Thinning is a routine forest management operation that changes tree spacing, number, and size distribution and affects the material flows between vegetation and the atmosphere. Here, using direct micrometeorological ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale measurements, we show that in a boreal pine forest, thinning decreases the deposition velocities of fine particles as expected but does not reduce the carbon sink, water vapor flux, or ozone deposition. The thinning decreased the all\uffe2\uff80\uff90sided leaf area index from 8 to 6, and we suggest that the redistribution of sources and sinks within the ecosystem compensated for this reduction in foliage area. In the case of water vapor and O3, changes in light penetration and among\uffe2\uff80\uff90tree competition seem to increase individual transpiration rates and lead to larger stomatal apertures, thus enhancing also O3 deposition. In the case of CO2, increased ground vegetation assimilation and decreased autotrophic respiration seem to cancel out opposite changes in canopy assimilation and heterotrophic respiration. Current soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90vegetation\uffe2\uff80\uff90atmosphere transfer models should be able to reproduce these observations.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002316"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2004gb002316", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2004gb002316", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2004gb002316"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/a:1025579932395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-09-23", "description": "The expanding agriculture in the Brazilian savanna, the Cerrado, changes C and nutrient storages of the savanna ecosystems thereby affecting the global C budget and the sustainability of the local land use. We examined the biomass and the C, N, P, and S storages in above- and belowground biomass, in the organic layer, and in the top 2 m of the mineral soil (Anionic Acrustoxes) of three replicate plots of each of native Cerrado, Pinus caribaea Morelet plantations, productive and degraded Bracchiaria decumbens Stapf. pastures, and of conventional and no-tillage soybean cultivation. Aboveground biomass \u2013 in the cropping systems shortly before harvest \u2013 decreased in the order, Pinus (15 kg m\u22122) > Cerrado (2.3) > conventional tillage (1.9) > no tillage (1.5) > productive pasture (0.64) > degraded pasture (0.37) and belowground biomass in the order, Pinus (9.1) > Cerrado (3.0) > productive pasture (2.2) > degraded pasture (1.5) > conventional tillage (0.60) > no tillage (0.41). The aboveground biomass contained 1.1 (degraded pasture) to 19% (Pinus) of the total C storage, 0.3 (productive pasture, degraded pasture) to 3.5% of the total N storage, 0.3 (degraded pasture) to 2.1% (no tillage, conventional tillage) of the total P storage, and 0.3 (degraded pasture) to 3.7% (Pinus) of the total S storage of the ecosystems. Total C storage in the ecosystems was significantly larger in the Pinus stands (36 kg m\u22122) than in all other systems; differences among Cerrado (20), degraded pasture (19), productive pasture (20), no tillage (19), and conventional tillage (19) were small and not significant. All land-use systems had larger N (Pinus, 1.5; degraded pasture, 1.3; productive pasture, 1.4; no tillage, 1.4; conventional tillage, 1.4 kg m\u22122) and S storage (PI, 28; degraded pasture, 33; productive pasture, 34; no tillage, 36; conventional tillage, 38 g m\u22122) than the Cerrado (N, 1.2 kg; S, 26 g m\u22122). The P storages varied between 17 and 29 g m\u22122 and were not significantly different among the studied ecosystems. The N and S accumulations in the 12\u201320-year-old land-use systems were larger than the cumulative known fertilizer inputs indicating that there were unknown inputs possibly including the exploration of the deeper subsoil by deep-reaching roots and transfer of nutrients to the topsoil. Our results indicate that afforestation with Pinus trees has the potential to sequester large amounts of C while pasture degradation, no tillage, and conventional tillage tended to result in small C losses. Land use resulted in a marked accumulation of N and S relative to the Cerrado.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025579932395"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/a:1025579932395", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/a:1025579932395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/a:1025579932395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2011jg001907", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-06-01", "title": "Seven-Year Trends Of Co2 Exchange In A Tundra Ecosystem Affected By Long-Term Permafrost Thaw", "description": "Arctic warming has led to permafrost degradation and ground subsidence, created as a result of ground ice melting. Frozen soil organic matter that thaws can increase carbon (C) emissions to the atmosphere, but this can be offset in part by increases in plant growth. The balance of plant and microbial processes, and how this balance changes through time, determines how permafrost ecosystems influence future climate change via the C cycle. This study addressed this question both on short (interannual) and longer (decadal) time periods by measuring C fluxes over a seven\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period at three sites representing a gradient of time since permafrost thaw. All three sites were upland tundra ecosystems located in Interior Alaska but differed in the extent of permafrost thaw and ground subsidence. Results showed an increasing growing season (May \uffe2\uff80\uff93 September) trend in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and annual NEE at all sites over the seven year study period from 2004 to 2010, but no change in annual and growing season ecosystem respiration (Reco). These trends appeared to most closely follow increases in the depth to permafrost that occurred over the same time period. During the seven\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period, sites with more permafrost degradation had significantly greater GPP compared to where degradation was least, but also greater growing season Reco. Adding in winter Reco decreased, in part, the summer C sink and left only the site with the most permafrost degradation C neutral, with the other sites still C sinks. Annual C balance was strongly dependent on winter Reco, which, compared to the growing season, was relatively data\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor due to extreme environmental conditions. As a result, we cannot yet conclude whether the increased NEE in the growing season is truly sustained on an annual basis. If it turns out that winter measurements shown here are an underestimate, we may indeed find these systems are already losing net C to the atmosphere.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Christian Trucco, Susan M. Natali, Edward A. G. Schuur, E. Fay Belshe, Jason G. Vogel, Rosvel Bracho,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jg001907"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2011jg001907", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2011jg001907", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2011jg001907"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2017wr022067", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-04", "title": "14C\u2010Free Carbon Is a Major Contributor to Cellular Biomass in Geochemically Distinct Groundwater of Shallow Sedimentary Bedrock Aquifers", "description": "AbstractDespite the global significance of the subsurface biosphere, the degree to which it depends on surface organic carbon (OC) is still poorly understood. Here, we compare stable and radiogenic carbon isotope compositions of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) with those of in situ potential microbial C sources to assess the major C sources for subsurface microorganisms in biogeochemical distinct shallow aquifers (Critical Zone Exploratory, Thuringia Germany). Despite the presence of younger OC, the microbes assimilated 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90free OC to varying degrees; ~31% in groundwater within the oxic zone, ~47% in an iron reduction zone, and ~70% in a sulfate reduction/anammox zone. The persistence of trace amounts of mature and partially biodegraded hydrocarbons suggested that autochthonous petroleum\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived hydrocarbons were a potential 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90free C source for heterotrophs in the oxic zone. In this zone, \uffce\uff9414C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (\uffe2\uff88\uff92366\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa018\uffe2\uff80\uffb0) and 11MeC16:0 (\uffe2\uff88\uff92283\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa032\uffe2\uff80\uffb0), an important component in autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, were similar enough to indicate that autotrophy is an important additional C fixation pathway. In anoxic zones, methane as an important C source was unlikely since the 13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90fractionations between the PLFAs and CH4 were inconsistent with kinetic isotope effects associated with methanotrophy. In the sulfate reduction/anammox zone, the strong 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90depletion of 10MeC16:0 (\uffe2\uff88\uff92942\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa022\uffe2\uff80\uffb0), a PLFA common in sulfate reducers, indicated that those bacteria were likely to play a critical part in 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90free sedimentary OC cycling. Results indicated that the 14C\uffe2\uff80\uff90content of microbial biomass in shallow sedimentary aquifers results from complex interactions between abundance and bioavailability of naturally occurring OC, hydrogeology, and specific microbial metabolisms.Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) exhibit outstanding gas barrier properties, which supports their use as a biobased and biodegradable barrier coating on flexible food packaging materials. As highly hydrophilic biopolymers, however, CNCs have a strong sensitivity to water that can be detrimental to applications with fresh foods and in moist conditions due to the loss of barrier properties. In this work, the oxygen and water vapor permeability of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films coated with CNCs obtained from cotton linters were measured at varying levels of relative humidity, both in adsorption and desorption, and from these data, the diffusion and solubility coefficients were estimated. Therefore, the characterization of CNCs was aimed at understanding the fundamentals of the water-CNCs interaction and proposing counteractions. The CNCs\uffe2\uff80\uff99 moisture absorption and desorption isotherms at 25 \uffc2\uffb0C were collected in the range of relative humidity 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9397% using different techniques and analyzed through GAB (Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer) and Oswin models. The effects of moisture on the water status, following the freezable water index, and on the crystal structure of CNCs were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and by X-ray Powder Diffraction, respectively. These findings point to the opportunity of coupling CNCs with hydrophobic layers in order to boost their capabilities as barrier packaging materials.
