Food insecurity is a multidimensional and intricate problem, known to have significant implications for individuals, communities, and countries worldwide. Africa has become the continent that is experiencing this uncertainty the most. Food Security (FS) encompasses several aspects such as availability, accessibility, nutrient use, and supply system stability with time and, more recently, other obliges to governance/agency and sustainability. Knowing the interconnection between these aspects and the Ecosystems Services (ES) and understanding the relationship and interactions between FS and ES is important. Moreover, this knowledge may contribute to supporting policies that promote long-term sustainable and secure food systems. Hereby, a conceptual framework is presented, that examines interactions between food insecurity drivers and ecosystem change drivers and the combined influence on ES. Our review further introduces existing trade-offs between ES on account of agricultural intensification vs. key existing strategies to promote sustainable agricultural production. These strategies include climate-smart agriculture, sustainably managed land, and effective handling of water resources. In the end, the potential of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), as a suitable approach to ensuring these strategies are adopted, especially in African countries where sustainable financial incentives are currently under-explored is discussed. In resume, this review aims to make a conceptual contribution to understanding how drivers of food insecurity influence drivers of ecosystem changes, the impact of these influences on the services of ecosystems, and how sustainable agro approaches and PES introduction can help to reduce such negative impacts.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nutrition. Foods and food supply", "1. No poverty", "food security", "TP368-456", "15. Life on land", "Food processing and manufacture", "12. Responsible consumption", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "sustainable agriculture intensification", "smallholder farmers", "TX341-641", "payment for ecosystem services", "climate change adaptation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1272332"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Sustainable%20Food%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fsufs.2024.1272332", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fsufs.2024.1272332", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1272332"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13991800", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:22:53Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Swiss Farmers' Views on the Role of Soil Management to Mitigate Impacts of Droughts and Extreme Precipitation", "description": "Extreme weather events, such as severe droughts and intense rainfall, pose growing threats to crop production and soil health across Europe. Integrating sustainable soil management practices can enhance farm resilience and improve soil health. Farmers' decision-making regarding soil management practices is influenced by various context-specific factors, including environmental values and economic considerations. Understanding these factors is essential for promoting sustainable management practices. Through analysis, this study identifies three main perspectives among Swiss farmers: the 'Sustainable Farmer,' the 'Pragmatic Farmer,' and the 'Market-Focused Traditionalist.' The findings highlight how context-specific factors shape soil management choices of farmers. Results suggest that policy measures tailored to farmers\u2019 unique contexts can support conservation practices and foster knowledge sharing.", "keywords": ["Soil sciences", "Q Methodology", "Sustainable soil management", "Climate change adaptation", "Farmer viewpoints"], "contacts": [{"organization": "B\u00fctikofer, Nicole", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13991800"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13991800", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13991800", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13991800"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-08-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10400.5/97452", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-08-15", "title": "Linking drivers of food insecurity and ecosystem services in Africa", "description": "Food insecurity is a multidimensional and intricate problem, known to have significant implications for individuals, communities, and countries worldwide. Africa has become the continent that is experiencing this uncertainty the most. Food Security (FS) encompasses several aspects such as availability, accessibility, nutrient use, and supply system stability with time and, more recently, other obliges to governance/agency and sustainability. Knowing the interconnection between these aspects and the Ecosystems Services (ES) and understanding the relationship and interactions between FS and ES is important. Moreover, this knowledge may contribute to supporting policies that promote long-term sustainable and secure food systems. Hereby, a conceptual framework is presented, that examines interactions between food insecurity drivers and ecosystem change drivers and the combined influence on ES. Our review further introduces existing trade-offs between ES on account of agricultural intensification vs. key existing strategies to promote sustainable agricultural production. These strategies include climate-smart agriculture, sustainably managed land, and effective handling of water resources. In the end, the potential of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), as a suitable approach to ensuring these strategies are adopted, especially in African countries where sustainable financial incentives are currently under-explored is discussed. In resume, this review aims to make a conceptual contribution to understanding how drivers of food insecurity influence drivers of ecosystem changes, the impact of these influences on the services of ecosystems, and how sustainable agro approaches and PES introduction can help to reduce such negative impacts.