillage (ST) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage (NT), were applied for 17 years to continuous maize. Their effect on soil organic carbon content was investigated through measurements of carbon and 13C/12C ratios, using the natural difference in 13C content between C3 plants and maize, which is a C4 plant. Because the soil had carried C3 plants before the experiment started, the organic carbon remaining from that time (C3,\uffe2\uff80\uff90carbon), was distinguished from the carbon derived from maize. Comparison between continuous wheat and maize plots showed that organic matter from both maize and wheat decomposed without significant 13C enrichment, whereas older C3\uffe2\uff80\uff90carbon was enriched by 1.5% compared to that of fresh wheat material. From the initial 3.6 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 in the topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 cm), 0.95 were mineralized in the CT treatment, but only 0.45 in NT. The mineralization was the same in the tilled layer of ST as in CT. The CT treatment accumulated 1.1 kg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 of maize\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived carbon and the NT treatment 0.8. The mineralization of initial C3\uffe2\uff80\uff90carbon was the same at all depths between 0 and 30 cm in the NT treatment; 75% of the carbon derived from maize was found in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 cm layer.

", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "ma\u00efs", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbone 13", "zea mays", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "marqueur isotopique", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "min\u00e9ralisation", "syst\u00e8me de culture"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Balesdent, J\u00e9r\u00f4me, Mariotti, Andr\u00e9, Boisgontier, D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02700909/file/101949_20110203054704668_1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00228.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00228.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00228.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1990.tb00228.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1990-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1093/jee/98.2.384", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-13", "title": "Influence Of Maize/Lablab Intercropping On Lepidopterous Stem Borer Infestation In Maize", "description": "Lepidopterous stem borers seriously affect production of maize, Zea mays L., in sub-Saharan Africa. Intercropping maize with legumes such as lablab, Lablab purpurens (L.), is one of the effective systems to control stem borers. Sole culture maize and maize/lablab intercrop system of different lablab densities were planted at two locations to investigate the effects of intercrop system on incidence and severity of stem borers with particular reference to Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Stem borer infestation was found to be more severe in sole culture maize than maize in maize/lablab intercrop. There was a significantly negative relationship between lablab densities and maize grain yields, suggesting a possible competition for resources between the two crops. It was concluded that density of lablab and date of planting of lablab in maize/lablab intercropping have significant affects on stem borer populations and maize grain yields.", "keywords": ["Lepidoptera", "Population Density", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Insect Control", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.2.384"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Economic%20Entomology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/jee/98.2.384", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/jee/98.2.384", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/jee/98.2.384"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-31", "title": "Characterization of Argentinian Endemic Aspergillus flavus Isolates and Their Potential Use as Biocontrol Agents for Mycotoxins in Maize", "description": "

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a highly valuable crop in Argentina, frequently contaminated with the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Biocontrol products formulated with atoxigenic (nontoxic) strains of this fungal species are well known as an effective method to reduce this contamination. In the present study, 83 A. flavus isolates from two maize regions of Argentina were characterized and evaluated for their ability to produce or lack of producing mycotoxins in order to select atoxigenic strains to be used as potential biocontrol agents (BCA). All of the isolates were tested for aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production in maize kernels and a liquid culture medium. Genetic diversity of the nonaflatoxigenic isolates was evaluated by analysis of vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) and confirmation of deletions in the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster. Eight atoxigenic isolates were compared for their ability to reduce aflatoxin and CPA contamination in maize kernels in coinoculation tests. The A. flavus population was composed of 32% aflatoxin and CPA producers and 52% CPA producers, and 16% was determined as atoxigenic. All of the aflatoxin producer isolates also produced CPA. Aflatoxin and CPA production was significantly higher in maize kernels than in liquid medium. The 57 nonaflatoxigenic strains formed six VCG, with AM1 and AM5 being the dominant groups, with a frequency of 58 and 35%, respectively. In coinoculation experiments, all of the atoxigenic strains reduced aflatoxin from 54 to 83% and CPA from 60 to 97%. Members of group AM1 showed a greater aflatoxin reduction than members of AM5 (72 versus 66%) but no differences were detected in CPA production. Here, we described for the first time atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus that show promise to be used as BCA in maize crops in Argentina. This innovating biological control approach should be considered, developed further, and used by the maize industry to preserve the quality properties and food safety of maize kernels in Argentina.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Micotoxinas", "0303 health sciences", "Argentina", "Biocontrol", "Genetic Variation", "Mycotoxins", "maize", "Zea mays", "Maize", "03 medical and health sciences", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.5", "Biological Control Agents", "13. Climate action", "Aflatoxinas", "Antibiosis", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4", "Aspergillus Flavus", "Zea Mays", "Ma\u00edz", "Aspergillus flavus", "Plant Diseases"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Phytopathology%C2%AE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R", "name": "item", "description": "10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1094/phyto-07-17-0255-r", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-01-31", "title": "Characterization of Argentinian EndemicAspergillus flavusIsolates and Their Potential Use as Biocontrol Agents for Mycotoxins in Maize", "description": "

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a highly valuable crop in Argentina, frequently contaminated with the mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Biocontrol products formulated with atoxigenic (nontoxic) strains of this fungal species are well known as an effective method to reduce this contamination. In the present study, 83 A. flavus isolates from two maize regions of Argentina were characterized and evaluated for their ability to produce or lack of producing mycotoxins in order to select atoxigenic strains to be used as potential biocontrol agents (BCA). All of the isolates were tested for aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production in maize kernels and a liquid culture medium. Genetic diversity of the nonaflatoxigenic isolates was evaluated by analysis of vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) and confirmation of deletions in the aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster. Eight atoxigenic isolates were compared for their ability to reduce aflatoxin and CPA contamination in maize kernels in coinoculation tests. The A. flavus population was composed of 32% aflatoxin and CPA producers and 52% CPA producers, and 16% was determined as atoxigenic. All of the aflatoxin producer isolates also produced CPA. Aflatoxin and CPA production was significantly higher in maize kernels than in liquid medium. The 57 nonaflatoxigenic strains formed six VCG, with AM1 and AM5 being the dominant groups, with a frequency of 58 and 35%, respectively. In coinoculation experiments, all of the atoxigenic strains reduced aflatoxin from 54 to 83% and CPA from 60 to 97%. Members of group AM1 showed a greater aflatoxin reduction than members of AM5 (72 versus 66%) but no differences were detected in CPA production. Here, we described for the first time atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus that show promise to be used as BCA in maize crops in Argentina. This innovating biological control approach should be considered, developed further, and used by the maize industry to preserve the quality properties and food safety of maize kernels in Argentina.

", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "2. Zero hunger", "Micotoxinas", "0303 health sciences", "Argentina", "Biocontrol", "Genetic Variation", "Mycotoxins", "maize", "Zea mays", "Maize", "03 medical and health sciences", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4.5", "Biological Control Agents", "13. Climate action", "Aflatoxinas", "Antibiosis", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/4", "Aspergillus Flavus", "Zea Mays", "Ma\u00edz", "Aspergillus flavus", "Plant Diseases"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0255-R"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-17-0255-r"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Phytopathology%C2%AE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1094/phyto-07-17-0255-r", "name": "item", "description": "10.1094/phyto-07-17-0255-r", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1094/phyto-07-17-0255-r"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rsif.2017.0560", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-08", "title": "Measurement of micro-scale soil deformation around roots using four-dimensional synchrotron tomography and image correlation", "description": "

This study applied time lapse (four-dimensional) synchrotron X-ray computed tomography to observe micro-scale interactions between plant roots and soil. Functionally contrasting maize root tips were repeatedly imaged during ingress into soil columns of varying water content and compaction. This yielded sequences of three-dimensional densiometric data, representing time-resolved geometric soil and root configurations at the micronmetre scale. These data were used as inputs for two full-field kinematic quantification methods, which enabled the analysis of three-dimensional soil deformation around elongating roots. Discrete object tracking was used to track rigid mineral grains, while continuum digital volume correlation was used to track grey-level patterns within local sub-volumes. These techniques both allowed full-field soil displacements to be quantified at an intra-rhizosphere spatial sampling scale of less than 300 \u00b5m. Significant differences in deformation mechanisms were identified around different phenotypes under different soil conditions. A uniquely strong contrast was observed between intact and de-capped roots grown in dry, compacted soil. This provides evidence that functional traits of the root cap significantly reduce the amount of soil disturbance per unit of root elongation, with this effect being particularly significant in drier soil.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "Soil", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "15. Life on land", "Tomography", " X-Ray Computed", "Plant Roots", "Zea mays", "Synchrotrons"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsif.2017.0560"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0560"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20The%20Royal%20Society%20Interface", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rsif.2017.0560", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rsif.2017.0560", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rsif.2017.0560"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1100/tsw.2001.90", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-03-23", "title": "Nitrogen Use And Carbon Sequestered By Corn Rotations In The Northern Corn Belt, U.S.", "description": "

Diversified crop rotation may improve production efficiency, reduce fertilizer nitrogen (N) requirements for corn (Zea mays L.), and increase soil carbon (C) storage. Objectives were to determine effect of rotation and fertilizer N on soil C sequestration and N use. An experiment was started in 1990 on a Barnes clay loam (U.S. soil taxonomy: fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll) near Brookings, SD. Tillage systems for corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotations were conventional tillage (CS) and ridge tillage (CSr). Rotations under conventional tillage were continuous corn (CC), and a 4-year rotation of corn\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) companion-seeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)\uffe2\uff80\uff93alfalfa hay (CSWA). Additional treatments included plots of perennial warm season, cool season, and mixtures of warm and cool season grasses. N treatments for corn were corn fertilized for a grain yield of 8.5 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931(highN), of 5.3 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931(midN), and with no N fertilizer (noN). Total (1990\uffe2\uff80\uff932000) corn grain yield was not different among rotations at 80.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under highN. Corn yield differences among rotations increased with decreased fertilizer N. Total (1990\uffe2\uff80\uff932000) corn yields with noN fertilizer were 69 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CSWA, 53 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CS, and 35 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CC. Total N attributed to rotations (noN treatments) was 0.68 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CSWA, 0.61 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CS, and 0.28 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CC. Plant carbon return depended on rotation and N. In the past 10 years, total C returned from above- ground biomass was 29.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CC with highN, and 12.8 Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931under CSWA with noN. Soil C in the top 15 cm significantly increased (0.7 g kg\uffe2\uff80\uff931) with perennial grass cover, remained unchanged under CSr, and decreased (1.7 g kg\uffe2\uff80\uff931) under CC, CS, and CSWA. C to N ratio significantly narrowed (\uffe2\uff80\uff930.75) with CSWA and widened (0.72) under grass. Diversified rotations have potential to increase N use efficiency and reduce fertilizer N input for corn. However, within a corn production system using conventional tillage and producing (averaged across rotation and N treatment) about 6.2-Mg ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931corn grain per year, we found no gain in soil C after 10 years regardless of rotation.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Technology", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "T", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "United States", "Time", "Soil", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Thomas E. Schumacher, Merle F. Vigil, Joseph L. Pikul,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.90"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Scientific%20World%20JOURNAL", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1100/tsw.2001.90", "name": "item", "description": "10.1100/tsw.2001.90", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1100/tsw.2001.90"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-27", "title": "Comparative Losses Of Glyphosate And Selected Residual Herbicides In Surface Runoff From Conservation-Tilled Watersheds Planted With Corn Or Soybean", "description": "Residual herbicides regularly used in conjunction with conservation tillage to produce corn ( L.) and soybean [ (L.) Merr] are often detected in surface water at concentrations that exceed their U.S. maximum contaminant levels (MCL) and ecological standards. These risks might be reduced by planting glyphosate-tolerant varieties of these crops and totally or partially replacing the residual herbicides alachlor, atrazine, linuron, and metribuzin with glyphosate, a contact herbicide that has a short half-life and is strongly sorbed to soil. Therefore, we applied both herbicide types at typical rates and times to two chisel-plowed and two no-till watersheds in a 2-yr corn/soybean rotation and at half rates to three disked watersheds in a 3-yr corn/soybean/wheat-red clover ( L.- L.) rotation and monitored herbicide losses in surface runoff for three crop years. Average dissolved glyphosate loss for all tillage practices, as a percentage of the amount applied, was significantly less ( \u2264 0.05) than the losses of atrazine (21.4x), alachlor (3.5x), and linuron (8.7x) in corn-crop years. Annual, flow-weighted, concentration of atrazine was as high as 41.3 \u03bcg L, much greater than its 3 \u03bcg L MCL. Likewise, annual, flow-weighted alachlor concentration (MCL = 2 \u03bcg L) was as high as 11.2 and 4.9 \u03bcg L in corn- and soybean-crop years, respectively. In only one runoff event during the 18 watershed-years it was applied did glyphosate concentration exceed its 700 \u03bcg L MCL and the highest, annual, flow-weighted concentration was 3.9 \u03bcg L. Planting glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean and using glyphosate in lieu of some residual herbicides should reduce the impact of the production of these crops on surface water quality.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "Glycine max", "Herbicides", "Glycine", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Water Supply", "13. Climate action", "Medicago", "Water Movements", "Water Pollution", " Chemical", "Soil Pollutants", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2010.0454", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2010.0454"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agronomy12102264", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:19:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-21", "title": "The Effect of Combining N-Fertilization with Urease Inhibitors and Biological Preparations on Maize Biological Productivity", "description": "

After evaluating the ecological and economic aspects, it is predicted that the use of urease inhibitors and biological preparations should reduce the risk of nutrient leaching by using fertilizers containing amide, ammonium, and nitrate forms of nitrogen and would increase nitrogen use efficiency. Moreover, with lower nitrogen fertilizer rates, it would be possible to achieve or even increase planned maize biomass yield. The field experiment was performed in 2019\u20132021 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy. The soil of the experimental field was Endohipogleyic-Eutric Planasol. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urease inhibitors and biological preparations in combination with nitrogen fertilizers on the productivity of aboveground maize (Zea mays L.) biomass. A two-factor experiment was carried out: factor A included nitrogen fertilizer rates of (1) 100 kg N ha\u22121, (2) 140 kg N ha\u22121, and (3) 180 kg N ha\u22121; and factor B included the use of preparations of (1) no use of urease inhibitors (UIs) and biological preparations (BPs) (control), (2) the urease inhibitor ammonium thiosulphate (UI ATS), (3) the urease inhibitor (UI URN)\u2014N-Butyl-thiophosphorus triamide (NBPT), (4) the biological preparation of suspension of humic and fulvic acids (BP HUM); and (5) the biological preparation (BP FIT) of suspension of Ascophyllum nodosum The studies showed that the dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased not only by increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates but also by the use of UIs and BPs. The highest dry matter yield of maize (24.1 t ha\u22121) was obtained with N180 fertilizer and UI ATS. UI ATS significantly increased the dry matter yield of the aboveground maize in all nitrogen fertilization backgrounds. The UIs and BPs tested had a greater and significant (p < 0.05) effect on the dry matter yield of maize at lower rates of N100 and N140 nitrogen fertilizer. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates up to N180 had a positive significant effect on dry matter yields of the aboveground part of maize, its cobs, leaves, and stems. Positive, moderate, strong, and very strong correlations were found in most cases between the latter variables. These correlations were statistically significant (r2 = 0.62\u20130.98). The UIs and BPs increased the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer; therefore, the lower rates of nitrogen fertilizer (N100 and N140) could be used to produce maize productivity the same as that obtained with a high rate of nitrogen fertilizer (N180).