", "keywords": ["cellulose nanocrystals; flexible packaging materials; oxygen barrier; moisture effects", "cellulose nanocrystals; flexible packaging materials; moisture effects; oxygen barrier; chemistry (all); polymers and plastics", "02 engineering and technology", "0210 nano-technology", "Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/9/9/415/pdf"}, {"href": "https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/557567/2/polymers_09_00415.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9090415"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Polymers", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/polym9090415", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/polym9090415", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/polym9090415"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005220.67024.2c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-25", "title": "Water Balance And Maize Yield Following Improved Sesbania Fallow In Eastern Zambia", "description": "Sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] fallows are being promoted as a means for replenishing soil fertility in N-depleted soils of small-scale, resource-poor farmers in southern Africa. Knowledge of soil water distribution in the soil profile and water balance under proposed systems is important for knowing the long-term implications of the systems at plot, field and watershed levels. Soil water balance was quantified for maize (Zea mays L.) following 2-year sesbania fallow and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer during 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 at Chipata in eastern Zambia. Sesbania fallow increased grain yield and dry matter production of subsequent maize per unit amount of water used. Average maize grain yields following sesbania fallow, and in continuous maize with and without fertilizer were 3, 6 and 1 Mg ha - 1 with corresponding water use efficiencies of 4.3, 8.8 and 1.7 kg mm - 1 ha - 1 , respectively. Sesbania fallow increased the soil-water storage in the soil profile and drainage below the maximum crop root zone compared with the conventionally tilled non-fertilized maize. However, sesbania fallow did not significantly affect the seasonal crop water use, mainly because rainfall during both the years of the study was above the normal seasonal water requirements of maize (400 to 600 mm). Besides improving grain yields of maize in rotation, sesbania fallows have the potential to recharge the subsoil water through increased subsurface drainage and increase nitrate leaching below the crop root zone in excess rainfall seasons.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "F. R. Kwesiga, Paramu L. Mafongoya, Elijah Phiri, Hubert Verplancke,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:agfo.0000005220.67024.2c"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005220.67024.2c", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005220.67024.2c", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:agfo.0000005220.67024.2c"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005226.62766.05", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-25", "title": "Rotational Woodlot Technology In Northwestern Tanzania: Tree Species And Crop Performance", "description": "Growing of trees as woodlots on farms for five to seven years in rotation with crops was considered as a potential technology to overcome the shortage of wood, which is a common problem to many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The paper summarizes the results of trials conducted at Tabora and Shinyanga in northwestern Tanzania on rotational woodlots, to evaluate tree species for wood production and yields of maize grown in association with and after harvest of trees. On acid sandy soils at Tabora, Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. grew fast and produced 24 to 77 Mg ha\u22121 of wood in four to five years. On alkaline Vertisols at Shinyanga, seven years old woodlots of Acacia polyacantha Willd. and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. produced 71 and 89 Mg ha\u22121 of wood, respectively. Intercropping of maize between trees was possible for two years without sacrificing its yield. The first maize crop following A. crassicarpa woodlots gave 29 to 113% greater yield than the crop after natural fallow. Acacia polyacantha and L. leucocephala woodlots also increased the subsequent maize yields over a three-year period. The increase in crop yields after woodlots was attributed partly to accumulation of greater amounts of inorganic N in the topsoil compared to the traditional fallow, and partly to other effects. Thus medium-term rotational woodlots are likely to contribute to meet the wood requirements of rural people and thereby help protect the natural woodlands in sub-Saharan Africa.", "keywords": ["fertility", "2. Zero hunger", "fallow", "malawi", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "system", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "zone", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nyadzi, G.I., Otsyina, R.M., Banzi, F.M., Bakengesa, S.S., Gama, B.M., Mbwambo, L., Asenga, D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:agfo.0000005226.62766.05"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005226.62766.05", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:agfo.0000005226.62766.05", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:agfo.0000005226.62766.05"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:biog.0000015788.30164.e2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-02-16", "title": "Carbon Turnover In Peatland Mesocosms Exposed To Different Water Table Levels", "description": "Changes of water table position influence carbon cycling in peatlands, but effects on the sources and sinks of carbon are difficult to isolate and quantify in field investigations due to seasonal dynamics and covariance of variables. We thus investigated carbon fluxes and dissolved carbon produc- tion in peatland mesocosms from two acidic and oligotrophic peatlands under steady state conditions at two different water table positions. Exchange rates and CO2 ,C H4 and DOC production rates were si- multaneously determined in the peat from diffusive-advective mass-balances of dissolved CO2 ,C H4 and DOC in the pore water. Incubation experiments were used to quantify potential CO2, CH4, and DOC production rates. The carbon turnover in the saturated peat was dominated by the production of DOC (10-15 mmol m 2 d 1 ) with lower rates of DIC (6.1-8.5 mmol m 2 d 1 ) and CH4 (2.2-4.2 mmol m 2 d 1 ) production. All production rates strongly decreased with depth indicating the impor- tance of fresh plant tissue for dissolved C release. A lower water table decreased area based rates of photosynthesis (24-42%), CH4 production (factor 2.5-3.5) and emission, increased rates of soil respi- ration and microbial biomass C, and did not change DOC release. Due to the changes in process rates the C net balance of the mesocosms shifted by 36 mmol m 2 d 1 . According to our estimates the change in C mineralization contributed most to this change. Anaerobic rates of CO2 production rates deeper in the peat increased significantly by a factor of 2-3.5 (DOC), 2.9-3.9 (CO2), and 3-14 (CH4) when the water table was lowered by 30 cm. This phenomenon might have been caused by easing an inhibiting effect by the accumulation of CO2 and CH4 when the water table was at the moss surface.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:biog.0000015788.30164.e2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:biog.0000015788.30164.e2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:biog.0000015788.30164.e2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:biog.0000015788.30164.e2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:biog.0000005324.37711.63", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-11-26", "title": "Land-Use Change Effects On Soil C And N Transformations In Soils Of High N Status: Comparisons Under Indigenous Forest, Pasture And Pine Plantation", "description": "Globally, land-use change is occurring rapidly, and impacts on biogeochemical cycling may be influenced by previous land uses. We examined differences in soil C and N cycling during long-term laboratory incubations for the following land-use sequence: indigenous forest (soil age = 1800 yr); 70- year-old pasture planted after forest clearance; 22-year-old pine (Pinus radiata) planted into pasture. No N fertilizer had been applied but the pasture contained N-fixing legumes. The sites were adjacent and received 3-6 kg ha1 yr1 'volcanic' N in rain; NO3 -N leaching losses to streamwater were 5-21 kg ha 1 yr 1 , and followed the order forest pine = forest, and total N: pasture > pine > forest. Nitrogen mineral- ization followed the order: pasture > pine > forest for mineral soil, and was weakly related to C min- eralization. Based on radiocarbon data, the indigenous forest 0-10 cm soil contained more pre-bomb C than the other soils, partly as a result of microbial processing of recent C in the surface litter layer. Heterotrophic activity appeared to be somewhat N limited in the indigenous forest soil, and gross nitri- fication was delayed. In contrast, the pasture soil was rich in labile N arising from N fixation by clover, and net nitrification occurred readily. Gross N cycling rates in the pine mineral soil (per unit N) were similar to those under pasture, reflecting the legacy of N inputs by the previous pasture. Change in land use from indigenous forest to pasture and pine resulted in increased gross nitrification, net nitrification and thence leaching of NO3 -N.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "G. J. Salt, Neal A. Scott, D. J. Ross, R. L. Parfitt, Kevin R. Tate,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:biog.0000005324.37711.63"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:biog.0000005324.37711.63", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:biog.0000005324.37711.63", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:biog.0000005324.37711.63"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2000gb001349", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-02-04", "title": "Controls On Soil Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Forest And Pastures In The Brazilian Amazon", "description": "Soil N dynamics and water content are important controls of nitrous (N2O) and nitric (NO) oxide emissions from tropical soils. We used a chronosequence of one forest and six pastures to investigate how soil N availability and soil moisture content affect emissions of N2O and NO. Forest soils had high N availability and large N oxide emissions. Forest conversion to pasture decreased N availability and N oxide emissions. In the forest where N availability was high, seasonal changes in soils moisture led to higher N2O fluxes during the wet season, but higher NO fluxes during the dry season. Soil water content exerted the largest control on N2O emissions, which seemed to be determined by a threshold value of approximately 29\uffe2\uff80\uff9330%, below which N2O emissions were nearly constant and above which they increased (Figure 5a). In pastures, where low N availability constrains N2O and NO fluxes, soil water content has a minor influence on N oxide emissions.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gb001349"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2000gb001349", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2000gb001349", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2000gb001349"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:plso.0000030188.77365.46", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-06-05", "title": "Elevated [Co2] Effects On Herbage Production And Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Pools And Mineralization In A Species-Rich, Grazed Pasture On A Seasonally Dry Sand", "description": "Rising concentrations of atmospheric [CO2] in a multi-species ecosystem can influence species composition and increase plant productivity, but have a less predictable effect on soil C storage and nutrient availability. Using a free-air [CO2]-enriched (FACE) system and seasonal sampling over a 5-year period, we examined the influence of elevated atmospheric [CO2] (475 \u03bcL L\u22121) on soil C and N pools and mineralization in a fertilized (P, K, S), sheep-grazed pasture of mixed grass, clover, and forb species on a seasonally dry sand (Mollic Psammaquent). Annual yields of herbage dry matter ranged from about 300 to 1600 g m\u22122. Total yields did not increase significantly under elevated [CO2], but the proportions of clovers and forbs increased markedly. Most properties in 0\u201350 mm-depth soil differed significantly (P 0.10) for moisture, pH, total C and N, extractable C and organic N, microbial C, and mineral-N. However, microbial N, CO2-C production (0\u201314 days) in field-moist soil, and net mineral-N production (14\u201356 days) in soil at 60% of water-holding capacity were significantly higher (per unit weight of soil) in the elevated-[CO2] treatment (P=0.071, 0.063, 0.003, respectively); the degree of these treatment differences was roughly similar when values were also expressed on a total C or N basis. Relationships with soil moisture were mainly non-significant for microbial C and N, but mainly significant (P<0.05) for net mineral-N production in field-moist soil, and highly significant (P<0.001) for CO2-C production. Overall, the data tend to suggest greater soil metabolic activity, but little if any change in soil C pools, after 5 years' exposure of the pasture to elevated [CO2]. They do, however, suggest increased availability of N, probably because of increased inputs from N-fixing clovers.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kevin R. Tate, Des J. Ross, Paul C. D. Newton,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000030188.77365.46"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:plso.0000030188.77365.46", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:plso.0000030188.77365.46", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:plso.0000030188.77365.46"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2018JE005899", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-09", "title": "Initiation and Flow Conditions of Contemporary Flows in Martian Gullies", "description": "<p>Understanding the initial and flow conditions of contemporary flows in Martian gullies, generally believed to be triggered and fluidized by CO<sub>2</sub> sublimation, is crucial for deciphering climate conditions needed to trigger and sustain them. We employ the RAMMS (RApid Mass Movement Simulation) debris flow and avalanche model to back-calculate initial and flow conditions of recent flows in three gullies in Hale crater. We infer minimum release depths of 1.0&#8211;1.5 m and initial release volumes of 100&#8211;200 m<sup>3</sup>. Entrainment leads to final flow volumes that are 2.5&#8211;5.5 times larger than initially released, and entrainment is found necessary to match the observed flow deposits. Simulated mean cross-channel flow velocities decrease from 3&#8211;4 m s<sup>-1</sup> to ~1 m s<sup>-1</sup> from release area to flow terminus, while flow depths generally decrease from 0.5&#8211;1 m to 0.1&#8211;0.2 m. The mean cross-channel erosion depth and deposition thicknesses are _0.1&#8211;0.3 m. Back-calculated dry-Coulomb friction ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 and viscous turbulent friction between 100&#8211;200 m s<sup>-2</sup>, which are values similar to those of granular debris flows on Earth. These results suggest that recent flows in gullies are fluidized to a similar degree as are granular debris flows on Earth. Using a novel model for mass-flow fluidization by CO<sub>2</sub> sublimation we are able to show that under Martian atmospheric conditions very small volumetric fractions of CO<sub>2</sub> of ~1% within mass flows may indeed yield sufficiently large gas fluxes to cause fluidization and enhance flow mobility.</p>
