Soil degradation is a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, where integrated soil fertility management has been promoted to restore productivity. A long-term experiment (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) run in Benin consisted of two phases: a depletion phase (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931980) with varying levels of mineral and organic fertilisation, and a regeneration phase (1981\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) where all plots received full fertilisation and organic matter additions. Soils were sampled at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm depth in 1973, 1974, 1982, and 1989 to assess fertility changes. Mineral fertilisation (N, P, K) and plant biomass management (crop residue retention and biomass additions) significantly influenced seed cotton and maize grain yields during the depletion phase. Soil organic carbon declined consistently in all treatments during depletion but remained stable during regeneration. The long-term effect was evident only in seed cotton yield during depletion. In contrast, due to high variability, maize grain yield showed no consistent trend. The combined use of organic resources and mineral fertilisers helped maintain crop productivity but led to declining soil chemical properties in this Ferralsol. The analysis of this outdated yet unpublished dataset shed light on how long-term soil depletion effects persist over time, even when soil fertility management is restored, indicating a sort of \uffe2\uff80\uff98soil memory\uffe2\uff80\uff99. The persistence of these effect suggests that regenerative interventions must begin before critical thresholds of degradation are crossed. Future research should focus on alternative measures to restore/maintain soil fertility not evaluated in this experiment, such as conservation tillage or legume integration, to provide long-term benefits for smallholder farmers facing soil fertility challenges.This 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year on\uffe2\uff80\uff90farm study reports the effects of different agricultural practices on yield and soil organic carbon (SOC) in kiwifruit and apricot orchards grown in a Mediterranean area. Groups of plants under local orchard management (LOM,\uffc2\uffa7
Correction made here after initial publication.
) practices (i.e. soil tillage, removing of pruning residues and mineral fertilisers) were compared with plots under soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90protecting orchard management (SPOM) actions (i.e. cover crop, no\uffe2\uff80\uff90tillage, compost application and mulching of pruning residues). In the SPOM blocks fertilisation rate was based on plant demand and irrigation volumes calculated on the evapotranspiration values, while they were empirically calculated in the LOM plots. Results show that yield was 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9350 per cent enhanced by SPOM practices while SOC remained close to the initial values. In comparison with LOM plots, changed practices increased up to 28\uffe2\uff80\uff9390 per cent the amount of P and K, and 13 per cent that of N annually incorporated into soil increasing their reservoir in the soil. The study demonstrates that appropriate land management can increase the mean annual carbon soil inputs from about 1\uffc2\uffb75 to 9\uffc2\uffb70\uffe2\uff80\uff89t\uffe2\uff80\uff89ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 per year. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "Crop residues; land use; organic matter; soil carbon input; SOC; Mediterranean soil; soil organic carbon", "Crop residue", "land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon input", "SOC", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Mediterranean soil", "organic matter"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.917"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Land%20Degradation%20%26amp%3B%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ldr.917", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ldr.917", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ldr.917"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007%2fs00374-010-0497-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:14:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-09-03", "title": "Crop Residues And Fertilizer Nitrogen Influence Residue Decomposition And Nitrous Oxide Emission From A Vertisol", "description": "Crop residues with high C/N ratio immobilize N released during decomposition in soil, thus reducing N losses through leaching, denitrification, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 84\u00a0days under controlled conditions (24\u00b0C and moisture content 55% of water-holding capacity) to study the influence of sugarcane, maize, sorghum, cotton and lucerne residues, and mineral N addition, on N mineralization\u2013immobilization and N2O emission. Residues were added at the rate of 3\u00a0t C ha\u22121 to soil with, and without, 150\u00a0kg urea N\u00a0ha\u22121. The addition of sugarcane, maize, and sorghum residues without N fertilizer resulted in a significant immobilization of soil N. Amended soil had significantly (P\u2009<\u20090.05) lower NO 3 \u2212 \u2013N, which reached minimum values of 2.8\u00a0mg\u00a0N kg\u22121 for sugarcane (at day\u00a028), 10.3\u00a0mg\u00a0N kg\u22121 for maize (day\u00a07), and 5.9\u00a0mg\u00a0N kg\u22121 for sorghum (day\u00a07), compared to 22.7\u00a0mg\u00a0N kg\u22121 for the unamended soil (day\u00a07). During 84\u00a0days of incubation, the total mineral N in the residues\u2009+\u2009N treatments were decreased by 45\u00a0mg\u00a0N kg\u22121 in sugarcane, 34\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 in maize, 29\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 in sorghum, and 