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Nutrition. Foods and food supply", "1. No poverty", "food security", "TP368-456", "15. Life on land", "Food processing and manufacture", "12. Responsible consumption", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "sustainable agriculture intensification", "smallholder farmers", "TX341-641", "payment for ecosystem services", "climate change adaptation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10400.5/97452/1/fsufs-08-1272332%20%281%29.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10400.5/97452"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Sustainable%20Food%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10400.5/97452", "name": "item", "description": "10400.5/97452", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10400.5/97452"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-17.92, -21.17], [-17.92, 67.59], [55.41, 67.59], [55.41, -21.17], [-17.92, -21.17]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "EU27 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}, {"id": "Croatia"}, {"id": "Italy"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}, {"id": "Netherlands"}, {"id": "Austria"}, {"id": "Spain"}, {"id": "Luxembourg"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Portugal"}, {"id": "Belgium"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Denmark"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "Ireland"}, {"id": "Albania"}, {"id": "Montenegro"}, {"id": "Poland"}, {"id": "Serbia"}, {"id": "Slovenia"}, {"id": "North Macedonia"}, {"id": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "EU28 (2013-2020)"}, {"id": "Malta"}, {"id": "Cyprus"}, {"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2021 6.4.3"}], "scheme": "EEA Management Plan"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Climate adaptation"}, {"id": "Environmental health impacts"}, {"id": "Land use"}, {"id": "Buildings and construction"}, {"id": "Urban sustainability"}, {"id": "Extreme weather"}, {"id": "Environmental inequalities"}, {"id": "Climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "Water"}, {"id": "Climate mitigation"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "climate"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}, {"id": "risk"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "flooding"}, {"id": "disaster"}, {"id": "city"}, {"id": "school"}, {"id": "educational institution"}, {"id": "education"}, {"id": "disasters, accidents, risk"}, {"id": "major risk"}, {"id": "flood hazard"}, {"id": "natural risk"}, {"id": "flood"}, {"id": "health care"}, {"id": "hospital"}, {"id": "human health"}, {"id": "heat wave"}, {"id": "meteorology"}, {"id": "forest fire"}, {"id": "fire"}, {"id": "urban population"}, {"id": "population distribution"}, {"id": "riparian zone"}, {"id": "climate change"}, {"id": "unemployment"}, {"id": "urban environment, urban stress"}, {"id": "urban area"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "sea level rise"}, {"id": "coastal flooding"}, {"id": "land cover"}, {"id": "green space"}, {"id": "soil"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Natural risk zones"}, {"id": "Statistical units"}, {"id": "Human health and safety"}, {"id": "Population distribution \u2014 demography"}, {"id": "Atmospheric conditions"}, {"id": "Meteorological geographical features"}, {"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}], "updated": "2025-10-09T10:46:06.442863Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Exposure to climate hazards", "description": "This series refers to datasets related to the presence of people; 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"collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2000-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2019-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-25.05, 35.85], [-25.05, 67.35], [41.15, 67.35], [41.15, 35.85], [-25.05, 35.85]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Meteorological geographical features"}, {"id": "Atmospheric conditions"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "urban environment, urban stress"}, {"id": "urban area"}, {"id": "climate"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "Austria"}, {"id": "Czechia"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Albania"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Serbia"}, {"id": "Portugal"}, {"id": "Italy"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Belgium"}, {"id": "Slovenia"}, {"id": "Denmark"}, {"id": "Croatia"}, {"id": "Ireland"}, {"id": "Spain"}, {"id": "North Macedonia"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Luxembourg"}, {"id": "Sweden"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}, {"id": "Netherlands"}, {"id": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"id": "Montenegro"}, {"id": "Poland"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Climate adaptation"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}], "updated": "2021-11-10T08:48:23.477Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2019-07-08T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity modelling, Jan. 2020", "description": "The raster dataset of urban heat island modelling shows the fine-scale (100m pixel size) temperature differences (in degrees Celsius \u00b0C) across 100 European cities, depending on the land use, soil sealing, anthropogenic heat flux, vegetation index and climatic variables such as wind speed and incoming solar radiation.