", "keywords": ["Atmospheric Science", "550", "[SDU.STU.GM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Soil Science", "Mars", "Hale crater", "02 engineering and technology", "Aquatic Science", "carbon dioxide; gullies; Hale crater; Mars; modeling; RAMMS", "551", "Oceanography", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "Geochemistry and Petrology", "Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Research Articles", "Water Science and Technology", "Earth-Surface Processes", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Ecology", "Palaeontology", "carbon dioxide", "Forestry", "modeling", "RAMMS", "Geophysics", "Space and Planetary Science", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU.PL] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology", "gullies"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://dro.dur.ac.uk/28802/1/28802.pdf"}, {"href": "http://dro.dur.ac.uk/28802/2/28802.pdf"}, {"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JE005899"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005899"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Planets", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2018JE005899", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2018JE005899", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2018JE005899"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:plso.0000047749.43017.fd", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-11-10", "title": "Maize Productivity And Nutrient Dynamics In Maize-Fallow Rotations In Western Kenya", "description": "One-season fallows with legumes such as Crotalaria grahamiana Wight & Arn. and phosphorus (P) fertilization have been suggested to improve crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Assessing the sustainability of these measures requires a sound understanding of soil processes, especially transformations of P which is often the main limiting nutrient. We compared plant production, nitrogen (N) and P\u00a0balances and selected soil properties during 5.5\u00a0years in a field experiment with three crop rotations (continuous maize, maize-crotalaria and maize-natural fallow rotation) at two levels of P\u00a0fertilization (0 and 50\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0yr\u22121, applied as triple superphosphate) on a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox in western Kenya. The maize yield forgone during growth of the crotalaria fallow was compensated by higher post-fallow yields, but the cumulative total maize yield was not significantly different from continuous maize. In all crop rotations, P\u00a0fertilization doubled total maize yields, increased N removal by maize and remained without effect on amounts of recycled biomass. Crotalaria growth decreased in the course of the experiment due to pest problems. The highest levels of soil organic and microbial\u00a0C, N and P were found in the maize-crotalaria fallow rotation. The increase in organic\u00a0P was not accompanied by a change in resin-extractable P, while H2SO4-extractable inorganic\u00a0P was depleted by up to 38\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha\u22121 (1% of total P) in the 0\u201350\u00a0cm layer. Microbial\u00a0P increased substantially when soil was supplied with C and N in a laboratory experiment, confirming field observations that the microbial biomass is limited by C and N rather than P\u00a0availability. Maize-legume fallow rotations result in a shift towards organic and microbial nutrients and have to be complemented by balanced additions of inorganic fertilizers. Abbreviations: BNF \u2013 biological nitrogen fixation; COM \u2013 continuous maize; LR \u2013 long rainy season; MCF \u2013 maize-crotalaria fallow rotation; MNF \u2013 maize-natural fallow rotation; SR \u2013 short rainy season; TSP \u2013 triple superphosphate.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "B. Jama, Else K. B\u00fcnemann, P. C. Smithson, Astrid Oberson, Emmanuel Frossard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000047749.43017.fd"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:plso.0000047749.43017.fd", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:plso.0000047749.43017.fd", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:plso.0000047749.43017.fd"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2021jg006688", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-11", "title": "Bidirectional Exchange of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds in Subarctic Heath Mesocosms During Autumn Climate Scenarios", "description": "AbstractBiogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) flux dynamics during the subarctic autumn are largely unexplored and have been considered insignificant due to the relatively low biological activity expected during autumn. Here, we exposed subarctic heath ecosystems to predicted future autumn climate scenarios (ambient, warming, and colder, dark conditions), changes in light availability, and flooding, to mimic the more extreme rainfall or snowmelt events expected in the future. We used climate chambers to measure the net ecosystem fluxes and bidirectional exchange of BVOCs from intact heath mesocosms using a dynamic enclosure technique coupled to a proton\uffe2\uff80\uff90transfer\uffe2\uff80\uff90reaction time\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90flight mass spectrometer (PTR\uffe2\uff80\uff93ToF\uffe2\uff80\uff93MS). We focused on six BVOCs (methanol, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, acetone, isoprene, and monoterpenes) that were among the most dominant and that were previously identified in arctic tundra ecosystems. Warming increased ecosystem respiration and resulted in either net BVOC release or increased uptake compared to the ambient scenario. None of the targeted BVOCs showed net release in the cold and dark scenario. Acetic acid exhibited significantly lower net uptake in the cold and dark scenario than in the ambient scenario, which suggests reduced microbial activity. Flooding was characterized by net uptake of the targeted BVOCs and overruled any temperature effects conferred by the climate scenarios. Monoterpenes were mainly taken up by the mesocosms and their fluxes were not affected by the climate scenarios or flooding. This study shows that although autumn BVOC fluxes on a subarctic heath are generally low, changes in future climate may strongly modify them.
", "keywords": ["LITTER", "volatile organic compound", "FLUXES", "flooding", "Arctic", "Flooding", "Autumn", "11. Sustainability", "arctic", "autumn", "Ecosystem-atmosphere interactions", "Global change", "global change", "EMISSIONS", "MICROBIAL ACTIVITY", "ecosystem-atmosphere interactions", "Volatile organic compound", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "TUNDRA", "SOIL", "NITROGEN", "SUMMER", "13. Climate action", "WINTER", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021JG006688"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jg006688"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2021jg006688", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2021jg006688", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2021jg006688"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:wate.0000015369.02804.15", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-02-11", "title": "The Effect Of Fire On Mercury Cycling In The Soils Of Forested Watersheds: Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A.", "description": "This study compares mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) distribution in the soils of two forested stream watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, U.S.A. Cadillac Brook watershed, which burned in 1947, has thin soils and predominantly deciduous vegetation. It was compared to the unburned Hadlock Brook watershed, with thicker soil and predominantly coniferous vegetation. Soils in both watersheds were primarily well drained. The fire had a significant impact on the Cadillac watershed, by raising the soil pH, altering the vegetation, and reducing carbon and Hg pools. Total Hg content was significantly higher (P > 0.05) in Hadlock soils (0.18 kg Hg ha-1) compared to Cadillac soils (0.13 kg Hg ha-1). Hadlock O horizon had an average Hg concentration of 134\u00b148 ng Hg g-1 dry weight, compared to 103\u00b123 ng Hg g-1 dry weight in Cadillac O horizon. Soil pH was significantly higher in all soil horizons at Cadillac compared to Hadlock soils. This difference was especially significant in the O horizon, where Cadillac soils had an average pH of 3.41\u00b10.22 compared to Hadlock soils with an average pH of 2.99\u00b10.13.To study the mobilization potential of Hg in the O horizons of the two watersheds, batch adsorption experiments were conducted, and the results were modeled using surface complexation modeling. The results of Hg adsorption experiments indicated that the dissolved Hg concentration was controlled by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. The adsorption isotherms suggest that Hg is more mobile in the O horizon of the unburned Hadlock watershed because of higher solubility of organic carbon resulting in higher DOC concentrations in that watershed.Methylmercury concentrations, however, were consistently higher in the burned Cadillac O horizon (0.20\u00b10.13 ng Hg g-1 dry weight) than in the unburned Hadlock O horizon (0.07\u00b10.07 ng Hg g-1 dry weight). Similarly, Cadillac soils possessed a higher MeHg content (0.30 g MeHg ha-1) than Hadlock soils (0.16 g MeHg ha-1). The higher MeHg concentrations in Cadillac soils may reflect generally faster rates of microbial metabolism due to more rapid nutrient cycling and higher soil pH in the deciduous forest. In this research, we have shown that the amount of MeHg is not a function of the total pool of Hg in the watershed. Indeed, MeHg was inversely proportional to total Hg, suggesting that landscape factors such as soil pH, vegetation type, or land use history (e.g., fire) may be the determining factors for susceptibility to high Hg in biota.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Aria Amirbahman, Philip L. Ruck, Terry A. Haines, Ivan J. Fernandez, Jeffery S. Kahl,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:wate.0000015369.02804.15"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water%2C%20Air%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Soil%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:wate.0000015369.02804.15", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:wate.0000015369.02804.15", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:wate.0000015369.02804.15"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/1999jd900952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-09-17", "title": "Spatial And Temporal Variability Of Nitrogen Oxide And Methane Fluxes From A Fertilized Tree Plantation In Costa Rica", "description": "Nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) are naturally produced and consumed by soil biogeochemical processes. Naturally high variation between trace gas fluxes may temporarily increase due to agricultural management. We studied spatial and temporal variability of fluxes in the context of a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field experiment established to identify and quantify N2O fluxes and controlling factors using automated field measurements. We measured trace gas fluxes, soil temperature, and moisture from fertilized and unfertilized balsa (Ochroma lagopus) plantations. Combining spatial and temporal sampling we evaluate if automatically measured time series of N2O emissions are representative of overall mean fluxes from fertilized loam under balsa. Soil trace gas fluxes were measured manually at 36 randomly distributed sampling locations per plot. Mean plot emissions were evaluated against fluxes measured by seven chambers commonly used for routine bimonthly manual measurements and against N2O emissions measured by two automated chambers at 4.6\uffe2\uff80\uff90hour sampling intervals. Trace gas fluxes were highly variable over 40 \uffc3\uff97 40 m plots. Nitrogen oxide fluxes were mainly spatially independent. Fertilization increased nitrogen oxide emissions but did not introduce spatial dependency of flux data. Within about 6 weeks fluxes approached pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilization level again. Given high spatial variation of nitrogen oxide fluxes we find that automatically measured N2O fluxes represent the nature of the flux response well and are in the range of fluxes indicated by spatial sampling. When soils were relatively dry fertilization inhibited CH4 uptake.