High\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) simulations of heavy rainfall events are known to be strongly sensitive to the choice of the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90grid scale parameterisation schemes. In the African continent, studies on such a choice at the convective\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolving scales are not numerous. By exploiting a state\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90the\uffe2\uff80\uff90art NWP model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, the sensitivity of the simulation of three heavy rainfall events in Sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90Saharan Africa to the microphysical (MP) and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes is studied. Validating the numerical outputs against rainfall satellite estimates, ground\uffe2\uff80\uff90based weather stations, radiosonde profiles and satellite\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature maps with an object\uffe2\uff80\uff90based tool, the best\uffe2\uff80\uff90performing setup is identified. In terms of heavy rainfall forecast location, it is found that the PBL scheme has a greater impact than the MP, which is shown to control the cloud\uffe2\uff80\uff90top temperature simulation. Among the schemes considered, the best performances are achieved with a six\uffe2\uff80\uff90class single\uffe2\uff80\uff90moment microphysical scheme and a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90local planetary boundary layer scheme which properly includes the vertical mixing by the large eddies in the atmosphere.
", "keywords": ["NWP model", "13. Climate action", "Africa", "WRF", "Africa; heavy rainfall; microphysics; MODE; NWP model; planetary boundary layer; WRF;", "heavy rainfall", "microphysics", "MODE", "01 natural sciences", "planetary boundary layer", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1206957/1/Quart%20J%20Royal%20Meteoro%20Soc%20-%202021%20-%20Meroni%20-%20Sensitivity%20of%20some%20African%20heavy%20rainfall%20events%20to%20microphysics%20and%20planetary.pdf"}, {"href": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Quarterly%20Journal%20of%20the%20Royal%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/qj.4033", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/qj.4033", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/qj.4033"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:15:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-28", "title": "Thermal Submesoscale Motions in the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer. Part 1: Detection and Mean Statistics", "description": "AbstractSubmesoscale motions within the stable boundary layer were detected during the Shallow Cold Pool Experiment conducted in the Colorado plains, Colorado, U.S.A. in 2012. The submesoscale motion consisted of two air layers creating a well-defined front with a sharp temperature gradient, and further-on referred to as a thermal submesofront (TSF). The semi-stationary TSFs and their advective velocities are detected and determined by the fibre-optic distributed-sensing\uffc2\uffa0(FODS) technique. An objective detection algorithm utilizing FODS measurements is able to detect the TSF boundary, which enables a detailed investigation of its spatio\uffe2\uff80\uff93temporal statistics. The novel approach in data processing is to conditionally average any parameter depending on the distance between a TSF boundary and the measurement location. By doing this, a spatially-distributed feature like TSFs can be characterized by point observations and processes at the TSF boundary can be investigated. At the TSF boundary, the air layers converge, creating an updraft, strong static stability, and vigorous mixing. Further, the TSF advective velocity of TSFs is an order of magnitude lower than the mean wind speed. Despite being gentle, the topography plays an important role in TSF formation. Details on generating mechanisms and implications of TSFs on the stable boundary layer are discussed in Part 2.
", "keywords": ["Topography", "550", "13. Climate action", "Submesoscale motion", "0207 environmental engineering", "500", "02 engineering and technology", "Stable boundary layer", "01 natural sciences", "Fibre optics ; Submesoscale motion ; Research Article ; Stable boundary layer ; Topography", "Fibre optics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Boundary-Layer%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10546-021-00618-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:15:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-28", "title": "Thermal Submeso Motions in the Nocturnal Stable Boundary Layer. Part 2: Generating Mechanisms and Implications", "description": "AbstractIn the stable boundary layer, thermal submesofronts (TSFs) are detected during the Shallow Cold Pool experiment in the Colorado plains, Colorado, USA in 2012. The topography induces TSFs by forming two different air layers converging on the valley-side wall while being stacked vertically above the valley bottom. The warm-air layer is mechanically generated by lee turbulence that consistently elevates near-surface temperatures, while the cold-air layer is thermodynamically driven by radiative cooling and the corresponding cold-air drainage decreases near-surface temperatures. The semi-stationary TSFs can only be detected, tracked, and investigated in detail when using fibre-optic distributed sensing (FODS), as point observations miss TSFs most of the time. Neither the occurrence of TSFs nor the characteristics of each air layer are connected to a specific wind or thermal regime. However, each air layer is characterized by a specific relationship between the wind speed and the friction velocity. Accordingly, a single threshold separating different flow regimes within the boundary layer is an oversimplification, especially during the occurrence of TSFs. No local forcings or their combination could predict the occurrence of TSFs except that they are less likely to occur during stronger near-surface or synoptic-scale flow. While classical conceptualizations and techniques of the boundary layer fail in describing the formation of TSFs, the use of spatially continuous data obtained from FODS provide new insights. Future studies need to incorporate spatially continuous data in the horizontal and vertical planes, in addition to classic sensor networks of sonic anemometry and thermohygrometers to fully characterize and describe boundary-layer phenomena.