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "biomass", "S", "urease inhibitors", "N fertilizer", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water", "biological preparations", "Zea mays L.", "fertilization", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Zea mays L.; fertilization; N fertilizer; urease inhibitors; biological preparations; biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2264/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2264/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102264"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy12102264", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy12102264", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy12102264"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-08-25", "title": "Fertilizer Source And Tillage Effects On Yield-Scaled Nitrous Oxide Emissions In A Corn Cropping System", "description": "

Management practices such as fertilizer or tillage regime may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and crop yields, each of which is commonly expressed with respect to area (e.g., kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 or Mg grain ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Expressing N2O emissions per unit of yield can account for both of these management impacts and might provide a useful metric for greenhouse gas inventories by relating N2O emissions to grain production rates. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (>17 yr) tillage treatments and N fertilizer source on area\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions, soil N intensity, and nitrogen use efficiency for rainfed corn (Zea mays L.) in Minnesota over three growing seasons. Two different controlled\uffe2\uff80\uff90release fertilizers (CRFs) and conventional urea (CU) were surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90applied at 146 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 several weeks after planting to conventional tillage (CT) and no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) treatments. Yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled emissions across all treatments represented 0.4 to 1.1% of the N harvested in the grain. Both CRFs reduced soil nitrate intensity, but not N2O emissions, compared with CU. One CRF, consisting of nitrification and urease inhibitors added to urea, decreased N2O emissions compared with a polymer\uffe2\uff80\uff90coated urea (PCU). The PCU tended to have lower yields during the drier years of the study, which increased its yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions. The overall effectiveness of CRFs compared with CU in this study may have been reduced because they were applied several weeks after corn was planted. Across all N treatments, area\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled N2O emissions were not significantly affected by tillage. However, when expressed per unit yield of grain, grain N, or total aboveground N, N2O emissions with NT were 52, 66, and 69% greater, respectively, compared with CT. Thus, in this cropping system and climate regime, production of an equivalent amount of grain using NT would generate substantially more N2O compared with CT.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Fertilizers", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0039"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Quality", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "name": "item", "description": "10.2134/jeq2011.0039", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2134/jeq2011.0039"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12347", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-08", "title": "Assessing The Performance Of The Photo-Acoustic Infrared Gas Monitor For Measuring Co2, N2o, And Ch4 Fluxes In Two Major Cereal Rotations", "description": "Abstract

Rapid, precise, and globally comparable methods for monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are required for accurate GHG inventories from different cropping systems and management practices. Manual gas sampling followed by gas chromatography (GC) is widely used for measuring GHG fluxes in agricultural fields, but is laborious and time\uffe2\uff80\uff90consuming. The photo\uffe2\uff80\uff90acoustic infrared gas monitoring system (PAS) with on\uffe2\uff80\uff90line gas sampling is an attractive option, although it has not been evaluated for measuring GHG fluxes in cereals in general and rice in particular. We compared N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes measured by GC and PAS from agricultural fields under the rice\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat and maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat systems during the wheat (winter), and maize/rice (monsoon) seasons in Haryana, India. All the PAS readings were corrected for baseline drifts over time and PAS\uffe2\uff80\uff90CH4 (PCH4) readings in flooded rice were corrected for water vapor interferences. The PCH4 readings in ambient air increased by 2.3\uffc2\uffa0ppm for every 1000\uffc2\uffa0mg\uffc2\uffa0cm\uffe2\uff88\uff923 increase in water vapor. The daily CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes measured by GC and PAS from the same chamber were not different in 93\uffe2\uff80\uff9398% of all the measurements made but the PAS exhibited greater precision for estimates of CO2 and N2O fluxes in wheat and maize, and lower precision for CH4 flux in rice, than GC. The seasonal GC\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and PAS\uffe2\uff80\uff90N2O (PN2O) fluxes in wheat and maize were not different but the PAS\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 (PCO2) flux in wheat was 14\uffe2\uff80\uff9339% higher than that of GC. In flooded rice, the seasonal PCH4 and PN2O fluxes across N levels were higher than those of GC\uffe2\uff80\uff90CH4 and GC\uffe2\uff80\uff90N2O fluxes by about 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and 4fold, respectively. The PAS (i) proved to be a suitable alternative to GC for N2O and CO2 flux measurements in wheat, and (ii) showed potential for obtaining accurate measurements of CH4 fluxes in flooded rice after making correction for changes in humidity.

", "keywords": ["Chromatography", " Gas", "Spectrophotometry", " Infrared", "Nitrous Oxide", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "greenhouse gases", "climate", "Triticum", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "cereals", "2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "nitrous oxide", "methane", "rice", "carbon dioxide", "Oryza", "Acoustics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "monitoring", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12347"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12347", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12347", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12347"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12475", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-24", "title": "Soil C And N Availability Determine The Priming Effect: Microbial N Mining And Stoichiometric Decomposition Theories", "description": "Abstract

The increasing input of anthropogenically derived nitrogen (N) to ecosystems raises a crucial question: how does available N modify the decomposer community and thus affects the mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM). Moreover, N input modifies the priming effect (PE), that is, the effect of fresh organics on the microbial decomposition of SOM. We studied the interactive effects of C and N on SOM mineralization (by natural 13C labelling adding C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90sucrose or C4\uffe2\uff80\uff90maize straw to C3\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil) in relation to microbial growth kinetics and to the activities of five hydrolytic enzymes. This encompasses the groups of parameters governing two mechanisms of priming effects \uffe2\uff80\uff93 microbial N mining and stoichiometric decomposition theories. In sole C treatments, positive PE was accompanied by a decrease in specific microbial growth rates, confirming a greater contribution of K\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists to the decomposition of native SOM. Sucrose addition with N significantly accelerated mineralization of native SOM, whereas mineral N added with plant residues accelerated decomposition of plant residues. This supports the microbial mining theory in terms of N limitation. Sucrose addition with N was accompanied by accelerated microbial growth, increased activities of \uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase, and decreased activities of xylanase and leucine amino peptidase. This indicated an increased contribution of r\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists to the PE and to decomposition of cellulose but the decreased hemicellulolytic and proteolytic activities. Thus, the acceleration of the C cycle was primed by exogenous organic C and was controlled by N. This confirms the stoichiometric decomposition theory. Both K\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and r\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists were beneficial for priming effects, with an increasing contribution of K\uffe2\uff80\uff90selected species under N limitation. Thus, the priming phenomenon described in \uffe2\uff80\uff98microbial N mining\uffe2\uff80\uff99 theory can be ascribed to K\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists. In contrast, \uffe2\uff80\uff98stoichiometric decomposition\uffe2\uff80\uff99 theory, that is, accelerated OM mineralization due to balanced microbial growth, is explained by domination of r\uffe2\uff80\uff90strategists.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Sucrose", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "Soil Microbiology", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12475"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12475", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12475", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12475"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-04-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-02", "title": "Elevated Co2 And Temperature Increase Soil C Losses From A Soybean-Maize Ecosystem", "description": "Abstract