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jd900952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Atmospheres", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/1999jd900952", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/1999jd900952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/1999jd900952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2021ms002812", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-06", "title": "Unsaturated Transport Modeling: Random\u2010Walk Particle\u2010Tracking as a Numerical\u2010Dispersion Free and Efficient Alternative to Eulerian Methods", "description": "AbstractLagrangian methods, such as the random\uffe2\uff80\uff90walk particle\uffe2\uff80\uff90tracking (RWPT), are often qualified as a potentially valuable alternative to error\uffe2\uff80\uff90prone Eulerian methods for simulating solute transport in unsaturated porous media. Yet, the RWPT method has not yet been validated against \uffe2\uff80\uff90 and compared to \uffe2\uff80\uff90 currently used Eulerian solutions for simulating solute transport under a range of typical unsaturated conditions. This paper presents a new implementation of the RWPT approach for advective \uffe2\uff80\uff90 dispersive transport problems under variably saturated conditions. We first show that, as previously demonstrated for a heterogeneous dispersion tensor, using an interpolation scheme in the RWPT algorithm performs well for problems with abrupt changes in the water content. The new model is then compared against a simple 1D uniform transport problem, for which an analytical solution exist, and against a variety of 1D and 3D numerical solutions using the different Eulerian schemes implemented in Hydrus software suite. Results show that, while the Eulerian solutions significantly suffer from numerical dispersion in case of a coarse spatial discretization of the simulation domain, the new Lagrangian model provides accurate solutions for all problems. Furthermore, RWPT reproduces accurately solute transport for typical unsaturated flow conditions (infiltration, evaporation). Moreover, the Lagrangian model appears to be orders of magnitude faster than its Eulerian alternative to solve a 3D heterogeneous problem. Thus, RWPT should be seen as an attractive, stable and efficient alternative for simulating solute transport in the vadose zone, especially in case of complex and large problems.Ongoing permafrost thaw in the Arctic may remobilize large amounts of old organic matter. Upon transport to the Siberian shelf seas, this material may be degraded and released to the atmosphere, exported off\uffe2\uff80\uff90shelf, or buried in the sediments. While our understanding of the fate of permafrost\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived organic matter in shelf waters is improving, poor constraints remain regarding degradation in sediments. Here we use an extensive data set of organic carbon concentrations and isotopes (n\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa0109) to inventory terrigenous organic carbon (terrOC) in surficial sediments of the Laptev and East Siberian Seas (LS\uffc2\uffa0+\uffc2\uffa0ESS). Of these ~2.7 Tg terrOC about 55% appear resistant to degradation on a millennial timescale. A first\uffe2\uff80\uff90order degradation rate constant of 1.5\uffc2\uffa0kyr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 is derived by combining a previously established relationship between water depth and cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90shelf sediment\uffe2\uff80\uff90terrOC transport time with mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90associated terrOC loadings. This yields a terrOC degradation flux of ~1.7\uffc2\uffa0Gg/year from surficial sediments during cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90shelf transport, which is orders of magnitude lower than earlier estimates for degradation fluxes of dissolved and particulate terrOC in the water column of the LS\uffc2\uffa0+\uffc2\uffa0ESS. The difference is mainly due to the low degradation rate constant of sedimentary terrOC, likely caused by a combination of factors: (i) the lower availability of oxygen in the sediments compared to fully oxygenated waters, (ii) the stabilizing role of terrOC\uffe2\uff80\uff90mineral associations, and (iii) the higher proportion of material that is intrinsically recalcitrant due to its chemical/molecular structure in sediments. Sequestration of permafrost\uffe2\uff80\uff90released terrOC in shelf sediments may thereby attenuate the otherwise expected permafrost carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90climate feedback.Methane fluxes were measured at five sites representing oligotrophic peatlands along a European transect. Five study plots were subjected to elevated CO2 concentration (560 ppm), and five plots to NH4NO3 (3 or 5 g N yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The CH4 emissions from the control plots correlated in most cases with the soil temperatures. The depth of the water table, the pH, and the DOC, N and SO4 concentrations were only weakly correlated with the CH4 emissions. The elevated CO2 treatment gave nonsignificantly higher CH4 emissions at three sites and lower at two sites. The N treatment resulted in higher methane emissions at three sites (nonsignificant). At one site, the CH4 fluxes of the N\uffe2\uff80\uff90treatment plots were significantly lower than those of the control plots. These results were not in agreement with our hypotheses, nor with the results obtained in some earlier studies. However, the results are consistent with the results of the vegetation analyses, which showed no significant treatment effects on species relationships or biomass production.
", "keywords": ["northern peatlands", "methane emissions", "atmospheric carbon-dioxide", "temperature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "forest soils", "nitrogen deposition", "boreal mire", "13. Climate action", "raised co2", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "bog vegetation", "water-table", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001886"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2002gb001886", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2002gb001886", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2002gb001886"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2001gb001614", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-10-27", "title": "An Intensive Field Study On Co2, Ch4, And N2o Emissions From Soils At Four Land-Use Types In Sumatra, Indonesia", "description": "We measured gas fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil surface to the atmosphere under various land uses in Sumatra, Indonesia, from September 1997. Four land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use types, i.e., old\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth forest, logged\uffe2\uff80\uff90over forest, burned site after logging, and rubber plantation site, were selected. One logged\uffe2\uff80\uff90over forest was clear\uffe2\uff80\uff90cut and burned in the middle of the experiment. An incubation experiment was also performed to measure the potential of these three gases' emissions by using intact soil cores. The ranges of flux for 1 year for CO2, CH4, and N2O were 51.3\uffe2\uff80\uff9393.7 mg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, \uffe2\uff88\uff9221.2\uffe2\uff80\uff934.2 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and 0.74\uffe2\uff80\uff9326.34 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively. The N2O and CO2fluxes were among the smallest values in all tropical regions. Clear\uffe2\uff80\uff90cutting and burning of residual trees after logging caused an increase in N2O emissions. N2O emissions correlated highly with the nitrification rate at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm soil layer (R2= 0.7834,p< 0.01). CH4fluxes correlated with the clay content of 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 cm soil layer (R2= 0.6071,p< 0.15). The results of flux measurements and core incubation strongly suggest that the regeneration of vegetation reduces the impact of land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use/cover changes on trace gas emissions.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001614"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2001gb001614", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2001gb001614", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2001gb001614"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2001gb001855", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-12-02", "title": "Nitrous Oxide And Methane Fluxes In Six Different Land Use Systems In The Peruvian Amazon", "description": "The contribution of different land\uffe2\uff80\uff90use systems in the humid tropics to increasing atmospheric trace gases has focused on forests, pastures, and crops with few measurements from managed, tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems that dominate much of the landscape. This study from the Peruvian Amazon includes monthly nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from two cropping systems, three tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems, and a 23\uffe2\uff80\uff90year secondary forest control. Average N2O fluxes from the cropping systems were two to three times higher than the secondary forest control (9.1 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), while those of the tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems were similar to the secondary forest. Increased fluxes in the cropping systems were attributed to N fertilization, while fluxes from the tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems were related to litterfall N. Average CH4 consumption was reduced by up to half that of the secondary forest (\uffe2\uff88\uff9230.0 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in the tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based and low\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cropping systems. There was net CH4 production in the high\uffe2\uff80\uff90input cropping system. This switch to net production was a result of increased bulk density and increased soil respiration resulting in anaerobic conditions. Reduced rates of N2O emissions, similar CH4 consumption, and high C sequestration rates in these tree\uffe2\uff80\uff90based systems compared with mature forests, coupled with the large area of these systems in the humid tropics, may partially offset the past effects of deforestation on increased atmospheric trace gas concentrations. In contrast, cropping systems with higher N2O emissions, substantially reduced CH4 consumption or even net CH4 emissions, and little C sequestration exacerbate those effects.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "P. K. Mutuo, Cheryl A. Palm, Luis Ar\u00e9valo, Arvin R. Mosier, Julio Alegre, Richard Coe,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001855"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2001gb001855", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2001gb001855", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2001gb001855"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2002gb001925", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-23", "title": "Effects Of Co2and Nutrient Availability On Mineral Weathering In Controlled Tree Growth Experiments", "description": "We sought to determine the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on mineral weathering reactions in midlatitude carbonate\uffe2\uff80\uff90bearing forest soils of differing nutrient availability. Increased plant growth and soil respiration under elevated atmospheric CO2 suggest increased rates of carbon cycling, which may affect mineral weathering. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted, where aspen and maple saplings were grown in open top chambers under two levels of atmospheric CO2 and soil N. Soil solution chemistry and soil gas PCO2 profiles beneath aspen were collected from planting (1997) to harvest (1999). Carbonate mineral weathering products (Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) dominated solutions, which were saturated with respect to calcite. Soil PCO2 values at 25 cm depth were 41% higher in high N soils, but CO2 treatment was not significant. An ANOVA model tested treatment effects on spring 1998 solution chemistry. CO2 treatment had a significant effect on DIC, which was 12% higher in elevated than ambient CO2 chambers. Little effect of CO2 treatment was observed in low N soils. In high N soils, solutions had higher concentrations of carbonate weathering products (DIC, 15%; HCO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92, 27%; Ca2+, 3%, not significant; Mg2+, 5%, not significant). Soil N availability had a significant, positive, effect on mean concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92, SO42\uffe2\uff88\uff92, and DOC. The soil N treatment difference in solutes may result from differences in PCO2 and, additionally, NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 from organic matter decomposition. Our results suggest that increased carbonate weathering may occur under increased atmospheric CO2 and in fertile soils.
