It has been established that H+ secretion can be maintained in frog stomach in the absence of exogenous CO2 by using a nutrient bathing fluid containing 25 mM H2PO4 (pH approximately equal to 4.5) or by lowering the pH of a nonbuffered nutrient solution to about 3.0-3.6. Exogenous CO2 in the presence of these nutrient solutions uniformly caused a marked decrease in H+ secretion, PD, adn short-circuit current (Isc) and an increase in transmucosal resistance (R). Elevation of nutrient [k+] to 83 mM reduced R significantly but transiently without change in H+ when nutrient pH less than 5.0, whereas R returned to base line and H+ increased when nutrient pH greater than 5.0. Acidification of the nutrient medium in the presence of exogenous CO2 results in inhibition of the secretory pump, probably by decreasing intracellular pH, and also interferes with conductance at the nutrient membrane. Removal of exogenous CO2 from standard bicarbonate nutrient solution reduced by 50% the H+, PD, and Isc without change in R; K+-free nutrient solutions reverse these changes in Isc and PD but not in H+. The dropping PD and rising R induced by K+-free nutrient solutions in 5% CO2 - 95% O2 are returned toward normal by 100% O2. Our findings support an important role for exogenous CO2 in maintaining normal acid-base balance in frog mucosa by acting as an acidifying agent.
", "keywords": ["Acid-Base Equilibrium", "0301 basic medicine", "Rana catesbeiana", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Phosphates", "Electrophysiology", "Solutions", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Gastric Mucosa", "Potassium", "Animals", "Anura"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William Silen, JG Forte, T E Machen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/guo,t.,2015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "guo,t.,2015", "name": "item", "description": "guo,t.,2015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/guo,t.,2015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "guo,z.,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:26:31Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. Fifty-three infants, randomized into one of four treatment groups, received 8 ml. per kilogram of a solution containing either (A) glucose in water, (B) salt-poor albumin, (C) NaHCO3, or (D) a combination of albumin and NaHCO3. After the initial infusion, the babies received no colloid or alkali solutions until 4 hours of age. We managed them supportively with warmth, appropriate oxygen administration, isotonic fluid infusion, and close monitoring. Among the infants who received alkali, 14 of 26 acquired the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 11 died, and four had intracranial hemorrhage. Among babies who received no alkali, RDS occurred in 11 of 27, 5 died, and none had intracranial hemorrhage. These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/guo,z.,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "guo,z.,2013", "name": "item", "description": "guo,z.,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/guo,z.,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "hinds,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:26:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. 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These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/hinds,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "hinds,2013", "name": "item", "description": "hinds,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/hinds,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "huang,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. 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These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/huang,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "huang,2013", "name": "item", "description": "huang,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/huang,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "jiang,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. Fifty-three infants, randomized into one of four treatment groups, received 8 ml. per kilogram of a solution containing either (A) glucose in water, (B) salt-poor albumin, (C) NaHCO3, or (D) a combination of albumin and NaHCO3. After the initial infusion, the babies received no colloid or alkali solutions until 4 hours of age. We managed them supportively with warmth, appropriate oxygen administration, isotonic fluid infusion, and close monitoring. Among the infants who received alkali, 14 of 26 acquired the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 11 died, and four had intracranial hemorrhage. Among babies who received no alkali, RDS occurred in 11 of 27, 5 died, and none had intracranial hemorrhage. These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/jiang,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "jiang,2013", "name": "item", "description": "jiang,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/jiang,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "jiang,d.,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. Fifty-three infants, randomized into one of four treatment groups, received 8 ml. per kilogram of a solution containing either (A) glucose in water, (B) salt-poor albumin, (C) NaHCO3, or (D) a combination of albumin and NaHCO3. After the initial infusion, the babies received no colloid or alkali solutions until 4 hours of age. We managed them supportively with warmth, appropriate oxygen administration, isotonic fluid infusion, and close monitoring. Among the infants who received alkali, 14 of 26 acquired the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 11 died, and four had intracranial hemorrhage. Among babies who received no alkali, RDS occurred in 11 of 27, 5 died, and none had intracranial hemorrhage. These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/jiang,d.,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "jiang,d.,2013", "name": "item", "description": "jiang,d.,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/jiang,d.,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "name": "item", "description": "kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/kaongaandbayliss-smith,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "li,2016", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-22", "description": "Effects