{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1111/sum.13150", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-27T16:21:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-12-09", "title": "Long\u2010term conservation tillage in organic farming maintains sandy loam soil functioning despite increased penetration resistance", "description": "Abstract

Conservation tillage is an attractive practice in organic farming; however, it requires more trafficking for weed management than conventional tillage. This scenario can lead to soil compaction below the tillage working depth. However, it is not clear whether long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage practices impair soil functions. Therefore, this study investigated whether long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage causes soil compaction and impairs water retention, gaseous exchange capability and microbial activity of the soil below the tillage working depth. A long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (16\uffe2\uff80\uff89years) organic farming experiment consisting of conservation tillage (VST, shallow tillage to 7\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) and conventional tillage (MP, mouldboard ploughing to 30\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm depth) was conducted on a sandy loam soil. Soil penetration resistance (PR), saturated hydraulic conductivity (SHC), water retention, gaseous exchange properties and microbial activity were determined in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. The PR did not significantly differ between the tillage treatments at any depth; however, VST recorded 30%\uffe2\uff80\uff9363% higher PR values in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. Among the measured soil properties, only microbial activity could yield a statistical difference between the two tillage practices. The water retention behaviour, plant available water capacity, SHC and relative gas diffusivity were very similar under both tillage treatments. The mean effective air\uffe2\uff80\uff90filled porosity (E\uffe2\uff80\uff90AFP) at pF 1.5 was 21% lower under VST than that under MP; however, the difference was reduced to 3% at pF 2. At field capacity, the E\uffe2\uff80\uff90AFP was approximately 14%\uffe2\uff80\uff94above the critical limit (10%) for plant growth\uffe2\uff80\uff94under both tillage practices. Air permeability was 76% and 57% higher under VST at pF 1.5 and 1.7, respectively, compared with MP. The microbial activity was 56% lower (p\uffe2\uff80\uff89=\uffe2\uff80\uff89.04) under VST than that under MP. Likewise, 31%, 65% and 34% higher microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, respectively, were observed under MP compared with VST. These results indicated that despite higher penetration resistance, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage did not limit water retention and aeration capability of soil in the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm soil layer. However, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term conservation tillage may induce vertical stratification of organic matter and microbial activity, which have implications for crop production.