Warming temperatures and increasing CO2 are likely to have large effects on the amount of carbon stored in soil, but predictions of these effects are poorly constrained. We elevated temperature (canopy: +2.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C; soil growing season: +1.8\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C; soil fallow: +2.3\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C) for 3\uffc2\uffa0years within the 9th\uffe2\uff80\uff9311th years of an elevated CO2 (+200\uffc2\uffa0ppm) experiment on a maize\uffe2\uff80\uff93soybean agroecosystem, measured respiration by roots and soil microbes, and then used a process\uffe2\uff80\uff90based ecosystem model (DayCent) to simulate the decadal effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on soil C. Both heating and elevated CO2 increased respiration from soil microbes by ~20%, but heating reduced respiration from roots and rhizosphere by ~25%. The effects were additive, with no heat\uffc2\uffa0\uffc3\uff97\uffc2\uffa0CO2 interactions. Particulate organic matter and total soil C declined over time in all treatments and were lower in elevated CO2 plots than in ambient plots, but did not differ between heat treatments. We speculate that these declines indicate a priming effect, with increased C inputs under elevated CO2 fueling a loss of old soil carbon. Model simulations of heated plots agreed with our observations and predicted loss of ~15% of soil organic C after 100\uffc2\uffa0years of heating, but simulations of elevated CO2 failed to predict the observed C losses and instead predicted a ~4% gain in soil organic C under any heating conditions. Despite model uncertainty, our empirical results suggest that combined, elevated CO2 and temperature will lead to long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term declines in the amount of carbon stored in agricultural soils.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "Temperature", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Zea mays", "Carbon Cycle", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13378"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13378", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13378"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-07-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13637", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-01-30", "title": "Long-Term No-Till And Stover Retention Each Decrease The Global Warming Potential Of Irrigated Continuous Corn", "description": "Abstract

Over the last 50\uffc2\uffa0years, the most increase in cultivated land area globally has been due to a doubling of irrigated land. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term agronomic management impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and global warming potential (GWP) in irrigated systems, however, remain relatively unknown. Here, residue and tillage management effects were quantified by measuring soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes and SOC changes (\uffce\uff94SOC) at a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, irrigated continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system in eastern Nebraska, United States. Management treatments began in 2002, and measured treatments included no or high stover removal (0 or 6.8\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0DM\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffc2\uffa0yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively) under no\uffe2\uff80\uff90till (NT) or conventional disk tillage (CT) with full irrigation (n\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa04). Soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were measured for five crop\uffe2\uff80\uff90years (2011\uffe2\uff80\uff932015), and \uffce\uff94SOC was determined on an equivalent mass basis to ~30\uffc2\uffa0cm soil depth. Both area\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and yield\uffe2\uff80\uff90scaled soil N2O emissions were greater with stover retention compared to removal and for CT compared to NT, with no interaction between stover and tillage practices. Methane comprised <1% of total emissions, with NT being CH4 neutral and CT a CH4 source. Surface SOC decreased with stover removal and with CT after 14\uffc2\uffa0years of management. When \uffce\uff94SOC, soil GHG emissions, and agronomic energy usage were used to calculate system GWP, all management systems were net GHG sources. Conservation practices (NT, stover retention) each decreased system GWP compared to conventional practices (CT, stover removal), but pairing conservation practices conferred no additional mitigation benefit. Although cropping system, management equipment/timing/history, soil type, location, weather, and the depth to which \uffce\uff94SOC is measured affect the GWP outcomes of irrigated systems at large, this long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term irrigated study provides valuable empirical evidence of how management decisions can impact soil GHG emissions and surface SOC stocks.

", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "no-till", "Agricultural Irrigation", "nitrous oxide", "550", "methane", "Nitrous Oxide", "conventional tillage", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Global Warming", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "630", "6. Clean water", "soil organic carbon", "Soil", "greenhouse gas intensity", "13. Climate action", "global warming potential", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "stover removal"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13637"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13637", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13637", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13637"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-05", "title": "Effect Of A Legume Cover Crop (Mucuna Pruriens Var. Utilis) On Soil Carbon In An Ultisol Under Maize Cultivation In Southern Benin", "description": "

Abstract. Long term fallow is no longer possible in densely populated tropical areas, but legume cover crops can help maintain soil fertility. Our work aimed to study changes in soil carbon in a sandy loam Ultisol in Benin, which involved a 12\uffe2\uff80\uff90year experiment on three maize cropping systems under manual tillage: traditional no\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cultivation (T), mineral fertilized cultivation (NPK), and association with Mucuna pruriens (M). The origin of soil carbon was also determined through the natural abundance of soil and biomass 13C. In T, NPK and M changes in soil carbon at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm were \uffe2\uff88\uff920.2, +0.2 and +1.3 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with residue carbon amounting to 3.5, 6.4 and 10.0 t C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. After 12 years of experimentation, carbon originating from maize in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9340 cm) represented less than 4% of both total carbon and overall maize residue carbon. In contrast, carbon originating from mucuna in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented more than 50% of both total carbon and overall mucuna residue carbon in M, possibly due to accelerated mineralization of native soil carbon (priming effect) and slow mulch decomposition. Carbon originating from weeds in litter\uffe2\uff80\uff90plus\uffe2\uff80\uff90soil represented c. 10% of both total carbon and overall weed residue carbon in T and NPK. Thus mucuna mulch was very effective in promoting carbon sequestration in the soil studied.