", "keywords": ["DIC", "Mineral Weathering", "Geological Sciences", "Science", "Carbonates", "Elevated Carbon Dioxide", "DOC", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil Solution", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001925"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2002gb001925", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2002gb001925", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2002gb001925"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2018je005802", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-22", "title": "Geological Evidence of Planet\u2010Wide Groundwater System on Mars", "description": "AbstractThe scale of groundwater upwelling on Mars, as well as its relation to sedimentary systems, remains an ongoing debate. Several deep craters (basins) in the northern equatorial regions show compelling signs that large amounts of water once existed on Mars at a planet\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide scale. The presence of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90formed features, including fluvial Gilbert and sapping deltas fed by sapping valleys, constitute strong evidence of groundwater upwelling resulting in long term standing bodies of water inside the basins. Terrestrial field evidence shows that sapping valleys can occur in basalt bedrock and not only in unconsolidated sediments. A hypothesis that considers the elevation differences between the observed morphologies and the assumed basal groundwater level is presented and described as the \uffe2\uff80\uff9cdike\uffe2\uff80\uff90confined water\uffe2\uff80\uff9d model, already present on Earth and introduced for the first time in the Martian geological literature. Only the deepest basins considered in this study, those with bases deeper than \uffe2\uff88\uff924000\uffc2\uffa0m in elevation below the Mars datum, intercepted the water\uffe2\uff80\uff90saturated zone and exhibit evidence of groundwater fluctuations. The discovery of these groundwater discharge sites on a planet\uffe2\uff80\uff90wide scale strongly suggests a link between the putative Martian ocean and various configurations of sedimentary deposits that were formed as a result of groundwater fluctuations during the Hesperian period. This newly recognized evidence of water\uffe2\uff80\uff90formed features significantly increases the chance that biosignatures could be buried in the sediment. These deep basins (groundwater\uffe2\uff80\uff90fed lakes) will be of interest to future exploration missions as they might provide evidence of geological conditions suitable for life.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0103 physical sciences", "Gilbert Delta; Mars; groundwater; lakes; sapping valley; sedimentology.", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Research Articles", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ricerca.unich.it/bitstream/11564/702001/1/Salese_et_al-2019-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Planets-print.pdf"}, {"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2018JE005802"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2018je005802"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Planets", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2018je005802", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2018je005802", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2018je005802"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2004gb002219", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-11-30", "title": "Weathering Controls On Mechanisms Of Carbon Storage In Grassland Soils", "description": "On a sequence of soils developed under similar vegetation, temperature, and precipitation conditions, but with variations in mineralogical properties, we use organic carbon and 14C inventories to examine mineral protection of soil organic carbon. In these soils, 14C data indicate that the creation of slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling carbon can be modeled as occurring through reaction of organic ligands with Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the upper horizons, followed by sorption to amorphous inorganic Al compounds at depth. Only one of these processes, the chelation of Al3+ and Fe3+ by organic ligands, is linked to large carbon stocks. Organic ligands stabilized by this process traverse the soil column as dissolved organic carbon (both from surface horizons and root exudates). At our moist grassland site, this chelation and transport process is very strongly correlated with the storage and long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term stabilization of soil organic carbon. Our 14C results show that the mechanisms of organic carbon transport and storage at this site follow a classic model previously believed to only be significant in a single soil order (Spodosols), and closely related to the presence of forests. The presence of this process in the grassland Alfisol, Inceptisol, and Mollisol soils of this chronosequence suggests that this process is a more significant control on organic carbon storage than previously thought.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Weathering", "Storage", "Transport", "Precipitation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Plants", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Stabilization", "Carbon", "13. Climate action", "Cations", "Soils", "Rangelands", "Sorption", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "54 Environmental Sciences", "Inventories", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt4287x5sj/qt4287x5sj.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002219"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2004gb002219", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2004gb002219", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2004gb002219"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2004gb002243", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-08-20", "title": "Temporal Variations Of Fluxes Of No, No2, N2o, Co2, And Ch4 In A Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem", "description": "Fluxes of N2O, NO, NO2, CO2, and CH4 were measured with high temporal resolution for 3 months at a tropical rain forest site in Queensland, Australia, using automated measuring systems. During this period, representing the transition between dry and wet season, huge pulses of NO emissions from the soil exceeding 500 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 were observed with the onset of the first rainfalls. The magnitude of fluxes was explained by intensive mineralization of accumulated litter from a previous long\uffe2\uff80\uff90lasting dry period. The mean NO emission rate was 207.1 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (range: 0.1\uffe2\uff80\uff93773.8 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and thus \uffe2\uff88\uffbc8 times higher as compared to N2O emissions (25.6 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921, range: 0\uffe2\uff80\uff93101.3 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). NO and N2O emissions showed pronounced temporal variations, which were almost exclusively triggered by changes in soil moisture. Total NO and N2O losses summed to \uffe2\uff88\uffbc3.5 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921. Though a significant amount of the NO emitted from the soil was redeposited to the soil surface after its oxidation to NO2 (0.7 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921), the observed magnitude of net NOx release from the soil indicates that NOx emissions from tropical rain forest ecosystems are seriously underestimated. The mean CO2 emission was 159.0 mg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (range: 36.3\uffe2\uff80\uff93284.8 mg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and thus >2 magnitudes higher than NO emissions. Among the C\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90trace gases measured, the temporal variability of CH4 uptake was the lowest. The mean uptake rate for CH4 was \uffe2\uff88\uff9223.8 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (range: \uffe2\uff88\uff9250.0\uffe2\uff80\uff930 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The emission ratios of NO:N2O, CO2:N2O and CO2:NO varied substantially with time. During dry periods the NO\uffe2\uff80\uff90N:N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ratio was as high as 60:1, whereas for wetter periods it decreased to <7:1. A comparable trend was also observed for the ratio between CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C:N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N emissions. The largest ratio of CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90C:NO\uffe2\uff80\uff90N (>1500:1) was observed at intermediate soil moisture values.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002243"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2004gb002243", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2004gb002243", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2004gb002243"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2018wr024076", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-02-26", "title": "Isolation of Individual Saturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Derived From Groundwater Phospholipids by Preparative High\u2010Pressure Liquid Chromatography for Compound\u2010Specific Radiocarbon Analyses", "description": "AbstractDetermining the biogeochemical pathways utilized by microbes living in groundwater is essential for understanding the subsurface C cycle and the fate of organic compounds, including pollutants. The radiocarbon signature (\uffce\uff9414C) of fatty acid methyl esters derived from microbial phospholipids (PLFA) provides useful information for differentiating microbial C sources and infering microbial metabolism. However, in subsurface environments, those analyses remain challenging. Here we present a method combining large volume groundwater filtration (up to 10,000\uffc2\uffa0L) and PLFA purification for subsequent compound\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific radiocarbon analyses. The analytical method involves conventional chemical extraction of PLFA followed by purification of individual compounds by semipreparative high\uffe2\uff80\uff90performance liquid chromatography. Different saturated PLFA in amounts of up to 10\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcg each can be simultaneously separated on a C18 high\uffe2\uff80\uff90load column using a mixture of MeOH/water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Our procedure introduced dead\uffe2\uff80\uff90Cext contaminations of 0.57\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.29 and 0.35\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.18\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcg for the high\uffe2\uff80\uff90performance liquid chromatography and combustion/graphitization steps of the sample preparation, respectively. However, tests on different high\uffe2\uff80\uff90performance liquid chromatography C18 columns revealed a large difference in dead Cext associated with column bleed. Modern Cext in the amount of 0.40\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa00.20\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcg was introduced by the combustion/graphitization step of the sample preparation, but other steps did not add modern Cext. The entire method recovered \uffe2\uff88\uffbc50% of the purified compounds on average, but this did not affect their 14C content. This method will allow routine analysis of the \uffce\uff9414C of PLFA isolated from groundwaters or other sample types, revealing the relationships between microbial and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C, sedimentary or dissolved C sources.Global warming triggers permafrost thaw, which increases the release of