{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-03-12", "title": "Why Does Rainfall Affect The Trend In Soil Carbon After Converting Pastures To Forests? A Possible Explanation Based On Nitrogen Dynamics", "description": "Abstract   When trees are planted onto former pastures, soil carbon stocks typically either remain constant or decrease, with decreases more common in regions with higher rainfall. We conducted a modelling analysis to assess whether those changes in soil carbon, especially the interaction with rainfall, could be understood through consideration of nitrogen balances. The study was based on simulations with the whole-system ecophysiological model CenW which allowed explicit modelling of both carbon and nitrogen pools and their fluxes through plants and soil organic matter.  We found that in a modelled coniferous forest without excess water input, total system nitrogen stocks remained similar to pre-forestation values because there were few pathways for nitrogen losses, and without biological nitrogen fixation or fertiliser inputs, gains were restricted to small inputs from atmospheric deposition. However, tree biomass and the litter layer accumulated considerable amounts of nitrogen. This accumulation of nitrogen came at the expense of depleting soil nitrogen stocks. With the change from input of grass litter that is low in lignin to forest litter with higher lignin concentration, organic-matter C:N ratios increased so that more carbon could be stored per unit of soil nitrogen which partly negated the effect of reduced nitrogen stocks. The increase in C:N ratios was initially confined to the surface litter layer because of slow transfer of material to the mineral soil. Over a period of decades, soil C:N ratios eventually increased in the soil as well.  Simulations with different amounts of precipitation showed that greater amounts of nitrogen were leached from systems where water supply exceeded the plants\u2019 requirements. Reduced nitrogen stocks then caused a subsequent reduction in soil organic carbon stocks. These simulations thus provided a consistent explanation for the observation of greater losses of soil organic carbon in high-rainfall systems after converting pastures to forests. More generally, the simulations showed that explicit modelling of the nitrogen cycle can put important constraints on possible changes in soil-carbon stocks that may occur after land-use change.", "keywords": ["land use change", "Rainfall", "Mitigation", "ecophysiology", "nitrogen cyc Afforestation", "Greenhouse", "Nitrogen", "Rain", "CenW", "Land-use change", "lignin", "Greenhouse effect", "afforestation", "carbon cycle", "Forest", "Reforestation", "Keywords: Carbon", "2. Zero hunger", "atmospheric deposition", "Nitrogen dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "13. Climate action", "Land use", "ecological modeling", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "grassland"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Roger M. Gifford, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Lan Bin Guo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/61047/5/Kirschbaum_Rainfall_affect_in_soil_carbon.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/61047/7/01_Kirschbaum_Why_does_rainfall_affect_the_2008.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2117/367719", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-08", "title": "Multiphase processes in the EC-Earth model and their relevance to the atmospheric oxalate, sulfate, and iron cycles", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Understanding how multiphase processes affect the iron-containing aerosol cycle is key to predicting ocean biogeochemistry changes and hence the feedback effects on climate. For this work, the EC-Earth Earth system model in its climate\u2013chemistry configuration is used to simulate the global atmospheric oxalate (OXL), sulfate (SO42-), and iron (Fe) cycles after incorporating a comprehensive representation of the multiphase chemistry in cloud droplets and aerosol water. The model considers a detailed gas-phase chemistry scheme, all major aerosol components, and the partitioning of gases in aerosol and atmospheric water phases. The dissolution of Fe-containing aerosols accounts kinetically for the solution's acidity, oxalic acid, and irradiation. Aerosol acidity is explicitly calculated in the model, both for accumulation and coarse modes, accounting for thermodynamic processes involving inorganic and crustal species from sea salt and dust. Simulations for present-day conditions (2000\u20132014) have been carried out with both EC-Earth and the atmospheric composition component of the model in standalone mode driven by meteorological fields from ECMWF's ERA-Interim reanalysis. The calculated global budgets are presented and the links between the (1) aqueous-phase processes, (2) aerosol dissolution, and (3) atmospheric composition are demonstrated and quantified. The model results are supported by comparison to available observations. We obtain an average global OXL net chemical production of 12.615\u2009\u00b1\u20090.064\u2009Tg\u2009yr\u22121 in EC-Earth, with glyoxal being by far the most important precursor of oxalic acid. In comparison to the ERA-Interim simulation, differences in atmospheric dynamics and the simulated weaker oxidizing capacity in EC-Earth overall result in a \u223c\u200930\u2009% lower OXL source. On the other hand, the more explicit representation of the aqueous-phase chemistry in EC-Earth compared to the previous versions of the model leads to an overall \u223c\u200920\u2009% higher sulfate production, but this is still well correlated with atmospheric observations. The total Fe dissolution rate in EC-Earth is calculated at 0.806\u2009\u00b1\u20090.014\u2009Tg\u2009yr\u22121 and is added to the primary dissolved Fe (DFe) sources from dust and combustion aerosols in the model (0.072\u2009\u00b1\u20090.001\u2009Tg\u2009yr\u22121). The simulated DFe concentrations show a satisfactory comparison with available observations, indicating an atmospheric burden of \u223c0.007\u2009Tg, resulting in an overall atmospheric deposition flux into the global ocean of 0.376\u2009\u00b1\u20090.005\u2009Tg\u2009yr\u22121, which is well within the range reported in the literature. All in all, this work is a first step towards the development of EC-Earth into an Earth system model with fully interactive bioavailable atmospheric Fe inputs to the marine biogeochemistry component of the model.</p></article>", "keywords": ["550", "Iron", "Atmospheric deposition", "Aerosols atmosf\u00e8rics", "01 natural sciences", "Biogeoqu\u00edmica", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental", "Life Science", "Aqueous solution", "Oxalate", "Aerosol", "Reaction kinetics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "QE1-996.5", "Acidity", "500", "Geology", "Dust", "Climate feedback", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "Atmospheric aerosols", "Sulfate", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Enginyeria ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "13. Climate action", "Sea salt", "Thermodynamics", "Irradiation", "Dissolution"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/15/3079/2022/gmd-15-3079-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2117/367719"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2117/367719", "name": "item", "description": "2117/367719", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2117/367719"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-08T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=atmospheric+deposition&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=atmospheric+deposition&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=atmospheric+deposition&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=atmospheric+deposition&offset=2", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 2, "numberReturned": 2, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-16T01:42:39.838039Z"}