{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s40265-021-01505-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-22T16:15:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-30", "title": "Preclinical and Clinical Characteristics of the Trichuricidal Drug Oxantel Pamoate and Clinical Development Plans: A Review", "description": "Soil-transmitted helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura) infect about one-fifth of the world's population. The currently available drugs are all highly efficacious against A. lumbricoides. However, they are only moderately efficacious against hookworm and poorly efficacious against T. trichiura. Oxantel, a tetrahydropyrimidine derivative discovered in the 1970s, has recently been brought back to our attention given its high efficacy against T. trichiura infections (estimated 76% cure rate and 85% egg reduction rate at a 20 mg/kg dose). This review summarizes the current knowledge on oxantel pamoate and its use against T. trichiura infections in humans. Oxantel pamoate acts locally in the human gastrointestinal tract and binds to the parasite's nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), leading to a spastic paralysis of the worm and subsequent expulsion. The drug is metabolically stable, shows low permeability and low systemic bioavailability after oral use. Oxantel pamoate was found to be safe in humans, with only a few mild adverse events reported. Several clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of this drug against T. trichiura\u00a0and suggest that oxantel pamoate is more efficacious against T. trichiura than the currently recommended drugs, which makes it a strong asset to the depleted drug armamentarium and could help delay or even prevent the development of resistance to existing drugs. We highlight existing data to support the use of oxantel pamoate against T. trichiura infections.", "keywords": ["Hookworm Infections", "03 medical and health sciences", "Trichuris", "0302 clinical medicine", "Dose-Response Relationship", " Drug", "Antinematodal Agents", "Pyrantel Pamoate", "Animals", "Humans", "Drug Interactions", "Review Article", "3. 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We investigated the abundance and major populations of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and nirS- and nirK-harboring denitrifiers under different grazing managements in Tibetan alpine meadow soils. Grazing increased AOB and AOA abundances up to 42 fold and 3.7 fold, respectively, and increased the percentage of AOB within total ammonia oxidizers from 3.1% to 10.8%. The abundance of nirK-like denitrifiers increased with grazing intensity, while the abundance of nirS-like denitrifiers tended to decrease. However, sub-groups within each of these broad groups of (de)nitrifiers responded differently to grazing. Soil nitrate was the main driver of the abundance of denitrifier subgroups (nirK or nirS) positively responding to grazing, while soil moisture and carbon concentration were the main drivers of the abundance of denitrifier sub-groups negatively responding to grazing. AOB and nirK-harboring denitrifiers thus generally responded more positively to grazing than AOA and nirS-harboring denitrifiers, but significant functional diversity existed within each group. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness of the concept of response groups to better characterize and understand (de)nitrifier response to grazing. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["nirS", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil nitrogen cycling", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. 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