Identifying the molecular basis of resistance to pathogens is critical to promote a chemical-free cropping system. In plants, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat constitute the largest family of disease resistance (R) genes, but this resistance can be rapidly overcome by the pathogen, prompting research into alternative sources of resistance. Anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is one of the most important diseases of common bean. This study aimed to identify the molecular basis of Co-x, an anthracnose R gene conferring total resistance to the extremely virulent C. lindemuthianum strain 100. To that end, we sequenced the Co-x 58 kb target region in the resistant JaloEEP558 (Co-x) common bean and identified KTR2/3, an additional gene encoding a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase, located within a CRINKLY4 kinase cluster. The presence of KTR2/3 is strictly correlated with resistance to strain 100 in a diversity panel of common beans. Furthermore, KTR2/3 expression is up-regulated 24 hours post-inoculation and its transient expression in a susceptible genotype increases resistance to strain 100. Our results provide evidence that Co-x encodes a truncated and chimeric CRINKLY4 kinase probably resulting from an unequal recombination event that occurred recently in the Andean domesticated gene pool. This atypical R gene may act as a decoy involved in indirect recognition of a fungal effector.
", "keywords": ["Phaseolus", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "anthracnose", "0303 health sciences", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "610", "Chromosome Mapping", "Genes", " Plant", "Phaseolus vulgaris", "630", "NLR", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "03 medical and health sciences", "disease resistance gene", "Colletotrichum", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "CRINKLY4 kinase", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Common bean", "Common bean", " Phaseolus vulgaris", " NLR", " disease resistance gene", " CRINKLY4 kinase", " anthracnose", " unequal crossing-over", "unequal crossing-over", "Plant Diseases"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://academic.oup.com/jxb/article-pdf/72/10/3569/37799399/erab082.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab082"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Experimental%20Botany", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1093/jxb/erab082", "name": "item", "description": "10.1093/jxb/erab082", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1093/jxb/erab082"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/genes10010068", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:19:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-22", "title": "Convergent Evolution of the Seed Shattering Trait", "description": "Loss of seed shattering is a key trait in crop domestication, particularly for grain crops. For wild plants, seed shattering is a crucial mechanism to achieve greater fitness, although in the agricultural context, this mechanism reduces harvesting efficiency, especially under dry conditions. Loss of seed shattering was acquired independently in different monocotyledon and dicotyledon crop species by \uffe2\uff80\uff98convergent phenotypic evolution\uffe2\uff80\uff99, leading to similar low dehiscent and indehiscent phenotypes. Here, the main aim is to review the current knowledge about seed shattering in crops, in order to highlight the tissue modifications that underlie the convergent phenotypic evolution of reduced shattering in different types of fruit, from the silique of Brassicaceae species, to the pods of legumes and spikes of cereals. Emphasis is given to legumes, with consideration of recent data obtained for the common bean. The current review also discusses to what extent convergent phenotypes arose from parallel changes at the histological and/or molecular levels. For this reason, an overview is included of the main findings relating to the genetic control of seed shattering in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and in other important crops.
", "keywords": ["QTL mapping", "common bean", "2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "legumes", "Quantitative Trait Loci", "Common bean; Crop domestication; Gene expression; Legumes; Pod anatomy; QTL mapping; Genetics; Genetics (clinical)", "legume", "Review", "QH426-470", "pod anatomy", "15. Life on land", "Evolution", " Molecular", "crop domestication", "Magnoliopsida", "03 medical and health sciences", "Seed Dispersal", "Seeds", "Genetics", "gene expression"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/1/68/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Genes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/genes10010068", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/genes10010068", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/genes10010068"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/plants10030468", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:19:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-02", "title": "Impact of Legumes as a Pre-Crop on Nitrogen Nutrition and Yield in Organic Greenhouse Tomato", "description": "An organic greenhouse crop of tomato was established in February following cultivation of cowpea (CP) or common bean (CB) for green pod production, or faba bean (FB) for green manuring. The vegetative residues of CP and CB were incorporated to the soil together with farmyard manure (FYM), prior to establishing the tomato crop. The FB plants were incorporated to the soil at anthesis together with either FYM or composted olive-mill waste (CO). Green manuring with FB resulted in higher soil mineral N levels during the subsequent tomato crop and higher tomato fruit yield when combined with FYM, compared to compost. The level of soil mineral N was the main restrictive factor for yield in organic greenhouse tomato. FB for green manuring as preceding crop to tomato increased significantly the level of soil mineral N and tomato yield compared to CB or CP aiming to produce green pods. The lowest tomato yield was obtained when the preceding crop was CB cultivated for green pod production. The soil mineral N was significantly higher when FYM was applied as base dressing compared with CO, despite the higher total N concentration in CO, pointing to slower mineralization rates of CO during tomato cultivation.
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