16\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 in cotton amended soil compared to soil\u2009+\u2009N fertilizer, although soil NO 3 \u2212 \u2013N increased by 7\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 in lucerne amended soil. The addition of residues also significantly increased amended soil microbial biomass C and N. Maximum emissions of N2O from crop residue amended soils occurred in the first 4\u20135\u00a0days of incubation. Overall, after 84\u00a0days of incubation, the cumulative N2O emission was 25% lower with cotton\u2009+\u2009N fertilizer, compared to soil\u2009+\u2009N fertilizer. The cumulative N2O emission was significantly and positively correlated with NO 3 \u2212 \u2013N (r\u2009=\u20090.92, P\u2009<\u20090.01) and total mineral N (r\u2009=\u20090.93, P\u2009<\u20090.01) after 84\u00a0days of incubation, and had a weak but significant positive correlation with cumulative CO2 in the first 3 and 5\u00a0days of incubation (r\u2009=\u20090.59, P\u2009<\u20090.05).", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Crop residues", "Nitrous oxide", "571", "2404 Microbiology", "Vertisol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "6. Clean water", "Mineral N", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "1102 Agronomy and Crop Science", "1111 Soil Science", "Fertilizer N"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Muhammad, W, Vaughan, SM, Dalal, RC, Menzies, NW,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007%2fs00374-010-0497-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007%2fs00374-010-0497-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007%2fs00374-010-0497-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007%2fs00374-010-0497-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-020-10067-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:14:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-04-17", "title": "Crop yield after 5\u00a0decades of contrasting residue management", "description": "AbstractThe benefits of soil organic input on crop yields have long been discussed, yet details of their relationship remain controversial. This study considers the effects of different residue management on crop performance as assessed by yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Three residue management (residue removal, residue incorporation, and residue incorporation\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89added poultry manure), combined with five levels of N application, were studied in a long-term experiment starting in 1966. Crop residue incorporation improved maize yield by 12% (nutritional effect) and sugar beet yield by 16% (non-nutritional), and the combination of crop residue incorporation with added poultry manure increased both winter wheat and sugar beet yields by 8% (nutritional effect). The NUE values of mineral fertiliser were almost three-fold those of residues and the combination of residue with poultry manure, except in sugar beet and maize, where NUE of mineral fertilizer approached those observed for residues (0.44 vs 0.45, on average). In wheat, NUE for residue incorporation with added poultry manure was nearly double the NUE for residues alone. Residue management effects depended on crop type; spring-sown crops showing stronger effects than those sown in autumn. Residues primarily produced a nutritional effect, suggesting that they decomposed within 1\uffc2\uffa0year. While residue use offers little potential for soil improvement, it does reduce the need for fertilisers.\u00a0anaerobic digestate, sewage sludge\u00a0>\u00a0composts\u00a0>\u00a0biochar. For each measured parameter, soil properties did not affect the response pattern found for the different treatments, but modified the magnitude of the response. In particular, soil respiration and enzymatic activity were higher in the slightly acidic soil, while greater values of available P were found in the alkaline soil. This study clearly indicates that the impact on GHG emissions and soil functioning of bioenergy by-products needs to be taken into account for a correct life cycle assessment of the bioenergy chain. Moreover, when properly managed, they may represent an effective alternative to usual amendments to improve the quality and nutrient balance of amended soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "decomposition", "microbial biomass", "carbon", "enzyme-activities", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "composts", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "organic amendments", "13. Climate action", "nitrous-oxide emission", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mineralization", "management"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Galvez, A., Sinicco, T., Cayuela, M.L, Mingorance, M.D., Fornasier, F., Mondini, C.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2011.06.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-22", "title": "Medium-Term Impact Of Tillage And Residue Management On Soil Aggregate Stability, Soil Carbon And Crop Productivity", "description": "Conservation agriculture is widely promoted for soil conservation and crop productivity increase, although rigorous empirical evidence from sub-Saharan Africa is still limited. This study aimed to quantify the medium-term impact of tillage (conventional and reduced) and crop residue management (retention and removal) on soil and crop performance in a maize\u2013soybean rotation. A replicated field trial was started in sub-humid Western Kenya in 2003, and measurements were taken from 2005 to 2008. Conventional tillage negatively affected soil aggregate stability when compared to reduced tillage, as indicated by lower mean weight diameter values upon wet sieving at 0\u201315 cm (PT < 0.001). This suggests increased susceptibility to slaking and soil erosion. Tillage and residue management