of sodium nitrate were compared with sodium chloride loading on transport of electrolytes by the nephron. Maximal levels of free water clearance/clomerular filtration rate (CH2O/GFR) averaged 8.4% with nitrate loading and 14.4% with saline loading. Since ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide exert their major natriuretic effect in the distal nephron, the increment in Na ad Cl reabsorbed beyond the proximal tubule. The administration of these agents resulted in an increase in fractional sodium excretion (CNa/GFR) of 21.1%, urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) of 1,126 mueq/min, and urinary chloride excretion (UClV) of 848 mueq/min during nitrate loading compared with an increase in CNa/GFR of 37.6%, UNaV of 2,362 mueq/min, and UClV of 2,397 mueq/min during saline loading. The smaller diuretic-induced increment in Na and Cl excretion in the nitrate studies suggests, as do the hydrated studies, that less Cl and Na are reabsorbed in the distal nephron during nitrate than saline loading. At every level of UNaV, fractional bicarbonate reabsorption was higher, urine pH was lower, and urinary potassium excretion (UKV) was higher in the nitrate studies. Thus, compared with saline loading, sodium nitrate decreases chloride and sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. The higher hydrogen and potassium secretion in the nitrate studies may be consequent to the decreased ability of the distal nephron to reabsorb chloride.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nitrates", "Sodium", "Biological Transport", "Chlorothiazide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Sodium Chloride", "Urine", "6. Clean water", "Diuresis", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "Electrolytes", "03 medical and health sciences", "Dogs", "Ethacrynic Acid", "Kidney Tubules", "Chlorides", "Potassium", "Animals", "Glomerular Filtration Rate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Marvin F. Levitt, T Kahn, J. P. Bosch, MH Goldstein,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/li,2016"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/American%20Journal%20of%20Physiology-Legacy%20Content", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "li,2016", "name": "item", "description": "li,2016", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/li,2016"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1975-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "liandtang,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. 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These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/liandtang,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "liandtang,2013", "name": "item", "description": "liandtang,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/liandtang,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "liu,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. Fifty-three infants, randomized into one of four treatment groups, received 8 ml. per kilogram of a solution containing either (A) glucose in water, (B) salt-poor albumin, (C) NaHCO3, or (D) a combination of albumin and NaHCO3. After the initial infusion, the babies received no colloid or alkali solutions until 4 hours of age. We managed them supportively with warmth, appropriate oxygen administration, isotonic fluid infusion, and close monitoring. Among the infants who received alkali, 14 of 26 acquired the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 11 died, and four had intracranial hemorrhage. Among babies who received no alkali, RDS occurred in 11 of 27, 5 died, and none had intracranial hemorrhage. These results do not support the common practice of rapidly infusing NaHCO3 into high-risk, premature infants, and they suggest that the early management of such infants needs renewed critical evaluation.", "keywords": ["Male", "Respiratory Distress Syndrome", " Newborn", "Time Factors", "Sodium", "Infant", " Newborn", "Infant", " Premature", " Diseases", "Carbon Dioxide", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Hawaii", "3. Good health", "Bicarbonates", "03 medical and health sciences", "0302 clinical medicine", "Albumins", "Humans", "Female", "Infusions", " Parenteral", "Prospective Studies", "Acidosis", "Cerebral Hemorrhage"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lewis B. Harden, T. L. Clarke, Richard D. Bland,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/liu,2013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Survey%20of%20Anesthesiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "liu,2013", "name": "item", "description": "liu,2013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/liu,2013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1976-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "liu,d.,2013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-08-26T16:28:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-06", "description": "We conducted a controlled, prospective trial to evaluate the effectiveness of rapidly infusing sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and salt-poor albumin into high-risk, premature infants in the first 2 hours of life. 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In Wallonia, 30% of the subsoil is made up of soluble carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk, gypsum, etc.). By infiltrating these rocks, runoff generates a dissolution of these rocks, which gives rise to particular phenomena both underground (caves, underground rivers) and on the surface (chantoirs, sinkholes, collapses, cavities, etc.). These phenomena are called \"karstic\". By extension, the word \"karst\" also refers to a limestone region, or more broadly a region of soluble rocks whose landscape is marked by the effects of dissolution. We therefore speak of \"rock\", \"region\" or \"landscape\" karst. The Atlas of Walloon Karst is the reference document for karst phenomena in Wallonia. In this context, the sites in which these phenomena take place are located and described, and two modes of representation follow: punctual or surface. This data layer includes all the karst sites, both underground and above ground, located punctually (via their X,Y coordinates). There are more than 8000 phenomena in this layer. The associated table includes an identifier for each phenomenon (IGN map number + unique site number), the name and qualifier of the site (e.g. Grotte d'Eprave), the municipality in which the phenomenon is located, the watercourse draining the area of the site, fields to differentiate the site according to their nature and a hyperlink to the site data sheet. The data layer is continuously updated by the Walloon Commission for the Study and Protection of Underground Sites (CWEPSS) with the help of many collaborators. 