", "keywords": ["Soil nutrients", "Carbon sequestration", "13C natural abundance", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Soil management", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Npk", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "630", "plante de couverture", "Legume cover crops", "Benin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "legume cover crop", "Mucuna pruriens", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4971", "ANALYSE STATISTIQUE", "580", "LEGUMINEUSE TROPICALE", "Acrisol", "2. Zero hunger", "Tropical zones", "mucuna", "BIOMASSE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Green manure crops", "RESIDU VEGETAL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_101", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mucuna", "Soil carbon", "CARBONE ORGANIQUE", "soil organic carbon", "STOCK ORGANIQUE", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "MAIS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "Farm/Enterprise Scale", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "FERTILISATION DU SOL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "carbone"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Use%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00363.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00235.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-21", "title": "The Effects Of Stubble Retention And Nitrogen Application On Soil Microbial Community Structure And Functional Gene Abundance Under Irrigated Maize", "description": "The effects of agronomic management practices on the soil microbial community were investigated in a maize production system in New South Wales, Australia. The site has been intensively studied to measure the impact of stubble management and N-fertilizer application on greenhouse gas emissions (CO(2) and N(2)O), N-cycling, pathology, soil structure and yield. As all of these endpoints can be regulated by microbial processes, the microbiology of the system was examined. Soil samples were taken after a winter fallow period and the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities was measured using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Stubble and N shifted the structure of bacterial and fungal communities with the primary driver being stubble addition on the fungal community structure (P<0.05 for all effects). Changes in C, N (total and NO(3)), K and Na, were correlated (P<0.05) with variation in the microbial community structure. Quantitative PCR showed that nifH (nitrogen fixation) and napA (denitrification) gene abundance increased upon stubble retention, whereas amoA gene numbers were increased by N addition. These results showed that the management of both stubble and N have significant and long-term impacts on the size and structure of the soil microbial community at phylogenetic and functional levels.", "keywords": ["Electrophoresis", "0301 basic medicine", "Nitrogen", "Genes", " Fungal", "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "Zea mays", "630", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Nitrogen Fixation", "Cluster Analysis", "Electrophoresis", " Gel", " Two-Dimensional", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "Gel", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Bacterial", "Australia", "Fungi", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Fungal", "Genes", "Genes", " Bacterial", "13. Climate action", "Two-Dimensional"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00235.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/FEMS%20Microbiology%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00235.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00235.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00235.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00318.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-18", "title": "Response Of Soil Microbial Biomass And Community Structures To Conventional And Organic Farming Systems Under Identical Crop Rotations", "description": "In this study the influence of different farming systems on microbial community structure was analyzed using soil samples from the DOK long-term field experiment in Switzerland, which comprises organic (BIODYN and BIOORG) and conventional (CONFYM and CONMIN) farming systems as well as an unfertilized control (NOFERT). We examined microbial communities in winter wheat plots at two different points in the crop rotation (after potatoes and after maize). Employing extended polar lipid analysis up to 244 different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL) were detected. Higher concentrations of PLFA and PLEL in BIODYN and BIOORG indicated a significant influence of organic agriculture on microbial biomass. Farmyard manure (FYM) application consistently revealed the strongest, and the preceding crop the weakest, influence on domain-specific biomass, diversity indices and microbial community structures. Esterlinked PLFA from slowly growing bacteria (k-strategists) showed the strongest responses to long-term organic fertilization. Although the highest fungal biomass was found in the two organic systems of the DOK field trial, their contribution to the differentiation of community structures according to the management regime was relatively low. Prokaryotic communities responded most strongly to either conventional or organic farming management.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "Nutrient turnover", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Soil quality", "Soil", "organic farming; DOK long-term field trial; microbial community; PLFA; PLEL", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "'Organics' in general", "Fertilizers", "Ecosystem", "Phospholipids", "Soil Microbiology", "Triticum", "Solanum tuberosum"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Espersch\u00fctz, J\u00fcrgen, Gattinger, Andreas, M\u00e4der, Paul, Schloter, Michael, Flie\u00dfbach, Andreas,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00318.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/FEMS%20Microbiology%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00318.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00318.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00318.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/nph.15429", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:17:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-21", "title": "Adapt your shuttling proteins for virulence: a lesson from the corn smut fungus Ustilago maydis", "description": "

This article is a Commentary on Krombach et\uffc2\uffa0al., 220: 553\uffe2\uff80\uff93566. Earthworm activity is known to increase emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from arable soils. Earthworm gut, casts, and burrows have exhibited higher denitrification activities than the bulk soil, implicating priming of denitrifying organisms as a possible mechanism for this effect. Furthermore, the earthworm feeding strategy may drive N 2 O emissions, as it determines access to fresh organic matter for denitrification. Here, we determined whether interactions between earthworm feeding strategy and the soil denitrifier community can predict N 2 O emissions from the soil. We set up a 90-day mesocosm experiment in which 15 N-labeled maize ( Zea mays L.) was either mixed in or applied on top of the soil in the presence or absence of the epigeic earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and/or the endogeic earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa . We measured N 2 O fluxes and tested the bulk soil for denitrification enzyme activity and the abundance of 16S rRNA and denitrifier genes nirS and nosZ through real-time quantitative PCR. Compared to the control, L. rubellus increased denitrification enzyme activity and N 2 O emissions on days 21 and 90 (day 21, P = 0.034 and P = 0.002, respectively; day 90, P = 0.001 and P = 0.007, respectively), as well as cumulative N 2 O emissions (76%; P = 0.014). A. caliginosa activity led to a transient increase of N 2 O emissions on days 8 to 18 of the experiment. Abundance of nosZ was significantly increased (100%) on day 90 in the treatment mixture containing L. rubellus alone. We conclude that L. rubellus increased cumulative N 2 O emissions by affecting denitrifier community activity via incorporation of fresh residue into the soil and supplying a steady, labile carbon source.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "agricultural soil", "Bacteria", "nosz genes", "carbon", "Nitrous Oxide", "n2o emission", "n2o-producing microorganisms", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "pcr data", "microbial activity", "Animal Feed", "Zea mays", "lumbricus-rubellus", "Soil", "Denitrification", "Animals", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "community composition", "Oligochaeta", "organic-matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00033-11"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20and%20Environmental%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1128/aem.00033-11", "name": "item", "description": "10.1128/aem.00033-11", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1128/aem.00033-11"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-24", "title": "Molecular Interactions Between Smut Fungi and Their Host Plants", "description": "

Smut fungi are a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that infect mostly monocot species, including economically relevant cereal crops. For years, Ustilago maydis has stood out as the model system to study the genetics and cell biology of smut fungi as well as the pathogenic development of biotrophic plant pathogens. The identification and functional characterization of secreted effectors and their role in virulence have particularly been driven forward using the U. maydis\uffe2\uff80\uff93maize pathosystem. Today, advancing tools for additional smut fungi such as Ustilago hordei and Sporisorium reilianum, as well as an increasing number of available genome sequences, provide excellent opportunities to investigate in parallel the effector function and evolution associated with different lifestyles and host specificities. In addition, genome analyses revealed similarities in the genomic signature between pathogenic smuts and epiphytic Pseudozyma species. This review elaborates on how knowledge about fungal lifestyles, genome biology, and functional effector biology has helped in understanding the biology of this important group of fungal pathogens. We highlight the contribution of the U. maydis model system but also discuss the differences from other smut fungi, which raises the importance of comparative genomic and genetic analyses in future research.