alone did not affect soil C contents after 11 cropping seasons, but when residue was incorporated by tillage, soil C was higher at 15\u201330 cm (PT*R = 0.037). Lack of treatment effects on the C content of different aggregate fractions indicated that reduced tillage and/or residue retention did not increase physical C protection. The weak residue effect on aggregate stability and soil C may be attributed to insufficient residue retention. Soybean grain yields tended to be suppressed under reduced tillage without residue retention, especially in wet seasons (PT*R = 0.070). Consequently, future research should establish, for different climatic zones and soil types, the critical minimum residue retention levels for soil conservation and crop productivity.", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "crop residues", "agregados del suelo", "no-till", "yields", "nitrogen", "conservaci\u00f3n del suelo", "crop rotation", "2. Zero hunger", "rotaci\u00f3n de cultivos", "carbon", "soil conservation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbono", "protection", "stabilization", "conservation agriculture", "kenya", "soil aggregates", "africa", "tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "labranza", "residuos de cosecha", "rendimiento", "africa al sur del sahara"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:15:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-11", "title": "Effects Of Living Mulches Or Residue Amendments On Soil Microbial Properties In Direct Seeded Cropping Systems Of Madagascar", "description": "Abstract There is growing recognition for the need to study the impact of agricultural land uses on biological and biochemical properties of soils. In Madagascar, cropping systems based on direct seeding with permanent vegetation cover provide a new means for sustainable agriculture to protect the environment and make the most of natural resources. This study assessed the effects of different direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems on soil microbial biomass and activities. The soil was andic Dystrustept. Samples of the soil were taken from 0 to 5\u00a0cm soil layer of three direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems (DMC using crop residues and living mulches). The samples were compared with samples from conventionally tilled plots (CT) and natural fallows (NF). The field experiments were carried out over a 12-year-period and two types of amendment were applied once a year at sowing, farmyard manure (FYM) and farmyard manure combined with an NPK chemical fertilizer. The C and N content, microbial basal respiration and biomass and \u03b2-glucosidase, urease and acid phosphatase activities were determined. The results showed that there was no interaction between soil management strategies and the use of fertilizer. Furthermore, the fertilizer did not affect the soil C and N content or the acid phosphatase and urease activities. Farmyard manure with added NPK had a significantly greater effect than farmyard manure on its own, increasing the microbial biomass, soil respiration and \u03b2-glucosidase activity up to 26%, 52% and 20%, respectively but there was no significant difference between natural fallows and direct seeding mulch-based cropping systems. However, conventional tillage showed a significantly lower soil microbial biomass, C content, microbial respiration and urease activity than natural fallows. The results for direct seeding mulch-based systems varied according to the microbial activities measured. However, soil \u03b2-glucosidase and acid phosphatase activities were significantly higher for the direct seeding mulch-based systems using crop residues than for the direct seeding mulch-based systems using living mulches. Direct seeding mulch-based systems with Desmodium uncinatum living mulch had significantly lower microbial biomass and respiration than the other direct seeding mulch-based systems. There was less evidence of change in the soil between natural fallow and direct seeding mulch-based systems but a higher build-up of some microbial properties was obtained for direct seeding mulch-based systems soil than in conventionally tilled soils and natural fallow.", "keywords": ["crop residues", "Glycine max", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "living mulch", "microbial activity", "Zea mays", "630", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36167", "micro-organisme du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33553", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3301", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16118", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "2. Zero hunger", "microbial biomass", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2604", "r\u00e9sidu de r\u00e9colte", "activit\u00e9 enzymatique", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_25803", "15. Life on land", "andic Dystrustept", "semis direct", "6. Clean water", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "direct seeding", "respiration du sol", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "F04 - Fertilisation", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Soil%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.12.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-10", "title": "Interactions Between Residue Placement And Earthworm Ecological Strategy Affect Aggregate Turnover And N2o Dynamics In Agricultural Soil", "description": "Previous laboratory studies using epigeic and anecic earthworms have shown that earthworm activity can considerably increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from crop residues in soils. However, the universality of this effect across earthworm functional groups and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether earthworms with an endogeic strategy also affect N2O emissions; (ii) to quantify possible interactions with epigeic earthworms; and (iii) to link these effects to earthworm-induced differences in selected soil properties. We initiated a 90-day 15N-tracer mesocosm study with the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). 