", "keywords": ["Topography", "550", "13. Climate action", "Submesoscale motion", "0207 environmental engineering", "500", "02 engineering and technology", "Stable boundary layer", "01 natural sciences", "Fibre optics ; Submesoscale motion ; Research Article ; Stable boundary layer ; Topography", "Fibre optics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Boundary-Layer%20Meteorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10546-021-00619-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2020gl092238", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:18:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-19", "title": "Revealing the Morning Transition in the Mountain Boundary Layer Using Fiber\u2010Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing", "description": "AbstractIn the morning, the nocturnal stable boundary layer, SBL, transitions into its daytime convective counterpart substantially impacting the distribution of temperature, humidity, and pollutants. Applying distributed temperature sensing (DTS) below a tethered balloon (2\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffc2\uffa0m) and along a tower (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9311\uffc2\uffa0m), for the first time we observed three morning transitions (MTs) in a mountain boundary layer with high temporal (<10\uffc2\uffa0s) and spatial (<0.25\uffc2\uffa0m) resolutions. We show that MTs are best derived from a change in static stability from synchronous DTS observations. Our findings confirm that the MT occurs at the SBL top and bottom simultaneously, and identify horizontal heat advection as a main driver aiding solar surface heating in this midrange mountain valley. We conclude that heterogenous land use and mountainous topography cause complex interactions between valley\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale and local airflows leading to thermal signatures characterized by strong, small\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale variability. Our study highlights DTS as a crucial tool for investigating complex thermodynamic processes.
", "keywords": ["550", "13. Climate action", "0207 environmental engineering", "500", "boundary layer", " cold-air pool", " distributed temperature sensing", " morning transition", " mountainous terrain", " weak wind", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2020GL092238"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092238"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geophysical%20Research%20Letters", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2020gl092238", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2020gl092238", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2020gl092238"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-05-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/essd-2020-392", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:22:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-24", "title": "The Large-eddy Observatory Voitsumra Experiment 2019 (LOVE19) with high-resolution, spatially-distributed observations of air temperature, wind speed, and wind direction from fiber-optic distributed sensing, towers, and ground-based remote sensing", "description": "Abstract. The weak-wind stable boundary layer (wwSBL) is poorly described by theory and breaks basic assumptions necessary for observations of turbulence. Understanding the wwSBL requires distributed observations capable of separating between sub-mesoscales and turbulent scales. To this end, we present the Large eddy Observatory, Voitsumra Experiment 2019 (LOVE19) which featured 2105\uffe2\uff80\uff89m of fiber-optic distributed sensing (FODS) of air temperature and wind speed, as well as an experimental wind direction method, at scales as fine as 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89s and 0.127\uffe2\uff80\uff89m in addition to a suite of point observations of turbulence and ground-based remote sensing profiling. Additionally, flights with a fiber-optic cable attached to a tethered balloon (termed FlyFOX, Flying Fiber Optics eXperiment) provide an unprecedentedly detailed view of the boundary layer structure with a resolution of 0.254\uffe2\uff80\uff89m and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff89s between 1 and 200\uffe2\uff80\uff89m height. Two examples are provided, demonstrating the unique capabilities of the LOVE19 data for examining boundary layer processes: (1) FODS observations between 1 and 200\uffe2\uff80\uff89m height during a period of gravity waves propagating across the entire boundary layer and (2) tracking a near-surface, transient, sub-mesoscale structure that causes an intermittent burst of turbulence. All data can be accessed at Zenodo through the DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4312976 (Lapo et\uffc2\uffa0al.,\uffc2\uffa02020a).
", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "550", "weak wind transport", "Atmospheric turbulence", "500", "Geology", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental sciences", "complex terrain", "morning transition", "submeso-scale motions", "13. Climate action", "GE1-350", "stable boundary layers", "fiber optic distributed sensing", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/885/2022/essd-14-885-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2020-392"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Earth%20System%20Science%20Data", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/essd-2020-392", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/essd-2020-392", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/essd-2020-392"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/JAS-D-17-0050.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-19", "title": "Coherent structures in large-eddy simulations of a non-precipitating stratocumulus-topped boundary layer", "description": "AbstractThe properties of coherent convective structures are analyzed in a nonprecipitating marine nocturnal stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) with a series of high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LESs). A new classification method based on octant analysis\uffe2\uff80\uff94using vertical velocity and two passive scalars\uffe2\uff80\uff94is introduced to systematically define convective structures in both the cloudy and the cloud-free regions. It is therefore possible to detect and track updrafts, downdrafts, and their turbulent shells (both ascending and subsiding), together with the entraining air from the inversion layer or the free troposphere. The geometrical and thermodynamical characteristics (e.g., areal fraction, temperature, liquid and total water mixing ratio, buoyancy) of those structures are then accurately described, and particular attention is given to their respective contributions to the turbulent transport of mass, heat, and moisture. It is shown that updrafts, downdrafts, and entrainment are equally important to describe the STBL dynamics. Conversely, it is found that shells, although they partially contribute to the mass transport, have a negligible contribution to the turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture.