", "keywords": ["Fungal Proteins", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "Fungi", "Ustilago", "Ustilaginales", "Zea mays", "Plant Diseases"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annual%20Review%20of%20Phytopathology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139", "name": "item", "description": "10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100139"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070569", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-08-02", "title": "Effects Of Controlled-Release Fertiliser On Nitrogen Use Efficiency In Summer Maize", "description": "Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient element necessary for plant growth and development. However, excessive inputs of N will lead to inefficient use and large N losses to the environment, which can adversely affect air and water quality, biodiversity and human health. To examine the effects of controlled-release fertilisers (CRF) on yield, we measured ammonia volatilisation, N use efficiency (NUE) and photosynthetic rate after anthesis in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958. Maize was grown using common compound fertiliser (CCF), the same amount of resin-coated controlled release fertiliser (CRFIII), the same amount of sulphur-coated controlled release fertiliser (SCFIII) as CCF, 75% CRF (CRFII) and SCF (SCFII), 50% CRF (CRFI) and SCF (SCFI), and no fertiliser. We found that treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF. There were no significant differences in grain yield among CRFI, SCFI and CCF. We also found that the ammonia volatilisation rates of CRF were significantly lower than those of CCF. The CRF treatments reduced the emission of ammonia by 51.34% to 91.34% compared to CCF. In addition, after treatment with CRF, maize exhibited a higher net photosynthetic rate than CCF after anthesis. Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment. The N uptake and physiological NUE of the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments were higher than those of CCF. These results suggest that the increase in NUE in the CRF treatments was generally attributable to the higher photosynthetic rate and lower ammonia volatilisation compared to CCF-treated maize.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Ammonia", "Medicine", "Humans", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Photosynthesis", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "Sulfur", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Peng Liu, Bin Zhao, Jiwang Zhang, Shuting Dong,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070569"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070569", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0070569", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0070569"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-08-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073450", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-03", "title": "Greenhouse Gas Flux And Crop Productivity After 10 Years Of Reduced And No Tillage In A Wheat-Maize Cropping System", "description": "Appropriate tillage plays an important role in mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) in regions with higher crop yields, but the emission situations of some reduced tillage systems such as subsoiling, harrow tillage and rotary tillage are not comprehensively studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the emission characteristics of GHG (CH4 and N2O) under four reduced tillage systems from October 2007 to August 2009 based on a 10-yr tillage experiment in the North China Plain, which included no-tillage (NT) and three reduced tillage systems of subsoil tillage (ST), harrow tillage (HT) and rotary tillage (RT), with the conventional tillage (CT) as the control. The soil under the five tillage systems was an absorption sink for CH4 and an emission source for N2O. The soil temperature positive impacted on the CH4 absorption by the soils of different tillage systems, while a significant negative correlation was observed between the absorption and soil moisture. The main driving factor for increased N2O emission was not the soil temperature but the soil moisture and the content of nitrate. In the two rotation cycle of wheat-maize system (10/2007-10/2008 and 10/2008-10/2009), averaged cumulative uptake fluxes of CH4 under CT, ST, HT, RT and NT systems were approximately 1.67, 1.72, 1.63, 1.77 and 1.17 t ha(-1) year(-1), respectively, and meanwhile, approximately 4.43, 4.38, 4.47, 4.30 and 4.61 t ha(-1) year(-1) of N2O were emitted from soil of these systems, respectively. Moreover, they also gained 33.73, 34.63, 32.62, 34.56 and 27.54 t ha(-1) yields during two crop-rotation periods, respectively. Based on these comparisons, the rotary tillage and subsoiling mitigated the emissions of CH4 and N2O as well as improving crop productivity of a wheat-maize cropping system.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "Science", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen Oxides", "Gases", "Seasons", "Methane", "Triticum", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Shenzhong Tian, Na Li, Shuyun Chi, Bingwen Wang, Hongxiang Zhao, Tangyuan Ning, Zengjia Li, Yu Wang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073450"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073450", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0073450", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0073450"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0098481", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-05-29", "title": "Establishing A Regional Nitrogen Management Approach To Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity From Intensive Smallholder Maize Production", "description": "The overuse of Nitrogen (N) fertilizers on smallholder farms in rapidly developing countries has increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and accelerated global N consumption over the past 20 years. In this study, a regional N management approach was developed based on the cost of the agricultural response to N application rates from 1,726 on-farm experiments to optimize N management across 12 agroecological subregions in the intensive Chinese smallholder maize belt. The grain yield and GHG emission intensity of this regional N management approach was investigated and compared to field-specific N management and farmers' practices. The regional N rate ranged from 150 to 219 kg N ha(-1) for the 12 agroecological subregions. Grain yields and GHG emission intensities were consistent with this regional N management approach compared to field-specific N management, which indicated that this regional N rate was close to the economically optimal N application. This regional N management approach, if widely adopted in China, could reduce N fertilizer use by more than 1.4 MT per year, increase maize production by 31.9 MT annually, and reduce annual GHG emissions by 18.6 MT. This regional N management approach can minimize net N losses and reduce GHG emission intensity from over- and underapplications, and therefore can also be used as a reference point for regional agricultural extension employees where soil and/or plant N monitoring is lacking.", "keywords": ["Greenhouse Effect", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "1. No poverty", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "12. Responsible consumption", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Weifeng Zhang, Fusuo Zhang, Liang Wu, Xinping Chen, Zhenling Cui,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098481"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0098481", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0098481", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0098481"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-10", "title": "Effects Of Manure Compost Application On Soil Microbial Community Diversity And Soil Microenvironments In A Temperate Cropland In China", "description": "The long-term application of excessive chemical fertilizers has resulted in the degeneration of soil quality parameters such as soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content, which in turn affects crop health, productivity, and soil sustainable productivity. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid and efficient solution for rehabilitating degraded cropland soils by precisely quantifying soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or its combination during maize growth. We investigated dynamic impacts on soil microbial count, biomass, basal respiration, community structure diversity, and enzyme activity using six different treatments [no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), N fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer (NB), manure compost (M), manure compost + bacterial fertilizer (MB), and bacterial fertilizer (B)] in the plowed layer (0-20 cm) of potted soil during various maize growth stages in a temperate cropland of eastern China. Denaturing gradient electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting analysis showed that the structure and composition of bacterial and fungi communities in the six fertilizer treatments varied at different levels. The Shannon index of bacterial and fungi communities displayed the highest value in the MB treatments and the lowest in the N treatment at the maize mature stage. Changes in soil microorganism community structure and diversity after different fertilizer treatments resulted in different microbial properties. Adding manure compost significantly increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, thus enhancing soil respiration and enzyme activities (p<0.01), whereas N treatment showed the opposite results (p<0.01). However, B and NB treatments minimally increased the amount of cultivable microorganisms and microbial biomass, with no obvious influence on community structure and soil enzymes. Our findings indicate that the application of manure compost plus bacterial fertilizers can immediately improve the microbial community structure and diversity of degraded cropland soils.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Manure", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "Cluster Analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Fertilizers", "Soil Microbiology", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gaoming Jiang, Jie Meng, Na Wang, Na Ding, Guanglei Wu, Haitao Liu, Zhen Zhen, Liyue Guo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108555"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLoS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0108555", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0108555"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-01-30", "title": "In Situ Nitrogen Mineralization, Nitrification, And Ammonia Volatilization In Maize Field Fertilized With Urea In Huanghuaihai Region Of Northern China", "description": "Nitrogen (N) fertilization potentially affects soil N mineralization and leaching, and can enhance NH3 volatilization, thus impacting crop production. A fertilizer experiment with five levels of N addition (0, 79, 147, 215 and 375 kg N ha(-1)) was performed in 2009 and 2010 in a maize field in Huanghuaihai region, China, where > 300 kg N ha(-1) has been routinely applied to soil during maize growth period of 120 days. Responses of net N mineralization, inorganic N flux (0-10 cm), NH3 volatilization, and maize yield to N fertilization were measured. During the growth period, net N mineralization and nitrification varied seasonally, with higher rates occurring in August and coinciding with the R1 stage of maize growth. Soil NO3(-)-N contributed to more than 60% of inorganic N flux during maize growth. Cumulative NH3 volatilization increased with N additions, with total NH3 volatilization during maize growth accounting for about 4% of added N. Relative to the control, mean maize yield in the fertilizer treatments increased by 17% and 20% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. However, grain yield, aboveground biomass, and plant N accumulation did not increase with added N at levels > 215 kg N ha(-1). These results suggest that the current N rate of 300 kg N ha(-1) is not only excessive, but also reduces fertilizer efficacy and may contribute to environmental problems such as global warming and eutrophication of ground water and streams.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "Medicine", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "Research Article", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115649"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0115649", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0115649"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-01-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0128873", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-06-15", "title": "Stratification And Storage Of Soil Organic Carbon And Nitrogen As Affected By Tillage Practices In The North China Plain", "description": "Tillage practices can redistribute the soil profiles, and thus affects soil organic carbon (SOC), and its storage. The stratification ratio (SR) can be an indicator of soil quality. This study was conducted to determine tillage effects on the profile distribution of certain soil properties in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) systems in the North China Plain (NCP). Three tillage treatments, including no till (NT), rotary tillage (RT), and plow tillage (PT), were established in 2001 in Luancheng County, Hebei Province. The concentration, storage, and SR of SOC and soil total nitrogen (TN) were assessed in both the wheat and maize seasons. Compared with RT and PT, the mean SRs for all depth ratios of SOC under NT increased by 7.85% and 30.61% during the maize season, and by 14.67% and 30.91% during the wheat season, respectively. The SR of TN for 0-5:30-50 cm increased by 140%, 161%, and 161% in the maize season, and 266%, 154%, and 122% in the wheat season compared to the SR for 0-5:5-10 cm under NT, RT and PT, respectively. The data indicated that SOC and TN were both concentrated in the surface-soil layers (0-10 cm) under NT but were distributed relatively evenly through the soil profile under PT. Meanwhile, the storage of SOC and TN was higher under NT for the surface soil (0-10 cm) but was higher under PT for the deeper soil (30-50 cm). Furthermore, the storage of SOC and TN was significantly related to SR of SOC and TN along the whole soil profile (P<0.0001). Therefore, SR could be used to explain and indicate the changes in the storage of SOC and TN. Further, NT stratifies SOC and TN, enhances the topsoil SOC storage, and helps to improve SOC sequestration and soil quality.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "China", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Q", "R", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Zea mays", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Triticum", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128873"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0128873", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0128873", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0128873"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0267811", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-19", "title": "Estimation of Landsat-like daily evapotranspiration for crop water consumption monitoring using TSEB model and data fusion", "description": "