\n\nIn the framework of the Copernicus European Health contract for the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), VITO provided 100m resolution hourly temperature data (2008-2017) for 100 European cities, based on simulations with the urban climate model UrbClim (De Ridder et al., 2015). As the cities vary in size, so do the model domains. They have been defined with the intention to have a more or less constant ratio of urban vs. non-urban pixels (as defined in the CORINE land use map), with a maximum of 400 by 400 pixels (due to computational restraints). From this data set, the average urban heat island intensity is mapped for the summer season (JJA), which is the standard way of working in the scientific literature (e.g. Dosio, 2016). The UHI is calculated by subtracting the rural (non-water) spatial P10 temperature value from the average temperature map. \n\nThe 100 European cities for the urban simulations were selected based on user requirements within the health community.", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["Meteorological geographical features", "Atmospheric conditions", "urban environment", " urban stress", "urban area", "climate", "climate change impact", "climate change adaptation", "Hungary", "Norway", "Finland", "Germany", "Slovakia", "Iceland", "Austria", "Czechia", "United Kingdom", "Switzerland", "Latvia", "Greece", "Albania", "Romania", "Serbia", "Portugal", "Italy", "Bulgaria", "Belgium", "Slovenia", "Denmark", "Croatia", "Ireland", "Spain", "North Macedonia", "Estonia", "France", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Montenegro", "Poland", "European", "Climate adaptation"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "100", "distanceuom": "m", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_r_3035_100_m_uhi-modelling_p_2008-2017_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/knowledge/tools/urban-adaptation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/UAMV/Urban_Heat_Island_modelling/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/UAMV/Urban_Heat_Island_modelling/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "name": "item", "description": "45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/45b703bb-d4f3-4eaa-8b73-13fde2041f01"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2008-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2017-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-31.29, 27.64], [-31.29, 71.17], [44.81, 71.17], [44.81, 27.64], [-31.29, 27.64]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "soil moisture"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "drought"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "environmental pressure"}, {"id": "ecosystem degradation"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Annually"}], "scheme": "Temporal resolution"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Agriculture and food"}, {"id": "Climate adaptation"}, {"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "Biodiversity"}], "scheme": "https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes"}], "updated": "2023-06-14T11:54:42.169Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-08-11T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil moisture deficit during the vegetation growing season, annual time-series, 2000-2021, Aug. 2022", "description": "The dataset consists of a collection of annual soil moisture (SM) anomalies during the vegetation growing season (GS) for the years 2000-2021 across EEA 38 area and the United Kingdom. The vegetation growing season is defined by EEA\u00b4s phenology data series \"Vegetation growing season length 2000-2021\", available in the EEA website and in this catalogue. \nThe anomalies are calculated based on the European Commission's Joint Research Centre European Drought Observatory (EDO) Soil Moisture Index (SMI) with respect to the 1995\u20132019 base period. The yearly start and end of GS periods are dynamic and calculated according to the EEA Phenology Indicators. A positive anomaly indicates that the observed SM was wetter than the long-term SM average for the base period, while a negative anomaly indicates that the observed SM was drier than the reference value. Because SM anomalies are measured in units of standard deviation from the long-term SMI average, they can be used to compare annual deficits/surplus of SM between geographic regions.\nEDO is one of the early warning and monitoring systems of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. As the dataset builds on EDO's SMI, it therefore contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information.\n\nThis is version 01.01 of a previous dataset: Soil moisture deficit during the vegetation growing season, annual time-series, 2000-2019, Sep. 2020.", "formats": [{"name": "GeoTIFF"}, {"name": "EEA:FILEPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "soil moisture", "climate change adaptation", "drought", "land use", "environmental pressure", "ecosystem degradation", "EEA38 (from 2020)", "United Kingdom", "Annually", "European", "Agriculture and food", "Climate adaptation", "Soil", "Biodiversity"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": "http://www.eea.europa.eu", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "protocol_url": "", "name": "European Environment Agency public website", "name_url": "", "description": null, "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": "information"}}]}, {"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "5", "distanceuom": "km", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_r_3035_5_km_smoisture-anomalies-gs-2021_p_2000-2021_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FILEPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://land.