The increased demand for bio based products worldwide provides an opportunity for Eastern European countries to increase their production in agriculture and forestry. At the same time, such economic development must be congruent with the European Union\u2019s long-term climate and biodiversity objectives. As a country that is rich in bioresources, the Latvian case study is highly relevant to many other countries\u2014especially those in Central and Eastern Europe\u2014and faces a choice of transition pathways to meet both economic and environmental objectives. In order to assess the trade-offs between investments in the bioeconomy and the achievement of climate and biodiversity objectives, we used the Functional Land Management (FLM) framework for the quantification of the supply and demand for the primary productivity, carbon regulation and biodiversity functions. We related the supply of these three soil functions to combinations of land use and soil characteristics. The demand for the same functions were derived from European, national and regional policy objectives. Our results showed different spatial scales at which variation in demand and supply is manifested. High demand for biodiversity was associated with areas dominated by agricultural land at the local scale, while regional differences of unemployment rates and the target for GDP increases framed the demand for primary productivity. National demand for carbon regulation focused on areas dominated by forests on organic soils. We subsequently identified mismatches between the supply and demand for soil functions, and we selected spatial locations for specific land use changes and improvements in management practices to promote sustainable development of the bio-economy. Our results offer guidance to policy makers that will help them to form a national policy that will underpin management practices that are effective and tailored toward local climate conditions and national implementation pathways.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "functional land management", "forestry", "1. No poverty", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "central and Eastern European countries", "climate regulation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Environmental sciences", "primary productivity", "13. Climate action", "8. Economic growth", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "agriculture", "biodiversity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2020.591695"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.10402478", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:21:57Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Currently available assessments of soil threats and ecosystem services: data, metadata, and methodologies", "description": "Deliverable of the EJPSoil project SERENA (Soil Ecosystem Services and soil threats modelling and mapping): Short descriptions of available assessments of selected soil threats and soil-based ecosystem services provided by the participating member states. The internal EJPSoil project SERENA contributed to the evaluation of soil multifunctionality aiming at providing assessment tools for land planning and soil policies at different scales. By co-working with relevant stakeholders, the project provided co-developed indicators and associated cookbooks to assess and map them, to report both on soil degradation, soil-based ecosystem services and their bundles, under actual conditions and for climate and land-use changes, at the regional, national, and European scales.", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Task 3.1", "Soil sealing", "Primary/biomass production", "Hydrological control", "15. Life on land", "Assessment", "SERENA", "Nutrient imbalance", "6. Clean water", "Soil organic carbon loss", "13. Climate action", "EJPSoil", "WP3", "Erosion control", "Soil erosion", "Soil-based ecosystem service", "Bundles", "D3.1.1", "Soil compaction", "Greenhouse gas and climate regulation", "Soil threat"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Michel, Kerstin", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10402478"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.10402478", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.10402478", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.10402478"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13945384", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:26Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Evaluation of soil threats and ecosystem service evolution under climate, land use or management changes.", "description": "The internal EJP SOIL project SERENA contributed to the evaluation of soil multifunctionality aiming at providing assessment tools for land planning and soil policies at different scales. By co-working with relevant stakeholders, the project provided co-developed indicators and associated cookbooks to assess and map them, to report both on soil degradation, soil-based ecosystem services and their bundles, under actual conditions and for climate and land-use changes, at the regional, national, and European scales. Based on an intensive literature review and results from previous experiences in member states a scenario framework was developed (climate, land use, and management changes) and common methodologies (statistical methods, simple and/or more sophisticated models) were identified, used or validated to forecast how selected soil ecosystem services (SES) and soil threats (ST) will change according to climate, land-use and management changes. In contrast to WP5 we focus in WP3/Task 3 on forecasts of changes of various soil indicators on site, regional or national scale, and could rely on soil maps with high resolution that are maintained by several member states. Three countries out of 6 were able to give predictions for changes on the SES \u201cGHG and climate regulation\u201d. Two countries were working on the SES \u201cPrimary biomass production\u201d and could predict changes in \u201cErosion control\u201d on a national scale. \u201cHydrological control\u201d and \u201cEnvironmental pollution control\u201d was predicted in one country in 2 regions. Changes in climate, land management or land use change and their effects on ST could be predicted less often. Three countries could predict the effects ofchanges on \u201cSoil organic carbon loss\u201d and on \u201cSoil compaction\u201d, two countries estimated the loss ofsoil via erosion. Only one country each could predict effects of changes on \u201cSoil nutrient imbalance\u201dand \u201cSoil acidification\u201d and \u201cSoil sealing\u201d. Either no appropriate model or no experience was availablefor the SES \u201cHabitat for biodiversity\u201d and \u201cPest and disease control\u201d and for the ST\u2019s \u201cWaterlogging\u201d,\u201cSoil contamination\u201d, \u201cLoss of diversity\u201d and \u201cSalinization\u201d.", "keywords": ["Estonia", "land use change", "Task 3.3", "soil nutrient imbalance", "salinization", "management change", "D3.4", "soil", "Environmental pollution control", "loss of diversity", "soil compaction", "soil sealing", "Erosion control", "Soil threats", "habitat for biodiversity", "loss of soil", "Primary biomass production", "Czech Republic", "agriculture", "GHG and climate regulation", "Hydrological control", "scenario analysis", "Grant n. 862695", "Soil