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This INSPIRE compliant data layer comes from the Atlas data of the Walloon karst - Underground flows. In Wallonia, 30% of the subsoil is made up of soluble carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk, gypsum, etc.). By infiltrating these rocks, runoff generates a dissolution of these rocks, which gives rise to particular phenomena both underground (caves, underground rivers) and on the surface (chantoirs, sinkholes, collapses, cavities, etc.). These phenomena are called \"karstic\". By extension, the word \"karst\" also refers to a limestone region, or more broadly a region of soluble rocks whose landscape is marked by the effects of dissolution. We therefore speak of \"rock\", \"region\" or \"landscape\" karst. The Atlas of Walloon Karst is the reference document for karst phenomena in Wallonia. This data layer is integrated and symbolizes the tracing of groundwater flows in the karst between an infiltration point and an emergence point (loss/resurgence type relationships. This information is one of the major features of karst hydrology. The data layer distinguishes underground flows that have been recognised by tracing (injection of a dye - code 1) from those that are hypothetical (not established with certainty - code 0). On the map, a continuous line represents a traffic recognized by tracing. Hypothetical plots are represented in a discontinuous line (see legend). Each underground flow is uniquely identified. The name of the river is indicated, as well as the loss. A hyperlink allows you to consult the corresponding material safety data sheet. In the Karst Atlas, loss/resurgence links (whether hypothetical or trace-verified) are very generally represented by straight lines between the \"incoming and outgoing\" of the underground environment. They therefore do not indicate in any way the route taken by the waters to reach the resurgence loss points, which will depend on the nature of the aquifer of the type of terrain, the presence of tectonic accidents and the orientation of the groundwater collector which may, in the karst, be completely independent of the surface relief. In addition, some injection points refer to piezometers and therefore do not correspond to a karst phenomenon. The data layer is continuously updated by the Walloon Commission for the Study and Protection of Underground Sites (CWEPSS) with the help of many collaborators. It is managed by the Geological Service of Wallonia (SPW - DGO3 - DEE - DRIGM)", "formats": [{"name": "GEOJSON"}], "keywords": ["High value dataset", "akwa", "atlas", "be", "calcaire", "carbonate", "carbone", "carte-ge\u0301ologique", "cavite\u0301", "chantoir", "conservation-de-la-nature", "conservation-des-ressources-naturelles", "conservation-du-sol", "craie", "cwepss", "dissolution", "doline", "eau-d'infiltration", "eau-du-sol", "eaux-souterraines", "faille", "galerie", "ge\u0301ologie", "grotte", "gypse", "hydroge\u0301ologie", "hydrographie", "karst", "puits", "ref_autre", "re\u0301gional", "risque-naturel", "roche", "site-naturel", "sol", "spe\u0301le\u0301ologie", "zones-naturelles", "-paysages", "-e\u0301cosyste\u0300mes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Helpdesk carto du SPW (SPW - Secr\u00e9tariat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - SPW Digital - D\u00e9partement de la G\u00e9omatique - Direction de l'Int\u00e9gration des g\u00e9odonn\u00e9es)", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2204322327", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/dataset/4641a948-c4e7-482b-9ebf-023308bfc5b0"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_hy/ogc/features/v1/openapi"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_hy/ows?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities"}, {"href": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/4641a948-c4e7-482b-9ebf-023308bfc5b0"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-4641a948-c4e7-482b-9ebf-023308bfc5b0"}, {"href": "https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-4641a948-c4e7-482b-9ebf-023308bfc5b0"}, {"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/4641a948-c4e7-482b-9ebf-023308bfc5b0"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "09343f827d6858c6ceea733023b4eda5", "name": "item", "description": "09343f827d6858c6ceea733023b4eda5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/09343f827d6858c6ceea733023b4eda5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "ad690da62bd6062381983a0ea09f93be", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2024-09-05T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "fr", "externalIds": [{"value": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/7e1d6ad6-7d68-4c2c-bb3a-942265e9c416"}], "title": "INSPIRE - Natural geomorphological entity - karst entities in Wallonia (BE)", "description": "This INSPIRE data layer is an inventory of karst sites in the Atlas of Walloon Karst. This INSPIRE compliant data layer is derived from the source data \"Atlas du karst wallon - Sites karstiques surfaciques\". In Wallonia, 30% of the subsoil is made up of soluble carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk, gypsum, etc.). By infiltrating these rocks, runoff generates a dissolution of these rocks, which gives rise to particular phenomena both underground (caves, underground rivers) and on the surface (chantoirs, sinkholes, collapses, cavities, etc.). These phenomena are called \"karstic\". By extension, the word \"karst\" also refers to a limestone