terrigenous organic matter (terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM) to the Arctic Ocean by coastal erosion and rivers. Terrigenous OM degradation in the Arctic Ocean contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and severe ocean acidification, yet the vulnerability of different terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM components is poorly resolved. Here, terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM degradation dynamics are studied with unprecedented spatial coverage over the World's largest shelf sea system\uffe2\uff80\uff94the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), using a multi\uffe2\uff80\uff90proxy molecular biomarker approach. Mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface\uffe2\uff80\uff90area\uffe2\uff80\uff90normalized concentrations of terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM compounds in surface sediments decreases offshore. Differences between terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM compound classes (lignin phenols, high\uffe2\uff80\uff90molecular weight [HMW] n\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkanes, n\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkanoic acids and n\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkanols, sterols, 3,5\uffe2\uff80\uff90dihydroxybenzoic acids, cutin acids) reflect contrasting influence of sources, propensity to microbial degradation and association with sedimenting particles, with lignin phenols disappearing 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90times faster than total terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM, and twice faster than other biomarkers. Molecular degradation proxies support substantial terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM degradation across the ESAS, with clearest trends shown by: 3,5\uffe2\uff80\uff90dihydroxybenzoic acid/vanillyl phenol ratios, acid\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90aldehyde ratios of syringyl and vanillyl phenols, Carbon Preference Indices of HMW n\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyl compounds and sitostanol/\uffce\uffb2\uffe2\uff80\uff90sitosterol. The combination of terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM biomarker data with \uffce\uffb413C/\uffce\uff9414C\uffe2\uff80\uff90based source apportionment indicates that the more degraded state of lignin is influenced by the relative contribution of river\uffe2\uff80\uff90transported terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM from surface soils, while HMW n\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkanoic acids and stigmasterol are influenced by erosion\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM from Ice Complex deposits. Our findings demonstrate differences in vulnerability to degradation between contrasting terr\uffe2\uff80\uff90OM pools, and underscore the need to consider molecular properties for understanding and modeling of large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale biogeochemical processes of the permafrost carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90climate feedback.This study was conducted to examine direct and indirect impacts of global warming on carbon processes in a tallgrass prairie in the U.S. Great Plains. Infrared radiators were used to simulate global warming, and clipping was used to mimic hay mowing. Experimental warming caused significant increases in green biomass in spring and autumn and total biomass in summer on most of the measuring dates. Green aboveground biomass showed positive linear correlations with soil temperature in spring and autumn whereas total aboveground biomass in summer was negatively correlated with soil temperature. Experimental warming also affected aboveground biomass indirectly by extending the length of growing season and changing soil nitrogen process. Elevated temperature tended to increase net nitrogen mineralization in the first year but decrease it in the second year, which could be attributable to stimulated plant growth and belowground carbon allocation and consequently enhanced microbial nitrogen immobilization. Warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced changes in soil respiration were proportional to those of total aboveground biomass. Clipping significantly reduced aboveground biomass and increased root biomass, but had no effect on net nitrogen mineralization and annual mean soil respiration. The proportional changes in soil respiration to those of aboveground biomass indicate warming\uffe2\uff80\uff90stimulated ecosystem carbon uptake could be weakened by increased carbon release through soil respiration.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002315"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2004gb002315", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2004gb002315", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2004gb002315"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2004gb002401", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-05-25", "title": "A 3-Year Field Measurement Of Methane And Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Rice Paddies In China: Effects Of Water Regime, Crop Residue, And Fertilizer Application", "description": "A 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field experiment was conducted to simultaneously measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddies under various agricultural managements including water regime, crop residue incorporation, and synthetic fertilizer application. In contrast with continuous flooding, midseason drainage incurred a drop in CH4 fluxes while triggering substantial N2O emission. Moreover, N2O emissions after midseason drainage depended strongly on whether or not fields were waterlogged due to intermittent irrigation. Urea application tended to reduce CH4 emissions but significantly increased N2O emissions. Under a water regime of flooding\uffe2\uff80\uff90midseason drainage\uffe2\uff80\uff90reflooding\uffe2\uff80\uff90moist intermittent irrigation but without water logging (F\uffe2\uff80\uff90D\uffe2\uff80\uff90F\uffe2\uff80\uff90M), both wheat straw and rapeseed cake incorporation increased CH4 emissions by 252%, and rapeseed cake increased N2O by 17% while wheat straw reduced N2O by 19% compared to controls. Seasonal average fluxes of CH4 ranged from 25.4 mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 when no additional residue was applied under the water regime of flooding\uffe2\uff80\uff90midseason drainage\uffe2\uff80\uff90reflooding to 116.9 mg m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 when wheat straw was applied at 2.25 t ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 under continuous irrigation flooding. Seasonal average fluxes of N2O varied between 0.03 mg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 under continuous flooding and 5.23 mg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 under the water regime of F\uffe2\uff80\uff90D\uffe2\uff80\uff90F\uffe2\uff80\uff90M. Both crop residue\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced CH4, ranging from 9 to 15% of the incorporated residue C, and N2O, ranging from 0.01 to 1.78% of the applied N, were dependent on water regime in rice paddies. Estimations of net global warming potentials (GWPs) indicate that water management by flooding with midseason drainage and frequent water logging without the use of organic amendments is an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4 and N2O in paddy rice production.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2004gb002401"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2004gb002401", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2004gb002401", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2004gb002401"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-05-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2005gb002526", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-01-13", "title": "Main And Interactive Effects Of Warming, Clipping, And Doubled Precipitation On Soil Co2efflux In A Grassland Ecosystem", "description": "We conducted two experiments, one long term with a 2\uffc2\uffb0C increase (Experiment 1) and one short term with a 4.4\uffc2\uffb0C increase (Experiment 2), to investigate main and interactive effects of warming, clipping, and doubled precipitation on soil CO2 efflux and its temperature sensitivity in a U.S. tallgrass prairie. On average, warming increased soil CO2 efflux by 13.0% (p < 0.01) in Experiment 1, by 22.9% (p < 0.0001) in Experiment 2, and by 26.6% (p < 0.0001) in the transient study of Experiment 2. Doubled precipitation resulted in an increase of 9.0% (p < 0.05) in soil CO2 efflux in Experiment 2. Yearly clipping did not significantly affect soil CO2 efflux (p = 0.66) in Experiment 1, while clipping decreased soil CO2 efflux by 16.1% (p < 0.05) in the transient study. Temperature sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux significantly decreased from an apparent Q10 value of 2.51 in unwarmed plots to 2.02 in warmed plots without extra precipitation and from 2.57 to 2.23 with doubled precipitation in Experiment 2. No significant interactive effects among the experimental factors were statistically found on soil CO2 efflux or their temperature sensitivities except for the warming \uffc3\uff97 clipping interaction (p < 0.05) in the transient study. Our observed minor interactive effects relative to main ones suggest that results from single\uffe2\uff80\uff90factor experiments are useful in informing us of potential responses of soil CO2 efflux to multifactor global change, at least in our ecosystem.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002526"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2005gb002526", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2005gb002526", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2005gb002526"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2006gb002715", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-06", "title": "Response Of Peatland Carbon Dioxide And Methane Fluxes To A Water Table Drawdown Experiment", "description": "Northern peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle representing a significant stock of soil carbon and a substantial natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4). Peatland carbon cycling is affected by water table position which is predicted to be lowered by climate change. Therefore we compared carbon fluxes along a natural peatland microtopographic gradient (control) to an adjacent microtopographic gradient with an experimentally lowered water table (experimental) during three growing seasons to assess the impact of water table drawdown on peatland\uffe2\uff80\uff90atmosphere carbon exchange. Water table drawdown induced peat subsidence and a change in the vegetation community at the experimental site. This limited differences in carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between the control and experimental sites resulting in no significant differences between sites after three seasons. However, there was a trend to higher respiration rates and increased productivity in low\uffe2\uff80\uff90lying zones (hollows) and this was coincident with increased vegetation cover at these plots. In general, CH4 efflux was reduced at the experimental site, although CH4 efflux from control and experimental hollows remained similar throughout the study. The differential response of carbon cycling to the water table drawdown along the microtopographic gradient resulted in local topographic high zones (hummocks) experiencing a relative increase in global warming potential (GWP) of 152%, while a 70% reduction in GWP was observed at hollows. Thus the distribution and composition of microtopographic elements, or microforms, within a peatland is important for determining how peatland carbon cycling will respond to climate change.