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an essential role in agricultural water resource management. Understanding regional agricultural water consumption characteristics can be improved by predicting ET using remote sensing. However, due to the lack of high-resolution images on clear-sky days or the limitation of ET reconstruction on cloudy-sky days, it remains challenging to continuously derive ET at the field scale. In this study, the Landsat and MODIS data were initially fused to obtain the Landsat-like vegetation index and land surface temperature on clear-sky days. Then the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model was applied to calculate the daily ET during the clear-sky. A canopy resistance-based gap-filling method was involved in reconstructing regional ET on cloudy days while considering different environmental factors. The estimations were validated by automatic weather system data (AWS) and eddy covariance (EC) measurements in Guantao County. The results demonstrated that the proposed scheme performed well in estimating cropland ET, with an RMSE of 0.86 mm\uffc2\uffb7d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and an R2 of 0.65, and the NSE and PBias were 0.61 and -0.29%, respectively. The crop water consumption analysis revealed that the daily ET of winter wheat peaked during the maturation stage. Nevertheless, summer maize water consumption peaked in the middle of the growing season in this area. The temperature during the early development stage and the soil moisture in the mid and late growth stages had the greatest impact on the ET of winter wheat. During the entire growing period, soil moisture had the largest effect on the ET of summer maize. The findings showed that the TSEB model can be effectively applied to field-scale water consumption monitoring in North China through MODIS and Landsat data fusion and ET temporal reconstruction considering environmental factors. RT > NT, while in the drier 2015, the order was RT > CT > NT. The emission factors were within or slightly above the uncertainty range of the IPCC Tier 1 factor, if taking account for the N input from the cover crop (alfalfa) preceding the first experimental year. Saturated soils in spring, formation of soil crusts and occasional droughts adversely affected yields, particularly in the second year (barley). In 2014, yield-scaled N2O emissions ranged from 83.2 to 161.7 g N Mg-1 grain (corn) but were much greater in the second year due to crop failure (barley). RT had the smallest yield-scaled N2O emission in both years. NT resulted in economically inacceptable returns, due to the increased costs of weed control and low yields in both years. The reduced number of operations in RT reduced production costs and generated positive net returns. Therefore, RT could potentially provide agronomic and environmental benefits in crop production in BH.", "keywords": ["Crops", " Agricultural", "Science", "Nitrogentap", "Nitrous Oxide", "Zea mays", "7. Clean energy", "Sustainable farming", "Soil", "VDP::Jordfag: 913", "Humans", "Fertilizers", "B\u00e6rekraftig landbruk", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "2. Zero hunger", "VDP::Soil sciences: 913", "Nitrogen loss", "Q", "R", "Hordeum", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Crop Production", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Seasons", "Methane", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187681"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0187681", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0187681", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0187681"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-11-15", "title": "Ammonia And Carbon Dioxide Emissions By Stabilized Conventional Nitrogen Fertilizers And Controlled Release In Corn Crop", "description": "

ABSTRACT The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha-1 N. N-NH3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg-1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values of cumulative CO2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.

", "keywords": ["Coated urea", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture (General)", "Biomedical Engineering", "no-tillage", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Pesticide Pollution and Management", "Ammonia volatilization from urea", "FOS: Medical engineering", "Nitrate", "S1-972", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Engineering", "Fertilizer", "Zea mays L.", "Ammonia", "perdas de NH3", "Agricultural Applications", "Urea", "Ammonium nitrate", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology", "Effects of Soil Compaction on Crop Production", "4. Education", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Pollution", "Agronomy", "Chemistry", "plantio direto", "Controlled Release Materials for Agriculture", "Physical Sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "NH3 loss", "CO2", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Agrotecnologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1413-70542017415003917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1413-70542017415003917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-11", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization From Enhanced-Efficiency Urea On No-Till Maize In Brazilian Cerrado With Improved Soil Fertility", "description": "

ABSTRACT High nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization are expected when urea is used as the source of N. The use of controlled-release urea and urease inhibitors are possible strategies to reduce such losses and increase nitrogen use efficiency. This study aimed to evaluate nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization from stabilized, slow and controlled release urea and its absorption by maize grown under no-till in an improved Cerrado soil. Four N sources were used: conventional urea, urea + N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), urea + Cu and B and urea coated by sulfur + polymers. These N sources were surface applied along the rows using three N doses of 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1. No N was added to the control. Data were collected regarding N losses by volatilization, the N contents accumulated in the stubble and grains, and the yields of the stubble and grains. Stabilized urea and slow release urea were efficient for postponing the ammonia volatilization peaks. The urease inhibitors postponed the peaks for up to two days, reducing the accumulated volatilization by 18% when compared with common urea. Polymer sulfur coated urea resulted in a 37% reduction in ammonia volatilization. Increasing the N application rate to 200 kg ha-1 resulted in 16% greater yields and 37% greater N accumulation in the plants relative to the control. However, the stabilized and slow-release urea did not improve the N accumulation or yield. Consequently, the nitrogen use efficiency of maize was not improved relative to the use of conventional urea.