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/Drought/Growing_Season_Mean_Soil_Moisture_2000_2019/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://land.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/Drought/Growing_Season_Mean_Soil_Moisture_2000_2019/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/catalogue/srv/api/records/0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24/attachments/sma_gs.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24", "name": "item", "description": "0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0fa3c2b0-cfbc-474a-a96c-1ec86f9cac24"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2000-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2021-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-21.68, 28.97], [-21.68, 69.64], [33.38, 69.64], [33.38, 28.97], [-21.68, 28.97]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "climate change impact"}, {"id": "city"}, {"id": "climate"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "EU27 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Climate adaptation"}, {"id": "Land use"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}], "updated": "2025-10-09T10:47:49.785223Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-12-19T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Percentage of impervious areas in core cities (2015), Jan. 2019", "description": "This data shows the information on the percentage of impervious areas in core cities in Europe.\n\nThe area of soil sealing is taken from the Copernicus pan-European soil-sealing layer 2015. The reference unit for the processing is the core city based on UrbanAudit from Eurostat and the Urban Morphological Zone (UMZ) from EEA.To compute the mean soil-sealing degree of city\u2019s urban area by means of zonal statistics, the soil-sealing mosaic of Europe was overlaid with the extent of UMZ within the core city.\n\nThe percentage of sealed area in the city affects the impacts of climate-related hazards. Heavy rainfall may lead to flooding, if the water can not infiltrate into the ground, and if its amount exceeds the capacity of the drainage system. Also, artificial surfaces tend to get hotter than vegetation, contributing to the urban heat island effect. Therefore, it is important to consider the amount of sealed surfaces in the city, in particular in the most densely built-up areas, in order to plan adaptation.", "formats": [{"name": "SHP"}, {"name": "EEA:FOLDERPATH"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}, {"name": "ESRI:REST"}, {"name": "WWW:URL"}], "keywords": ["Land cover", "climate change impact", "city", "climate", "climate change adaptation", "Norway", "Iceland", "EU27 (from 2020)", "Switzerland", "United Kingdom", "European", "Climate adaptation", "Land use"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000", "edition": "01.00"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/webdav/datastore/public/eea_v_4258_100_k_impervious-area-city_p_2015_v01_r00/", "protocol": "EEA:FOLDERPATH", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/knowledge/tools/urban-adaptation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/UAMV/Impervious_Areas_Core_City/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://climate.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/UAMV/Impervious_Areas_Core_City/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/data/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "name": "Direct download", "protocol": "WWW:URL", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "name": "item", "description": "45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/45be3406-c677-4b36-8f91-7d3bd5e8a520"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["2015-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "d692446f-934a-4ffa-bce1-8a330b663143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-21.67, 28.98], [-21.67, 69.64], [33.38, 69.64], [33.38, 28.98], [-21.67, 28.98]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "climate"}, {"id": "city"}, {"id": "climate change adaptation"}, {"id": "soil"}, {"id": "climate change impact"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Norway"}, {"id": "Iceland"}, {"id": "Switzerland"}, {"id": "EU27 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land use"}, {"id": "Climate adaptation"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}], "updated": "2023-11-17T08:25:51.107Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2018-12-19T00:00:00", "language": "eng", "title": "Percentage of impervious area within Urban Morphological Zone (2015), Jan. 2019", "description": "This data shows the information on the percentage of impervious areas within the Urban Morphological Zones, UMZ (i.e.: the densely built-up urban area within the administrative boundaries of a city) in Europe. \n\nThe area of soil sealing is taken from the Copernicus pan-European soil-sealing layer 2015. The reference unit for the processing is the core city based on UrbanAudit from Eurostat and the UMZ from EEA.To compute the mean soil-sealing degree of city\u2019s urban area by means of zonal statistics, the soil-sealing mosaic of Europe was overlaid with the extent of UMZ within the core city.\n\nThe percentage of sealed area in the city affects the impacts of climate-related hazards. Heavy rainfall may lead to flooding, if the water can not infiltrate into the ground, and if its amount exceeds the capacity of the drainage system. Also, artificial surfaces tend to get hotter than vegetation, contributing to the urban heat island effect. 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