", "keywords": ["climate change", "13. Climate action", "peatland carbon cycling", "water table drawdown", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "333", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2006gb002715"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2006gb002715", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2006gb002715", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2006gb002715"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2005gb002469", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-13", "title": "Nitrogen Availability And Soil N2o Emissions Following Conversion Of Forests To Coffee In Southern Sumatra", "description": "Changes in land use impact on the N cycle with both local and global consequences. We examined how conversion of forest to agriculture in one catchment in southern Sumatra altered N availability and soil N2O emission. Measurements were made along a chronosequence of forest land converted to coffee gardens. A number of different management practices were also examined. Inorganic N stocks and N cycling rates were highest in the forest and lower in the coffee gardens. The forest and young conversion sites appeared to be N limited, whereas the older agricultural sites and the more intensively managed sites were not as strongly N limited. N2O emissions were low in the forest (<2 kgN ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and increased sharply following deforestation. Emissions on recently cleared land were 4.6 kgN ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and 8.4 kgN ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in a 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old coffee garden. Emissions in the older coffee gardens were lower with the lowest flux observed in a 10 year old site (1.8 kgN ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). We explored the effects of different types of management approaches that farmers are using in this landscape. Emissions in an 18\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old multistrata coffee garden with a significant overstory of N fixing trees were 5 times greater (15.5 kg ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than emissions from forests. We also found that intensive organic matter management produced high emissions. To understand the spatial and temporal variability of the N2O emissions we used the hole\uffe2\uff80\uff90in\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90pipe conceptual model. N2O fluxes were lowest on N limited sites. Soil water content also played an important role and emissions were highest when water filled pore space (WFPS) was between 85 and 95%. A number of formulations of this model have been applied in different ways over the years to explain spatial and temporal variation in the soil N\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxide flux, and in this study we found the mechanistic explanation useful. Our study suggests that land use change and intensification of agriculture in N limited highland landscapes may significantly increase the biosphere to atmosphere flux of N gases.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gb002469"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2005gb002469", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2005gb002469", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2005gb002469"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2018jg004795", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-09", "title": "Comparison With Global Soil Radiocarbon Observations Indicates Needed Carbon Cycle Improvements in the E3SM Land Model", "description": "AbstractWe evaluated global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and turnover time predictions from a global land model (ELMv1\uffe2\uff80\uff90ECA) integrated in an Earth System Model (E3SM) by comparing them with observed soil bulk and \uffce\uff9414C values around the world. We analyzed observed and simulated SOC stocks and \uffce\uff9414C values using machine learning methods at the Earth System Model grid cell scale (~200\uffc2\uffa0km). In grid cells with sufficient observations, the model provided reasonable estimates of soil carbon stocks across soil depth and \uffce\uff9414C values near the surface but underestimated \uffce\uff9414C at depth. Among many explanatory variables, soil albedo index, soil order, plant function type, air temperature, and SOC content were major factors affecting predicted SOC \uffce\uff9414C values. The influences of soil albedo index, soil order, and air temperature were primarily important in the shallow subsurface (\uffe2\uff89\uffa430\uffc2\uffa0cm). We also performed sensitivity studies using different vertical root distributions and decomposition turnover times and compared to observed SOC stock and \uffce\uff9414C profiles. The analyses support the role of vegetation in affecting soil carbon turnover, particularly in deep soil, possibly through supplying fresh carbon and degrading physical\uffe2\uff80\uff90chemical protection of SOC via root activities. Allowing for grid cell\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific rooting and decomposition rates substantially reduced discrepancies between observed and predicted \uffce\uff9414C values and SOC content. Our results highlight the need for more explicit representation of roots, microbes, and soil physical protection in land models.Future climate change and other anthropogenic activities are likely to increase nutrient availability in many peatlands, and it is important to understand how these additional nutrients will influence peatland carbon cycling. We investigated the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on aerobic CH4oxidation, anaerobic carbon mineralization (as CO2and CH4production), and anaerobic nutrient mineralization in a bog, an intermediate fen, and a rich fen in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We utilized a 5\uffe2\uff80\uff90week laboratory nutrient amendment experiment in conjunction with a 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90year field nutrient fertilization experiment to consider how the relative response to nitrogen and phosphorus differed among these wetlands over the short and long term. Field fertilizations generally increased nutrient availability in the upper 15 cm of peat and resulted in shifts in the vegetation community in each peatland. High nitrogen concentrations inhibited CH4oxidation in bog peat during short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term incubations; however, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term fertilization with lower concentrations of nitrogen stimulated rates of CH4oxidation in bog peat. In contrast, no nitrogen effects on CH4oxidation were observed in the intermediate or rich fen peat. Anaerobic carbon mineralization in bog peat was consistently inhibited by increased phosphorus availability, but similar phosphorus additions had few effects in the intermediate fen and stimulated CH4production and nutrient mineralization in the rich fen. Our results demonstrate that nitrogen and phosphorus are important controls of peatland microbial carbon cycling; however, the role of these nutrients can differ over the short and long term and is strongly mediated by peatland type.
", "keywords": ["Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "2. Zero hunger", "Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology", "Nutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Peatlands", "Biochemistry", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Microbial Carbon Cycling", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000152"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2005jg000152", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2005jg000152", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2005jg000152"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-08-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2006jf000631", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-06-07", "title": "Responses Of Permafrost To Climate Change And Their Environmental Significance, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", "description": "In this paper we summarize recent research in geocryological studies carried out on the Qinghai\uffe2\uff80\uff90Tibet Plateau that show responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental implications. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term temperature measurements indicate that the lower altitudinal limit of permafrost has moved up by 25 m in the north during the last 30 years and between 50 and 80 m in the south over the last 20 years. Furthermore, the thickness of the active layer has increased by 0.15 to 0.50 m and ground temperature at a depth of 6 m has risen by about 0.1\uffc2\uffb0 to 0.3\uffc2\uffb0C between 1996 and 2001. Recent studies show that freeze\uffe2\uff80\uff90thaw cycles in the ground intensify the heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ground surface. The greater the moisture content in the soil, the greater is the influence of freeze\uffe2\uff80\uff90thaw cycling on heat exchange. The water and heat exchange between the atmosphere and the ground surface due to soil freezing and thawing has a significant influence on the climate in eastern Asia. A negative correlation exists between soil moisture and heat balance on the plateau and the amount of summer precipitation in most regions of China. A simple frozen soil parameterization scheme was developed to simulate the interaction between permafrost and climate change. This model, combined with the NCAR Community Climate Model 3.6, is suitable for the simulation of permafrost changes on the plateau. In addition, permafrost degradation is one of the main causes responsible for a dropping groundwater table at the source areas of the Yangtze River and Yellow River, which in turn results in lowering lake water levels, drying swamps and shrinking grasslands.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000631"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Earth%20Surface", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2006jf000631", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2006jf000631", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2006jf000631"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2007jg000522", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-04-01", "title": "Land Use Change Effects On Trace Gas Fluxes In The Forest Margins Of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia", "description": "Land use changes and land use intensification are considered important processes contributing to the increasing concentrations of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) and of nitric oxide (NO), a precursor of ozone. Studies on the effects of land use changes and land use intensification on soil trace gas emissions were mostly conducted in Latin America and only very few in Asia. Here we present results from Central Sulawesi where profound changes in land use and cultivation practices take place: traditional agricultural practices like shifting cultivation and slash\uffe2\uff80\uff90and\uffe2\uff80\uff90burn agriculture are replaced by permanent cultivation systems and introduction of income\uffe2\uff80\uff90generating cash crops like cacao. Our results showed that N2O emissions were higher from cacao agroforestry (35 \uffc2\uffb1 10 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than maize (9 \uffc2\uffb1 2 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921), whereas intermediate rates were observed from secondary forests (25 \uffc2\uffb1 11 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). NO emissions did not differ among land use systems, ranging from 12 \uffc2\uffb1 2 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for cacao agroforestry and secondary forest to 18 \uffc2\uffb1 2 \uffce\uffbcg N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for maize. CH4 uptake was higher for maize (\uffe2\uff88\uff9230 \uffc2\uffb1 4 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than cacao agroforestry (\uffe2\uff88\uff9218 \uffc2\uffb1 2 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and intermediate rates were measured from secondary forests (\uffe2\uff88\uff9225 \uffc2\uffb1 4 \uffce\uffbcg C m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921). Combining these data with results from other studies in this area, we present chronosequence effects of land use change on trace gas emissions from natural forest, through maize cultivation, to cacao agroforestry (with or without fertilizer). Compared to the original forests, this typical land use change in the study area clearly led to higher N2O emissions and lower CH4 uptake with age of cacao agroforestry systems. We conclude that this common land use sequence in the area combined with the increasing use of fertilizer will strongly increase soil trace gas emissions. We suggest that the future hot spot regions of high N2O (and to a lesser extend NO) emissions in the tropics are those areas where climatic and edaphic conditions allow for intensive agriculture. This scenario is probably preferable over the alternative of agriculture extensification, which would imply a dramatic increase in deforestation rates with accompanying CO2 emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "fertilizers", "cacao", "13. Climate action", "deforestation", "land use", "agroforestry; cacao; deforestation; fertilizer; Indonesia; land use change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "agroforestry", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000522"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2007jg000522", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2007jg000522", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2007jg000522"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2009gb003538", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-05-19", "title": "Temporal And Spatial Variability And Controls Of Soil Respiration In A Temperate Steppe In Northern China", "description": "In this study, soil respiration and environmental variables were examined to explore the temporal and spatial variability and controls of soil respiration in eight plant communities along an east\uffe2\uff80\uff93west transect in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Our results show that there was substantial temporal (coefficient of variation (CV) = 58.6 \uffc2\uffb1 1.54%,n= 14) and spatial variability (CV = 32.6 \uffc2\uffb1 2.65%,n= 8) in soil respiration. Soil temperature and moisture were more important than plant growth in controlling the seasonal patterns of within\uffe2\uff80\uff90site soil respiration in all the eight steppe communities. Spatial differences in soil respiration rate could be mainly attributed to the differences in soil moisture and net primary productivity (NPP) among the study sites, whereas soil temperature played a minor role in regulating the spatial pattern of soil respiration. Significantly, positive site\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90site correlations were found between soil respiration and site soil traits such as soil C, N, and clay contents. In contrast, soil respiration was negatively correlated with soil bulk density and sand content. These findings indicate that the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in regulating soil respiration differs temporally from spatially. The conclusions drawn from the present study provide valuable information for developing future models of soil respiration driven by site climatic and soil variables, applicable for large\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale estimates of soil respiration in grassland ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003538"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2009gb003538", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2009gb003538", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2009gb003538"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2010gl044733", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-11", "title": "Quantification