", "keywords": ["Fertilizantes nitrogenados", "2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture (General)", "ureia revestida por enxofre e pol\u00edmeros", "polymer sulfur coated urea", "urease inhibitors", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "NH3-N losses", "inibidores de urease", "S1-972", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Zea mays L", "Nitrogen fertilizers", "perdas de N-NH3"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016402031115"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ci%C3%AAncia%20e%20Agrotecnologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1413-70542016402031115", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1413-70542016402031115"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-08-08", "title": "Soil Attributes Under Different Crop Management Systems In An Amazon Oxisols", "description": "Soil biological properties have a high potential for use in assessing the impacts of crop systems. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of cropping systems on the biological attributes of an oxisol in the Amazonian state of Para. The treatments consisted of approximately 20-year-old secondary vegetation, recovered pasture, no-tillage systems (NT) maintained for 4 and 8 years after planting with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.), and conventional tillage (CT) systems every 2 years after planting with rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean. The microbial biomass to nitrogen ratio was higher in the NT system (0.68 mg kg\u20131), and the NT system had greater microbial NT8. Thus, the contributions of organic matter from straw improved the soil quality in these areas. The total organic carbon (TOC) content was greater in the secondary forest and CT areas (46.7 and 48.0 mg kg\u20131, respectively), potentially due to the higher amounts of organic matter and organic matter mineralization in these areas. However, the largest TOC stocks were observed in the pasture, which corresponded with greater carbon storage (63.5 Mg ha\u20131). By contrast, the no-till systems were not efficient for storing C, with concentrations of 5.0 and 5.3 Mg ha\u20131 in NT-4 and NT-8, respectively. These results may reflect the short period that these systems were adopted and the vast microbial activity that was observed in these areas, with microbial quotients of 8.03 and 10.41% in NT-4 and NT-8, respectively.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glycine max", "carbon stock", "no-tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oryza sativa", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Amazon region", "Zea mays", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lopes, Elessandra Laura Nogueira, Fernandes, Antonio Rodrigues, Teixeira, Renato Alves, Sousa, Edna Santos de, Ruivo, Maria de Lourdes Pinheiro,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.03914"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bragantia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1678-4499.03914", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1678-4499.03914"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-05", "title": "Corn Development And Production In Function Of Sources Of Nitrogen Fertilizers And Doses", "description": "

ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N) is one of the nutrients that have the most significant effect on corn grain productivity increase. In order to evaluate the effect of sources of N topdressing and doses in the grown corn culture, in a conventional till system, it was installed an experiment in the city of Uruta\uffc3\uffad, Goi\uffc3\uffa1s, in the 2012/13 crop, in clayey textured Red Latosol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications, with the treatments arranged in a factorial 3 x 5, consisting of three sources (coated urea, urea and ammonium sulfate) and five doses (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1) of N, topdressing, applied in the surface and in a single dose, when the corn plants were in V4 stage. The hybrid used was the P3646H. We evaluated the following characters: stem diameter, plant height, height of ear insertion, leaf N, number of ears per plant, ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, 100 grains mass and grain productivity. All characters have a response to nitrogen fertilization and only the height of ear insertion showed no significant difference between sources. The source coated urea showed the best results, indicating that its use may be compensatory, especially in favorable conditions for the NH3 volatilization, as the application of high doses of N in the surface.

", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Coated urea", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada", "S", "QH301-705.5", "Ureia", "Agriculture", "Sulfato de am\u00f4nio", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Aduba\u00e7\u00e3o nitrogenada. Sulfato de am\u00f4nio. Ureia. Ureia revestida. Zea mays L..", "01 natural sciences", "Nitrogen fertilization", "Zea mays L.", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen fertilization. Ammonium sulfate. Urea. Coated urea. Zea mays L..", "Ammonium sulfate", "Biology (General)", "Ureia revestida"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/caatinga/article/view/4377/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Caatinga", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/1983-21252016v29n405rc"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832011000200028", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-21", "title": "Sistemas De Preparo Do Solo E Culturas De Cobertura Na Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Org\u00e2nica De Feij\u00e3o E Milho: I - Atributos F\u00edsicos Do Solo", "description": "

H\uffc3\uffa1 necessidade de se avaliar a contribui\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de culturas de cobertura e do seu manejo na manuten\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o da qualidade biol\uffc3\uffb3gica do solo em \uffc3\uffa1reas sob produ\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o org\uffc3\uffa2nica. Este trabalho objetivou determinar a influ\uffc3\uffaancia das plantas de cobertura crotal\uffc3\uffa1ria (Crotalaria juncea), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp), mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrima), sorgo-vassoura (Sorghum technicum) e pousio nos atributos biol\uffc3\uffb3gicos de solo cultivado com feij\uffc3\uffa3o e milho org\uffc3\uffa2nicos, sob semeadura direta (SD) e preparo convencional (PC). O trabalho foi conduzido em Santo Ant\uffc3\uffb4nio de Goi\uffc3\uffa1s-GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distr\uffc3\uffb3fico, no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeti\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es. Em novembro de 2003 foram instalados quatro experimentos, dois em SD e dois em PC, sendo um com feij\uffc3\uffa3o e outro com milho em cada sistema. Amostragens de solo das parcelas e de uma mata pr\uffc3\uffb3xima aos experimentos foram realizadas em novembro de 2007, nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para determina\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o do teor de C org\uffc3\uffa2nico total (COT), carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respira\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o basal do solo (RBS), quociente metab\uffc3\uffb3lico (qCO2) e quociente microbiano (qMIC). As principais altera\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es nos atributos biol\uffc3\uffb3gicos com o uso agr\uffc3\uffadcola ocorreram na camada superficial, onde, de maneira geral, os valores de CBM foram menores que no solo sob mata, sendo esse fato mais pronunciado nas \uffc3\uffa1reas sob PC. O qCO2 mostrou-se sens\uffc3\uffadvel \uffc3\uffa0s altera\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es decorrentes do preparo do solo, apresentando valores mais favor\uffc3\uffa1veis na camada superficial do solo sob SD.

", "keywords": ["microbial quotient", "respira\u00e7\u00e3o basal do solo", "bulk density", "Agriculture (General)", "soil porosity", "quociente metab\u00f3lico", "Zea mays", "S1-972", "S index", "soil basal respiration", "Phaseolus vulgaris L", "densidade do solo", "2. Zero hunger", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "\u00edndice S", "15. Life on land", "porosidade do solo", "6. Clean water", "soil organic carbon", "C org\u00e2nico do solo", "microbial biomass carbon", "carbono da biomassa microbiana", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "metabolic quotient", "quociente microbiano"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832011000200028"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832011000200028", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832011000200028", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832011000200028"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-25T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-10-04", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization And Yield Components After Application Of Polymer-Coated Urea To Maize", "description": "

A form of increasing the efficiency of N fertilizer is by coating urea with polymers to reduce ammonia volatilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea on the control of ammonia volatilization, yield and nutritional characteristics of maize. The experiment was carried out during one maize growing cycle in 2009/10 on a Geric Ferralsol, inUberl\uffc3\uffa2ndia, MG, Brazil. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as topdressing on the soil surface in the following urea treatments: polymer-coated urea at rates of 45, 67.5 and 90 kg ha-1 N and one control treatment (no N), in randomized blocks with four replications. Nitrogen application had a favorable effect on N concentrations in leaves and grains, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter readings and on grain yield, where as coated urea had no effect on the volatilization rates, SPAD readings and N leaf and grain concentration, nor on grain yield in comparison to conventional fertilization.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "volatiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de am\u00f4nia", "Agriculture (General)", "N fertilizer", "polymer-coated urea", "leitura SPAD", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Zea mays", "nitrogen", "6. Clean water", "nitrog\u00eanio", "S1-972", "ammonia volatilization", "SPAD reading", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "fertilizante nitrogenado", "ureia revestida com pol\u00edmeros"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Zea+mays&offset=50&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Zea+mays&offset=50&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Zea+mays&offset=0", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=Zea+mays&offset=100", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 181, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-08-26T08:50:57.369040Z"}