region, or more broadly a region of soluble rocks whose landscape is marked by the effects of dissolution. We therefore speak of \"rock\", \"region\" or \"landscape\" karst. The Atlas of Walloon Karst is the reference document for karst phenomena in Wallonia. This data layer covers all karst sites, both underground and above ground. These data concern phenomena with a ground right-of-way whose diameter exceeds 30m. In this case, the representation by a single dot is not sufficient and does not render the impact that this site may have on the local environment. For these sites, a polygon resuming the contour of the phenomenon is therefore added with the label of the site in its center. Particular karst phenomena illustrating the same phenomenon can be represented by the same polygon. These envelope curves mainly concern depressions (such as sinkholes) as well as paleokarst and abannets (former pockets of dissolution of carbonate rock, filled with loose ground partly evacuated and extracted by humans). The associated winning table includes an identifier for each phenomenon (IGN card number + unique site number), the name and qualifier of the site, the municipality in which the phenomenon is located, fields to differentiate the site according to their nature and a hyperlink to the site data sheet. The source data layer is continuously updated by the Walloon Commission for the Study and Protection of Underground Sites (CWEPSS) with the help of many collaborators. It is managed by the Geological Service of Wallonia (SPW - Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment - Department of Environment and Water - Directorate of Industrial, Geological and Mining Risks).", "formats": [{"name": "GEOJSON"}], "keywords": ["High value dataset", "akwa", "atlas", "be", "calcaire", "carbonate", "carbone", "carte-ge\u0301ologique", "cavite\u0301", "chantoir", "conservation-de-la-nature", "conservation-des-ressources-naturelles", "conservation-du-sol", "craie", "cwepss", "dissolution", "doline", "eau-d'infiltration", "eau-du-sol", "eaux-souterraines", "faille", "galerie", "ge\u0301ologie", "grotte", "gypse", "hydroge\u0301ologie", "karst", "puits", "ref_autre", "re\u0301gional", "risque-naturel", "roche", "site-naturel", "sol", "spe\u0301le\u0301ologie", "zones-naturelles", "-paysages", "-e\u0301cosyste\u0300mes"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Helpdesk carto du SPW (SPW - Secr\u00e9tariat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral - SPW Digital - D\u00e9partement de la G\u00e9omatique - Direction de l'Int\u00e9gration des g\u00e9odonn\u00e9es)", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://org.belgif.be/id/CbeEstablishmentUnit/2204322327", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/dataset/82cfca80-6c37-423e-8f19-13fadf055ea0"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_ge/ogc/features/v1/openapi"}, {"href": "https://geoservices.wallonie.be/geoserver/inspire_ge/ows?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities"}, {"href": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/82cfca80-6c37-423e-8f19-13fadf055ea0"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-82cfca80-6c37-423e-8f19-13fadf055ea0"}, {"href": "https-geodata-wallonie-be-id-82cfca80-6c37-423e-8f19-13fadf055ea0"}, {"href": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/82cfca80-6c37-423e-8f19-13fadf055ea0"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "ad690da62bd6062381983a0ea09f93be", "name": "item", "description": "ad690da62bd6062381983a0ea09f93be", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ad690da62bd6062381983a0ea09f93be"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "f3a0be5b1d9b6ae0c8a385c2e50f42cf", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2024-09-05T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "fr", "externalIds": [{"value": "https://geodata.wallonie.be/id/7e1d6ad6-7d68-4c2c-bb3a-942265e9c416"}], "title": "INSPIRE - Natural geomorphological entity - natural depressions in Wallonia (BE)", "description": "This INSPIRE data layer is an inventory of natural depressions in the Atlas of Walloon Karst. This INSPIRE compliant data layer is derived from the source data \"Atlas du karst wallon - Sites karstiques surfaciques\". In Wallonia, 30% of the subsoil is made up of soluble carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk, gypsum, etc.). By infiltrating these rocks, runoff generates a dissolution of these rocks, which gives rise to particular phenomena both underground (caves, underground rivers) and on the surface (chantoirs, sinkholes, collapses, cavities, etc.). These phenomena are called \"karstic\". By extension, the word \"karst\" also refers to a limestone region, or more broadly a region of soluble rocks whose landscape is marked by the effects of dissolution. We therefore speak of \"rock\", \"region\" or \"landscape\" karst. The Atlas of Walloon Karst is the reference document for karst phenomena in Wallonia. This data layer covers all karst sites, both underground and above ground. These data concern phenomena with a ground right-of-way whose diameter exceeds 30m. In this case, the representation by a single dot is not sufficient and does not render the impact that this site may have on the local environment. For these sites, a polygon resuming the contour of the phenomenon is therefore added with the label of the site in its center. Particular karst phenomena illustrating the same phenomenon can be represented by the same polygon. These envelope curves mainly concern depressions (such as sinkholes) as well as paleokarst and abannets (former pockets of dissolution of carbonate rock, filled with loose ground partly evacuated and extracted by humans). The associated winning table includes an identifier for each phenomenon (IGN card number + unique site number), the name and qualifier of the site, the municipality in which the phenomenon is located, fields to differentiate the site according to their nature and a hyperlink to the site data sheet. The source data layer is continuously updated by the Walloon Commission for the Study and Protection of Underground Sites (CWEPSS) with the help of many collaborators. 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