15N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue was placed on top or incorporated into the loamy (Fluvaquent) soil. When residue was incorporated, only A. caliginosa significantly (p <0.01) increased cumulative N2O emissions from 1350 to 2223 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1 soil, with a corresponding increase in the turnover rate of macroaggregates. When residue was applied on top, L. rubellus significantly (p <0.001) increased emissions from 524 to 929 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1, and a significant (p <0.05) interaction between the two earthworm species increased emissions to 1397 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1. These effects coincided with an 84% increase in incorporation of residue 15N into the microaggregate fraction by A. caliginosa (p = 0.003) and an 85% increase in incorporation into the macroaggregate fraction by L. rubellus (p = 0.018). Cumulative CO2 fluxes were only significantly increased by earthworm activity (from 473.9 to 593.6 mg CO2\u2013C kg-1 soil; p = 0.037) in the presence of L. rubellus when residue was applied on top. We conclude that earthworm-induced N2O emissions reflect earthworm feeding strategies: epigeic earthworms can increase N2O emissions when residue is applied on top; endogeic earthworms when residue is incorporated into the soil by humans (tillage) or by other earthworm species. The effects of residue placement and earthworm addition are accompanied by changes in aggregate and SOM turnover, possibly controlling carbon, nitrogen and oxygen availability and therefore denitrification. Our results contribute to understanding the important but intricate relations between (functional) soil biodiversity and the soil greenhouse gas balance. Further research should focus on elucidating the links between the observed changes in soil aggregation and controls on denitrification, including the microbial community", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "denitrification", "ecosystem engineers", "casts", "no-tillage agroecosystems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon-dioxide", "01 natural sciences", "630", "13. Climate action", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nitrous-oxide fluxes", "management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-07", "title": "Determinants Of Annual Fluxes Of Co2 And N2o In Long-Term No-Tillage And Conventional Tillage Systems In Northern France", "description": "The greenhouse gases CO2 andN2O emissions were quantified in a long-term experiment in northern France, in which no-till (NT)and conventional tillage (CT) had been differentiated during 32 years in plots under a maize\u2013wheat rotation. Continuous CO2 andperiodical N2O soil emission measurements were performed during two periods: under maize cultivation (April 2003\u2013July 2003) and during the fallow period after wheat harvest (August 2003\u2013March 2004). In order to document the dynamics and importance of these emissions, soil organicCand mineral N, residue decomposition, soil potential forCO2 emission and climatic dataweremeasured.CO2 emissions were significantly larger in NTon 53% and in CTon 6% of the days. From April to July 2003 and from November 2003 to March 2004, the cumulated CO2 emissions did not differ significantly between CT and NT. However, the cumulated CO2 emissions from August to November 2003 were considerably larger for NT than for CT. Over the entire 331 days of measurement, CT and NT emitted 3160 269 and 4064 138 kgCO2-C ha-1, respectively.The differences in CO2 emissions in the two tillage systems resulted from the soil climatic conditions and the amounts and location of crop residues and SOM. A large proportion of the CO2 emissions in NTover the entiremeasurement period was probably due to the decomposition of old weathered residues.NTtended to emit more N2O than CT over the entiremeasurement period.However differences were statistically significant in only half of the cases due to important variability. N2O emissions were generally less than 5 g N ha-1 day-1, except for a few dates where emission increased up to 21 g N ha-1 day-1. These N2O fluxes represented 0.80, 0.15 and 1.32 0.52 kg N2O-N ha-1 year-1 for CT and NT, respectively. Depending on the periods, a large part of the N2O emissions occurred was probably induced by nitrification, since soil conditions were not favorable for denitrification. Finally, for the period ofmeasurement after 32 years of tillage treatments, theNTsystem emitted more greenhouses gases (CO2 and N2O) to the atmosphere on an annual basis than the CT system.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "571", "Crop residues", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "15. Life on land", "Soil tillage", "N2O emission", "12. Responsible consumption", "13. Climate action", "CO2 emission", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Effect of climatic conditions", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2006.12.