", "keywords": ["Boundary layer", "13. Climate action", "Clouds", "Large eddy simulations", "01 natural sciences", "Stratiform clouds", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article-pdf/74/12/4117/4755368/jas-d-17-0050_1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0050.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Atmospheric%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/JAS-D-17-0050.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/JAS-D-17-0050.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0050.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15495/epub_ubt_00005700", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Improving our Understanding of the Atmospheric Weak-wind Boundary Layer using Spatially Explicit Observations near the Ground Surface", "description": "Within the atmospheric boundary layer energy and matter are most effectively exchanged with the earth\u2019s surface by turbulence. Turbulence is the irregular almost random fluctuation in velocity, temperature, and scalars. Research accordingly focuses on turbulent exchange processes. While those processes are mostly understood during the day, we need to improve our understanding of the nocturnal boundary layer especially during calm winds. Correspondingly, this doctoral thesis investigated turbulence within the nocturnal boundary layer using spatially explicit observations near the ground surface. The observations were taken during the Shallow Cold Pool experiment (SCP) in Colorado, USA, in 2012. The data set had a unique combination of different techniques also featuring fiber-optic distributed sensing~(FODS) with spatial continuous measurements. The gentle terrain of the field site was chosen as it commonly is assumed to have a rather small impact on the nocturnal boundary layer and represents most of the earth's surface. For investigating turbulence, we developed a nighttime classification scheme based on a surface energy balance which determined static stability, wind regime, and longwave radiative forcing as the three forcing parameter. Not only each forcing parameter had a specific impact on turbulence but also the three selected night classes determined by the combination of them, hence, they were further investigated. The first night class represented conditions with strong dynamic forcing elevating near-surface temperature by topographically induced mixing at the North shoulder of the valley. The second night class was a concurrence of topographically induced mixing and cold air at the bottom of the valley due to strong radiative cooling. The third night class was characteristic of weak winds eroding the impact of mechanical mixing but enhancing the impact of cold air within the valley. Consequently, the proposed classification scheme is successful in sorting the experimental data into physically meaningful temperature and flow regimes representing turbulence within the boundary layer. The classification scheme, however, was not successful in detecting submeso-scales motions which also impact turbulence within the weak-wind boundary layer significantly. A follow up study showed that at three different field site including SCP the variability of temperature is significantly increased during the submeso scale and usually is larger than the nocturnal temperature trend. Accordingly, a case study of the SCP data featuring a submeso-scale motion was investigated in detail. During weak winds a transient cold-air pool developed within the valley which was displaced uphill towards the North shoulder by a South-Westerly flow. At the North shoulder temperatures were usually elevated due to turbulent mixing. Consequently, the two air masses created a sharp boundary which we refer to as thermal submeso-front (TSF) in the following studies. We anticipate that these interactions are globally common. Further investigations are necessary to fully understand the relation between temperature variability, wind speed and direction, the topography, and TSFs. Correspondingly, for the last two studies a detection algorithm was developed which accurately determined the TSF location. This was the first study being able to continuously track a submeso-scale motion. TSFs were frequently occurring within the nocturnal boundary emphasizing their relevance. TSFs consist of two layers which push against each other forcing the TSF up and down the valley side wall in a wave like motion. The warm-air layer is mechanically generated by topographically induced mixing at the plateau-edge, while the cold-air layer is thermo-dynamically driven by topographically induced cold-air drainage. TSFs vanish during strong wind speed and spatially homogeneous wind direction which most likely erodes any cold air. The key to these insights was FODS as we could conditionally average parameters depending on the occurrence and location of TSFs. TSFs impact the boundary layer significantly. During TSFs ergodicity assumptions are invalid as their advective velocity is an order of magnitude lower than the mean wind speed. The mean difference of the sensible heat flux between the air layers of TSFs is 30~Wm$^{-2}$, hence, the impact on turbulence is strong. At the valley bottom the air layers of TSFs are stacked which increases static stability beyond the capability of radiative forcing. Here, the decoupled cold-air layer also invalidates flux-gradient similarity theory. Unfortunately, no distinct forcing for TSFs nor a relation to a wind or thermal regime could be determined. FODS outperformed point observations as even the dense network of the SCP experiment missed TSFs most of the time. So far many submeso