Of C Uptake In Subarctic Birch Forest After Setback By An Extreme Insect Outbreak", "description": "The carbon dynamics of northern natural ecosystems contribute significantly to the global carbon balance. Periodic disturbances to these dynamics include insect herbivory. Larvae of autumn and winter moths (Epirrita autumnata and Operophtera brumata) defoliate mountain birch (Betula pubescens) forests in northern Scandinavia cyclically every 9-10 years and occasionally (50-150 years) extreme population densities can threaten ecosystem stability. Here we report impacts on C balance following a 2004 outbreak where a widespread area of Lake Tornetrask catchment was severely defoliated. We show that in the growing season of 2004 the forest was a much smaller net sink of C than in a reference year, most likely due to lower gross photosynthesis. Ecosystem respiration in 2004 was smaller and less sensitive to air temperature at nighttime relative to 2006. The difference in growing season uptake between an insect affected and non-affected year over the 316 km(2) area is in the order of 29 x 10(3) tonnes C equal to a reduction of the sink strength by 89%. Citation: Heliasz, M., T. Johansson, A. Lindroth, M. Molder, M. Mastepanov, T. Friborg, T. V. Callaghan, and T. R. Christensen (2011), Quantification of C uptake in subarctic birch forest after setback by an extreme insect outbreak, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01704, doi:10.1029/2010GL044733. (Less)", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044733"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geophysical%20Research%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2010gl044733", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2010gl044733", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2010gl044733"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2010jg001494", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-02-03", "title": "Nitrous Oxide Emissions And Isotopic Composition In Urban And Agricultural Systems In Southern California", "description": "[1]\u00a0Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas increasing in atmospheric mixing ratio and linked to increasing amounts of reactive N in the environment, particularly fertilizer use in agriculture. The consequences of urbanization of agricultural land for global and regional N2O emissions are unclear, due to high spatial and temporal variability of fluxes from different ecosystems and relatively few studies of urban ecosystems. We measured fluxes and the stable isotope composition (\u03b415N and \u03b418O) of N2O over 1 year in urban (ornamental lawns and athletic fields) and agricultural (corn and vegetable fields) ecosystems near Los Angeles, California, United States. We found that urban landscapes (lawns and athletic fields) have annual N2O fluxes equal to or greater than agricultural fields. Fertilization rates of urban landscapes were equal to or greater than agricultural fields, with comparable N2O emissions factors. \u03b415N and \u03b418O of N2O varied widely in all ecosystems, and were not consistent with ecosystem type, season, soil moisture, or temperature. There was, however, a consistent response of \u03b415N-N2O to pulses of N2O emission following fertilization, with an initial depletion in \u03b415N relative to prefertilization values, then gradual enrichment to background values within about 1 week. Preliminary scaling calculations indicated that N2O emissions from urban landscapes are approximately equal to or greater than agricultural emissions in urbanized areas of southern California, which further implies that current estimates of regional N2O emissions (based on agricultural land area) may be too low.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "long-term", "denitrification", "variability", "methane", "cycle (with supplement)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon-dioxide", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "nitrification", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "global n2o budget", "soil-moisture", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "oxygen-exchange", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt7q9586fd/qt7q9586fd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001494"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2010jg001494", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2010jg001494", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2010jg001494"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1056/nejm199703063361004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-27", "title": "Sympathetic Cardioneuropathy in Dysautonomias", "description": "The classification of dysautonomias has been confusing, and the pathophysiology obscure. We examined sympathetic innervation of the heart in patients with acquired, idiopathic dysautonomias using thoracic positron-emission tomography and assessments of the entry rate of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine into the cardiac venous drainage (cardiac norepinephrine spillover). We related the laboratory findings to signs of sympathetic neurocirculatory failure (orthostatic hypotension and abnormal blood-pressure responses associated with the Valsalva maneuver), central neural degeneration, and responsiveness to treatment with levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet).Cardiac scans were obtained after intravenous administration of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine in 26 patients with dysautonomia. Fourteen had sympathetic neurocirculatory failure--three with no signs of central neurodegeneration (pure autonomic failure), two with parkinsonism responsive to treatment with levodopa-carbidopa, and nine with central neurodegeneration unresponsive to treatment with levodopa-carbidopa (the Shy-Drager syndrome). The rates of cardiac norepinephrine spillover were estimated on the basis of concentrations of intravenously infused [3H]norepinephrine during catheterization of the right side of the heart.Patients with pure autonomic failure or parkinsonism and sympathetic neurocirculatory failure had no myocardial 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity or cardiac norepinephrine spillover, indicating loss of myocardial sympathetic-nerve terminals, whereas patients with the Shy-Drager syndrome had increased levels of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity, indicating intact sympathetic terminals and absent nerve traffic. Patients with dysautonomia who did not have sympathetic neurocirculatory failure had normal levels of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity in myocardium and normal rates of cardiac norepinephrine spillover.The results of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine positron-emission tomography and neurochemical analyses support a new clinical pathophysiologic classification of dysautonomias, based on the occurrence of sympathetic neurocirculatory failure, signs of central neurodegeneration, and responsiveness to levodopa-carbidopa.", "keywords": ["Adult", "Aged", " 80 and over", "Fluorine Radioisotopes", "Nitrogen Radioisotopes", "Sympathetic Nervous System", "Epinephrine", "Dopamine", "Myocardium", "Shy-Drager Syndrome", "Heart", "Parkinson Disease", "Middle Aged", "3. Good health", "Diagnosis", " Differential", "Levodopa", "Norepinephrine", "Autonomic Nervous System Diseases", "Ammonia", "Parasympathetic Nervous System", "Reference Values", "Coronary Circulation", "Humans", "Aged", "Tomography", " Emission-Computed"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Graeme Eisenhofer, Richard O. Cannon, Irwin J. Kopin, Courtney Holmes, David S. Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199703063361004"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20England%20Journal%20of%20Medicine", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1056/nejm199703063361004", "name": "item", "description": "10.1056/nejm199703063361004", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1056/nejm199703063361004"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2010jg001629", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-28", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Nitrogen And Temperature On Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics In Alaskan Arctic And Boreal Soils", "description": "[1]\u00a0Plant productivity in upland tundra and boreal forest is demonstrably limited by nitrogen (N) and indirect evidence from field studies suggests that decomposition by soil microbes may be similarly limited. As climate warms at high latitudes, understanding the response of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to increased soil temperature may be crucial for determining the net effect of warming on ecosystem carbon (C) balance because temperature directly affects decomposition but also because it has an indirect effect on C balance via nutrient mineralization. We incubated northern Alaskan soils at two temperatures (5\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C) and two levels of N addition (with and without) to directly test for N limitation of SOM decomposition and to explore the interaction between temperature and N limitation. Over the entire 924 day incubation of organic and mineral soils from two ecosystem types, we measured microbial respiration; over the initial 90 days of the incubation, we measured microbial biomass N, net N mineralization, and the isotopic signatures (\u03b413C and \u039414C) of microbial respiration. Across soil layers and ecosystem types, temperature always had a strong positive effect on SOM decomposition rates, whereas N addition had positive, negative, and neutral effects. When C respiration rates were high, the positive N response was generally most strongly expressed, for example, in the organic soils, in the warmer incubation, and at the outset of the experiment. Negative N responses often occurred when C respiration rates were lower, predominantly in mineral soils and at the middle or end of the experiment. In the subset of soil types where we measured the radiocarbon age of respired CO2, increased decomposition was related to increased use of older C. Net N mineralization and nitrification were not affected by temperature, but N addition increased net N immobilization in all soil layers and microbial biomass N in organic layers. Our data support the general idea that at least in these high-latitude organic soils, decomposition of labile carbon can be positively stimulated by added N, whereas decomposition of recalcitrant C is suppressed.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Edward A. G. Schuur, Martin Lavoie, Martin Lavoie, Michelle C. Mack,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001629"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2010jg001629", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2010jg001629", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2010jg001629"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2011gb004054", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-23", "title": "Contribution Of Winter Soil Respiration To Annual Soil Co2emission In A Mollisol Under Different Tillage Practices In Northeast China", "description": "Winter soil CO2 emission is a very important component of the annual carbon budgets, however, almost no information on winter CO2 emission is available from the cropland soil in northeast China. In this study, soil CO2flux was measured for a 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period from an ongoing tillage trial on Black soil in northeast China to quantify seasonal patterns in soil CO2 flux rate and wintertime contribution to annual soil respiration. Average soil CO2 flux rates in the winter (November to March) were between 0.64 to 1.22 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921, in the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season (October and April) were 2.09\uffe2\uff80\uff933.56 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921, whereas in the growing season (May to September) they were between 10.9 to 12.7 g CO2 m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 d\uffe2\uff88\uff921, with no significant differences among tillage treatments. Total winter, non\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing and growing season soil CO2 emissions were 0.28\uffe2\uff80\uff930.45 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, 0.36\uffe2\uff80\uff930.53 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and 4.52\uffe2\uff80\uff935.55 Mg C ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921, respectively, among tillage treatments. The contributions of winter soil respiration to annual soil CO2emission ranged from 5.1 to 7.1%, and the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season emission ranged from 11.4 to 15.2% among tillage treatments. Our results indicate that in northeast China, cropland Black soil continuously emits CO2throughout the non\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing season, and the wintertime soil respiration plays a significant role in annual soil carbon budgets. Hence winter soil CO2 emission must be taken into consideration when the role of the soil ecosystem is assessed as either a sink or source of CO2 to the atmosphere.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gb004054"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2011gb004054", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2011gb004054", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2011gb004054"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2011ja017242", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-03T16:18:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-02-02", "title": "Fluctuations in the direction of propagation of intermittent low\u2010frequency ionospheric waves", "description": "Low\uffe2\uff80\uff90frequency (8\uffe2\uff80\uff9328 Hz), long\uffe2\uff80\uff90wavelength electrostatic waves in the ionospheric E region over northern Scandinavia are studied by using data obtained from an instrumented rocket having four probes mounted on two perpendicular booms. Two data sets are available, one for upleg and one for downleg conditions with somewhat different ionospheric parameters. The ionospheric plasma is unstable with respect to the electrostatic Farley\uffe2\uff80\uff90Buneman instability in both cases, but the DC electric field is somewhat enhanced during the downleg part of the flight. We find that the direction of wave propagation as given by the local normalized fluctuating electrostatic field vector varies randomly within an interval of aspect angles. The distribution of the directional change per time unit is determined. The waves propagate predominantly in the electrojet direction, but significant variations in directions can be found, both with respect to the magnetic field (the aspect angle) and with respect to the electrojet direction. Some of our results are in variance with related radar observations in the electrojet near the equator. Indications of significant spatial intermittency of the signal is demonstrated. Large\uffe2\uff80\uff90amplitude electrostatic fluctuations are confined to spatially localized regions and have a narrower aspect angle distribution with reduced directional fluctuations. We introduce an intermittency measure based on average excess time statistics for the record for the absolute value of the detected time\uffe2\uff80\uff90varying electric fields. We thus determine the average of time intervals spent above a prescribed amplitude threshold level. The results are compared with an analytical expression obtained for a reference nonintermittent Gaussian signal. The general analysis requires the joint probability density of signal amplitude and its time derivative to be known. The analytical models for quantifying the intermittency effects were tested by synthetic time series allowing study of the transition from non\uffe2\uff80\uff90Gaussian to Gaussian random signals.