ecosystem services", "waterlogging", "soil organic carbon loss", "climate change", "SERENA EJPSOIL", "WP3", "Austria", "pest and disease control", "France", "Poland", "soil acidification", "Ireland", "soil contamination"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kitzler, Barbara", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13945384"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13945384", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13945384", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13945384"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13945383", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:26Z", "type": "Report", "created": "2024-10-22", "title": "Evaluation of soil threats and ecosystem service evolution under climate, land use or management changes.", "description": "The internal EJP SOIL project SERENA contributed to the evaluation of soil multifunctionality aiming at providing assessment tools for land planning and soil policies at different scales. By co-working with relevant stakeholders, the project provided co-developed indicators and associated cookbooks to assess and map them, to report both on soil degradation, soil-based ecosystem services and their bundles, under actual conditions and for climate and land-use changes, at the regional, national, and European scales. Based on an intensive literature review and results from previous experiences in member states a scenario framework was developed (climate, land use, and management changes) and common methodologies (statistical methods, simple and/or more sophisticated models) were identified, used or validated to forecast how selected soil ecosystem services (SES) and soil threats (ST) will change according to climate, land-use and management changes. In contrast to WP5 we focus in WP3/Task 3 on forecasts of changes of various soil indicators on site, regional or national scale, and could rely on soil maps with high resolution that are maintained by several member states. Three countries out of 6 were able to give predictions for changes on the SES \u201cGHG and climate regulation\u201d. Two countries were working on the SES \u201cPrimary biomass production\u201d and could predict changes in \u201cErosion control\u201d on a national scale. \u201cHydrological control\u201d and \u201cEnvironmental pollution control\u201d was predicted in one country in 2 regions. Changes in climate, land management or land use change and their effects on ST could be predicted less often. Three countries could predict the effects ofchanges on \u201cSoil organic carbon loss\u201d and on \u201cSoil compaction\u201d, two countries estimated the loss ofsoil via erosion. Only one country each could predict effects of changes on \u201cSoil nutrient imbalance\u201dand \u201cSoil acidification\u201d and \u201cSoil sealing\u201d. Either no appropriate model or no experience was availablefor the SES \u201cHabitat for biodiversity\u201d and \u201cPest and disease control\u201d and for the ST\u2019s \u201cWaterlogging\u201d,\u201cSoil contamination\u201d, \u201cLoss of diversity\u201d and \u201cSalinization\u201d.", "keywords": ["Estonia", "land use change", "Task 3.3", "soil nutrient imbalance", "salinization", "management change", "D3.4", "soil", "Environmental pollution control", "loss of diversity", "soil compaction", "soil sealing", "Erosion control", "Soil threats", "habitat for biodiversity", "loss of soil", "Primary biomass production", "Czech Republic", "agriculture", "GHG and climate regulation", "Hydrological control", "scenario analysis", "Grant n. 862695", "Soil ecosystem services", "waterlogging", "soil organic carbon loss", "climate change", "SERENA EJPSOIL", "WP3", "Austria", "pest and disease control", "France", "Poland", "soil acidification", "Ireland", "soil contamination"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kitzler, Barbara", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13945383"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13945383", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13945383", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13945383"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:26Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "SERENA EJP Soil: Green House Gas Regulation Application Emilia-Romagna, Italy (Summer)", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as part of the EJP Soil SERENA programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results may contain inconsistencies, depending in particular on the raw data available and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen and their prior knowledge . It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained in order to decide on their relevance in relation to the intended purpose of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use for environmental management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and complementing when necessary the provided results with the best available data. Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["greenhouse gases and climate regulation indicators", "Soil sciences", "Grant 862695", "net ecosystem productivity", "Emilia-Romagna", " Italy", "SERENA", "EJP-Soil", "Soil-based ecosystem services"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951142"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13951142", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13951142"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:26Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "SERENA EJP Soil: Green House Gas Regulation Application Emilia-Romagna, Italy (Summer)", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as part of the EJP Soil SERENA programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results may contain inconsistencies, depending in particular on the raw data available and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen and their prior knowledge . It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained in order to decide on their relevance in relation to the intended purpose of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use for environmental management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and complementing when necessary the provided results with the best available data. Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["greenhouse gases and climate regulation indicators", "Soil sciences", "Grant 862695", "net ecosystem productivity", "Emilia-Romagna", " Italy", "SERENA", "EJP-Soil", "Soil-based ecosystem services"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Medina-Roldan, Eduardo, Lorenzetti, Romina, GARDIN, LORENZO, Buttafuoco, Gabriele, Ungaro, Fabrizio,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13951143"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13951143", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13951143"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-17", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL GHG NEP", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["Agricultural Soils", "Climate Regulation", "GHG", "Poland", "Soil-based Ecosystem Services", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017678"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017678", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017678"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:22:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-17", "title": "SERENA EJPSOIL PL GHG NEP", "description": "Open AccessThe data are derived from the calculation of indicators based on a standard methodology established as\u00a0part of the EJP Soil SERENA\u00a0programme. Please keep in mind that: It is the result of a modelling exercise and does not necessarily reflect reality. Despite the efforts made to provide reliable data, the results\u00a0may contain inconsistencies,\u00a0depending\u00a0in particular on\u00a0the raw data\u00a0available\u00a0and level of accuracy of the techniques chosen\u00a0and\u00a0their prior knowledge\u00a0. It is necessary to consider how the results have been obtained\u00a0in order to\u00a0decide on their\u00a0relevance\u00a0in relation to the intended\u00a0purpose\u00a0of reuse. These results are interesting from a scientific point of view, but their use\u00a0for environmental\u00a0management and policy issues should be done keeping the previous aspects in mind and\u00a0complementing when\u00a0necessary\u00a0the provided results with the best available data. ==> Finally, it is the responsibility of the users of this information to decide whether it is appropriate to use these data and whether the data meet their needs. The authors of this resource can in no way be held responsible for the results obtained from the use of this data.", "keywords": ["Agricultural Soils", "Climate Regulation", "GHG", "Poland", "Soil-based Ecosystem Services", "SERENA", "EJP-SOIL"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pindral, Sylwia, Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka, Smreczak, Bo\u017cena,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14017679"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14017679", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14017679"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/366480", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:25:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-09-11", "title": "Assessing the Climate Regulation Potential of Agricultural Soils Using a Decision Support Tool Adapted to Stakeholders' Needs and Possibilities", "description": "Open AccessSoils perform many functions that are vital to societies, among which their capability to regulate global climate has received much attention over the past decades. An assessment of the extent to which soils perform a specific function is not only important to appropriately value their current capacity, but also to make well-informed decisions about how and where to change soil management to align the delivered soil functions with societal demands. To obtain an overview of the capacity of soils to perform different functions, accurate and easy-to-use models are necessary. A problem with most currently-available models is that data requirements often exceed data availability, while generally a high level of expert knowledge is necessary to apply these models. Therefore, we developed a qualitative model to assess how agricultural soils function with respect to climate regulation. The model is driven by inputs about agricultural management practices, soil properties and environmental conditions. To reduce data requirements on stakeholders, the 17 input variables are classified into either (1) three classes: low, medium and high or (2) the presence or absence of a management practice. These inputs are combined using a decision tree with internal integration rules to obtain an estimate of the magnitude of N2O emissions and carbon sequestration. These two variables are subsequently combined into an estimate of the capacity of a soil to perform the climate regulation function. The model was tested using data from long-term field experiments across Europe. This showed that the model is generally able to adequately assess this soil function across a range of environments under different management practices. In a next step, this model will be combined with models to assess other soil functions (soil biodiversity, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water regulation and purification). This will allow the assessment of trade-offs between these soil functions for agricultural land across Europe.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N2O emissions", "agroecosystems", "qualitative decision modeling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "climate regulation", "carbon sequestration", "Environmental sciences", "NO emissions", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "soil functions; climate regulation; carbon sequestration; N2O emissions; agroecosystems; qualitative decision modeling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11850/366480"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11850/366480", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11850/366480", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11850/366480"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-09-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3111673561", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-26T16:26:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-12-09", "title": "Assessment of Soil Functions: An Example of Meeting Competing National and International Obligations by Harnessing Regional Differences", "description": "The increased demand for bio based products worldwide provides an opportunity for Eastern European countries to increase their production in agriculture and forestry. At the same time, such economic development must be congruent with the European Union\u2019s long-term climate and biodiversity objectives. As a country that is rich in bioresources, the Latvian case study is highly relevant to many other countries\u2014especially those in Central and Eastern Europe\u2014and faces a choice of transition pathways to meet both economic and environmental objectives. In order to assess the trade-offs between investments in the bioeconomy and the achievement of climate and biodiversity objectives, we used the Functional Land Management (FLM) framework for the quantification of the supply and demand for the primary productivity, carbon regulation and biodiversity functions. We related the supply of these three soil functions to combinations of land use and soil characteristics. The demand for the same functions were derived from European, national and regional policy objectives. Our results showed different spatial scales at which variation in demand and supply is manifested. High demand for biodiversity was associated with areas dominated by agricultural land at the local scale, while regional differences of unemployment rates and the target for GDP increases framed the demand for primary productivity. National demand for carbon regulation focused on areas dominated by forests on organic soils. We subsequently identified mismatches between the supply and demand for soil functions, and we selected spatial locations for specific land use changes and improvements in management practices to promote sustainable development of the bio-economy. Our results offer guidance to policy makers that will help them to form a national policy that will underpin management practices that are effective and tailored toward local climate conditions and national implementation pathways.
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