scale motions are detected, but their relation, interaction, and needed forcing is not well understood. We need to change from classification schemes using vertical forcing mechanism and focus on the relation between motions on multiple scales. Further, classification schemes and modeling studies need to incorporate the impacts of topography as well as horizontal advection to improve our understanding of the nocturnal boundary layer.", "keywords": ["550", "13. Climate action", "Atmosphere", "Submeso-scale motions", "Stable Boundary Layer", "500", "Fiber-optics", "530"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pfister, Lena", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15495/epub_ubt_00005700"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PhD%20thesis%20in%20Micrometeorology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15495/epub_ubt_00005700", "name": "item", "description": "10.15495/epub_ubt_00005700", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15495/epub_ubt_00005700"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "23dfd5c4834d71f564cfc8a714f5542f", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:27:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "Analysis of Unsteady Convective Boundary Layer Flow with Magnetic fields, Chemical reaction, Thermal Radiation and Variable fluid Properties", "description": "This study extends the previous work by Kitengeso et al. (2018) by investigating unsteady convective boundary layer flow, incorporating magnetic fields, chemical reactions, radiation, and variable fluid properties over the inclined plate. The boundary layer and Boussinesq approximations are used to derive the magnetohydrodynamic flow equations. Thereafter, the equations are transformed into similarity form using similarity variables and then solved using the 4th order Runge - Kutta method. The key parameters such as the magnetic parameter, chemical reaction rate, variable fluid properties, unsteadiness, convection, and radiation parameter significantly affect flow behavior over an inclined plane. It was found that increasing the magnetic field strength enhances the fluid velocity, temperature, and concentration. Additionally, an increase in the unsteadiness variation parameter within the boundary layer leads to higher velocity and concentration while reducing temperature. Conversely, the fluid temperature and concentration decrease as the chemical reaction parameter in the boundary layer rises. Furthermore, an increase in the magnetic parameter results in increase in the heat transfer rate while simultaneously decreases the skin friction and mass transfer rates. Also, the fluid temperature decreases as radiation parameter increases.", "keywords": ["Boundary layer flow", "Magnetic fields", "Unsteady flow", "Convection", "Variable fluid properties"], "contacts": [{"organization": "James, Jonas A., Ng\u2019oga, Makungu J., Msigwa, Augustino I., Omary , Ali A.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/23dfd5c4834d71f564cfc8a714f5542f"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Tanzania%20Journal%20of%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "23dfd5c4834d71f564cfc8a714f5542f", "name": "item", "description": "23dfd5c4834d71f564cfc8a714f5542f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/23dfd5c4834d71f564cfc8a714f5542f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "fce1a084-df72-4331-9919-fb0b46c58d3c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -89.9], [-180.0, 83.66], [180.0, 83.66], [180.0, -89.9], [-180.0, -89.9]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "boundaries"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Europe"}, {"id": "World"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}, {"id": "Netherlands"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Austria"}, {"id": "Belgium"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "Cyprus"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "Spain"}, {"id": "Denmark"}, {"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Malta"}, {"id": "Luxembourg"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "Ireland"}, {"id": "Croatia"}, {"id": "Portugal"}, {"id": "Poland"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "Slovenia"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Italy"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "T\u00fcrkiye"}, {"id": "North Macedonia"}, {"id": "Montenegro"}, {"id": "EFTA4"}, {"id": "EU28 (2013-2020)"}, {"id": "Albania"}, {"id": "Liechtenstein"}, {"id": "Serbia"}, {"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "Kosovo (UNSCR 1244/99)"}, {"id": "Moldova"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Water"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "administrative boundary"}, {"id": "census survey"}, {"id": "urbanisation"}, {"id": "protected area"}, {"id": "soil erosion"}, {"id": "vegetation"}, {"id": "biogeography"}, {"id": "statistical information"}, {"id": "national boundary"}, {"id": "boundary layer"}, {"id": "political geography"}, {"id": "world"}, {"id": "European Commission"}, {"id": "statistical information system"}, {"id": "sub-national boundary"}, {"id": "coast"}, {"id": "economic zoning"}, {"id": "region"}, {"id": "international agreement"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}, {"id": "Population distribution \u2014 demography"}, {"id": "Elevation"}, {"id": "Transport networks"}, {"id": "Administrative units"}, {"id": "Area management/restriction/regulation zones and reporting units"}, {"id": "Hydrography"}, {"id": "Statistical units"}], "scheme": "GEMET - 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