{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2006.09.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-11-14", "title": "Influence Of No-Tillage On The Distribution And Lability Of Phosphorus In Finnish Clay Soils", "description": "Abstract   No-tillage (NT) is a method adopted to reduce erosion and particulate phosphorus (P) load from arable land to watercourses. However, it has been found to increase the loss of dissolved P with surface runoff, but the reasons for that have rarely been examined in detail. The objective of the present study was to determine the chemical factors explaining this response by investigating the impact of NT on the type and distribution of P reserves as well as on organic carbon (C) in the 0\u201335\u00a0cm topsoil layer of clay soil profiles (Vertic Cambisols). Soil samples were taken from two experimental fields (Jokioinen and Aurajoki) at 0\u20135, 5\u201320 and 20\u201335\u00a0cm depths in conventionally tilled (CT) and non-tilled (for 4\u20135 years) plots. The plots had been cultivated and fertilized according to the common field practices in Finland (15\u201318\u00a0kg\u00a0P and 100\u2013128\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0year \u22121 ).  Inorganic and organic P reserves characterized by a modified Chang and Jackson fractionation procedure were not significantly affected by the cultivation methods. However, in the uppermost soil layer (0\u20135\u00a0cm) in NT of the Jokioinen field, the labile P determined by water extraction (P w ) increased significantly, whereas the increase in P extracted with acid ammonium acetate (P AAC ) remained statistically insignificant. The increase in labile P coincided with a significant increase in organic carbon (C), which supports the theory that competition between organic anions and phosphate for the same sorption sites on oxide surfaces will enhance the lability of soil P. In the Aurajoki field with distinct soil cracking, P w  and P AAC  were not affected by NT in the uppermost soil layer, but they increased in the deepest soil layer (20\u201335\u00a0cm) concomitantly with an increase in Al-bound P and organic C. However, the increases were not statistically significant. In both fields, soil acidification due to the repeated application of N fertilizers at a shallow soil depth as well as the accumulation of organic C lowered pH of the uppermost soil layer in NT compared to the deeper soil layers. The results indicated that even short-term NT can increase the labile P in clay soil. However, further studies are needed to assess the long-term changes in lability of surface soil P and, consequently, the possible need for readjustment of the fertilization level in NT.", "keywords": ["suorakylv\u00f6", "2. Zero hunger", "330", "no-tillage", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "puskurikyky", "6. 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We studied the chemical quality of 10 different biochars produced via torrefaction (TOR), slow pyrolysis (SP), or hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), in order to assess their potential in improving clay soil aggregate stability and thus contribute to mitigation of erosion from agricultural soils. X-ray tomography was used to visualize soil aggregates in some selected biochar treatments. Feedstock type had a major influence on the properties of the biochar, but in general biochars derived through SP were alkaline and exhibited higher electrical conductivity and ash content and lower surface activity than acidic HTC and TOR biochars. Alkyl peak areas determined from FTIR spectra were higher in biochars produced by TOR and HTC than in SP biochars, which indicates a higher degree of hydrophobicity in the former. Significantly higher aggregate stability and reduced colloid detachment were achieved with HTC biochars, most likely due to hydrophobicity reducing wetting rate and aggregate slaking. When mixed with initially aggregated soil, the biochar particles settled in inter-aggregate voids. According to image analysis, the internal porosity of soil aggregates was not affected by biochar addition, i.e., biochar did not enter the aggregates during the short incubation period. Addition of hydrophobic HTC biochar decreased the soil water content at field capacity, whereas more inert SP chars tended to increase it. The overall effect of biochar hydrophobicity on soil functions needs to be explored prior to wider use of biochar as a soil amendment.", "keywords": ["ta1172", "ta1171", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "erosion", "333", "6. 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