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-01-08", "title": "Soil Organic Carbon And Fertility Interactions Affected By A Tillage Chronosequence In A Brazilian Oxisol", "description": "Abstract No-till (NT) adoption is an essential tool for development of sustainable agricultural systems, and how NT affects the soil organic C (SOC) dynamics is a key component of these systems. The effect of a plow tillage (PT) and NT age chronosequence on SOC concentration and interactions with soil fertility were assessed in a variable charge Oxisol, located in the South Center quadrant of Parana State, Brazil (50\u00b023\u2019W and 24\u00b036'S). The chronosequence consisted of the following six sites: (i) native field (NF); (ii) PT of the native field (PNF-1) involving conversion of natural vegetation to cropland; (iii) NT for 10 years (NT-10); (iv) NT for 20 years (NT-20); (v) NT for 22 years (NT-22); and (vi) conventional tillage for 22 years (CT-22) involving PT with one disking after summer harvest and one after winter harvest to 20\u00a0cm depth plus two harrow disking. Soil samples were collected from five depths (0\u20132.5; 2.5\u20135; 5\u201310; 10\u201320; and 20\u201340\u00a0cm) and SOC, pH (in H 2 O and KCl), \u0394pH, potential acidity, exchangeable bases, and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were measured. An increase in SOC concentration positively affected the pH, the negative charge and the CEC and negatively impacted potential acidity. Regression analyses indicated a close relationship between the SOC concentration and other parameters measured in this study. The regression fitted between SOC concentration and CEC showed a close relationship. There was an increase in negative charge and CEC with increase in SOC concentration: CEC increased by 0.37\u00a0cmol c \u00a0kg \u22121 for every g of C\u00a0kg \u22121 soil. The ratio of ECEC:SOC was 0.23\u00a0cmol c \u00a0kg \u22121 for NF and increased to 0.49\u00a0cmol c \u00a0kg \u22121 for NT-22. The rates of P and K for 0\u201310\u00a0cm depth increased by 9.66\u00a0kg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 and 17.93\u00a0kg\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0yr \u22121 , respectively, with NF as a base line. The data presented support the conclusion that long-term NT is a useful strategy for improving fertility of soils with variable charge.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil management", "Soil organic matter", "Root depth", "Crop residues", "Cation exchange capacity (CEC)", "Conservation agriculture", "Chronosequence", "Acidity", "Sustainable agriculture", "No-till", "Soil ph", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil fertility", "Soil quality", "Tillage", "Variable charge", "Soil analysis", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Oxisols", "Field Scale"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.11.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2008.11.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2008.11.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2011.10.012", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-11-17", "title": "No Tillage In Rainfed Aragon (Ne Spain): Effect On Organic Carbon In The Soil Surface Horizon", "description": "Open AccessThis research was supported by the Comisi\u00f3n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda of Spain (Grants AGL2010-22050-CO3-02/AGR and AGL2007-66320-C02-02/AGR) and the European Union (FEDER Funds). N. Blanco-Moure was awarded with a PhD fellowship (FPI Program) by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "On-farm research", "Crop residues", "Soil organic matter;", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Dryland cereal farming", "15. Life on land", "Conservation tillage"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.10.012"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2011.10.012", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2011.10.012", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2011.10.012"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-04-14", "title": "Dynamics Of Soil Carbon Stock, Total Nitrogen, And Associated Soil Properties Since The Conversion Ofacaciawoodland To Managed Pastureland, Parkland Agroforestry, And Treeless Cropland In The Jido Komolcha District, Southern Ethiopia", "description": "ABSTRACTIn the arid, low biomass producing areas of Ethiopia, Acacia woodlands suffered a severe degradation due to exploitation for various uses, and conversion to grazing and cultivated lands. However, little is known on the impact of agricultural land uses on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) stocks, and other soil quality indicators. This study was planned to evaluate SOC and TN stock changes under parkland agroforestry (PAF), managed pastureland (MPL), and treeless cropland (TLCL) regimes by considering the remnant protected woodland (PWL) as a reference. We found that SOC and TN stocks were significantly higher in PWL and MPL areas. Conversion of Acacia woodlands to MPL, PAF, and TLCL resulted in the loss of SOC stock by 23, 50, and 56%, respectively. Higher SOC and TN stocks were found under PWL (144.3 Mg\u00a0ha\u22121) and MPL (108.2 Mg\u00a0ha\u22121). Significant changes in available phosphorous (P), exchangeable cations, and cation exchangeable capacity were observed following the woodland conversion...", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "utilizaci\u00f3n de la tierra", "residuos de cosechas", "suelo", "land use", "trees", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "secuestro de carbono", "soil", "agroforestry", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agroforesteria", "\u00e1rboles"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Sustainable%20Forestry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/10549811.2016.1175950"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0103-90162013000500006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:19:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-14", "title": "Carbon Stock And Humification Index Of Organic Matter Affected By Sugarcane Straw And Soil Management", "description": "The maintenance of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) straw on a soil surface increases the soil carbon (C) stocks, but at lower rates than expected. This fact is probably associated with the soil management adopted during sugarcane replanting. This study aimed to assess the impact on soil C stocks and the humification index of soil organic matter (SOM) of adopting no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) for sugarcane replanting. A greater C content and stock was observed in the NT area, but only in the 0-5 cm soil layer (p < 0.05). Greater soil C stock (0-60 cm) was found in soil under NT, when compared to CT and the baseline. While C stock of 116 Mg ha-1 was found in the baseline area, in areas under CT and NT systems the values ranged from 120 to 127 Mg ha-1. Carbon retention rates of 0.67 and 1.63 Mg C ha-1 year-1 were obtained in areas under CT and NT, respectively. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy showed that CT makes the soil surface (0-20 cm) more homogeneous than the NT system due to the effect of soil disturbance, and that the SOM humification index (H LIF) is larger in CT compared to NT conditions. In contrast, NT had a gradient of increasing H LIF, showing that the entry of labile organic material such as straw is also responsible for the accumulation of C in this system. The maintenance of straw on the soil surface and the adoption of NT during sugarcane planting are strategies that can increase soil C sequestration in the Brazilian sugarcane sector.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy", "soil organic matter", "Agriculture (General)", "no-tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "sugarcane replanting", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "S1-972"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162013000500006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientia%20Agricola", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0103-90162013000500006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0103-90162013000500006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0103-90162013000500006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2174/1874331501307010022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:20:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-02-13", "description": "It is expected that the agricultural intensification occurred in recent decades in the Argentine Rolling Pampa significantly alters the SOM reserves. Therefore, it is necessary to identify soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fractions to understand the functionality and stabilization of these reserves. Our objectives were to study the NT effect in two crop rotations, corn-double cropped wheat/soybean (MWS) and double cropped wheat/soybean (WS) on: 1) SOM and its particle size and biological fractions contents, 2) C and N stubble biomass and 3) some soil properties in order to explain the SOM differences found. The larger biomass residue remaining on the soil surface under NT promoted higher aggregate stability and lower soil temperature and pH. At 0-5 cm soil depth, NT exhibited higher C and N contents, for both uncomplexed and intimately associated to the mineral components fractions. However, the results indicated variations in the SOM protection according to the rotation: in MWS the high aggregate stability showed better physical protection, while in WS the greater cation exchange capacity and the lower value of N released by anaerobic incubation would indicate the presence of transformed SOM. At 5-20 cm soil depth, only in WS, C microbial biomass was higher with a low metabolic rate, indicating again the presence of highly decomposed SOM. The results obtained in WS under NT would indicate the possibility of achieving slower recycled of the SOM.", "keywords": ["Rotaci\u00f3n de Cultivos", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "soil organic matter fractions", "Plant Soil Relations", "Propiedades F\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicas Suelo", "Residuos de Cosechas", "Nitrogen", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Crop Residues", "Conventional Tillage", "Materia Org\u00e1nica", "Labranza Convencional", "630", "Regi\u00f3n Pampa Ondulada", "no tillage;crop rotations;soil organic matter fractions", "Crop Rotation", "no tillage", "crop rotations", "Carbono", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Zero Tillage", "2. Zero hunger", "Nitr\u00f3geno", "Soil Biology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Relaciones Planta Selo", "Carbon", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Organic Matter", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Organic Matter Fractions", "Biolog\u00eda del Suelo", "Fracciones de la Materia Org\u00e1nica", "Cero-labranza"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Irizar, A, Andriulo, Adrian Enrique, Mary, Bruno, B.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02642900/file/2013_Irizar_Open%20Agriculture%20Journal_1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501307010022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Open%20Agriculture%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2174/1874331501307010022", "name": "item", "description": "10.2174/1874331501307010022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2174/1874331501307010022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-02-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:20:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-01-21", "title": "Slurry Acidification as a Solution to Minimize Ammonia Emissions from the Combined Application of Animal Manure and Synthetic Fertilizer in No-Tillage", "description": "
The combined application of manure/slurry and synthetic fertilizer (SF) might be a solution to decrease transport and application costs involving those by-products as well as enable access to them in regions where availability is low. Moreover, their joint application can potentially reduce environmental pollution, enlarge the manure benefits to more areas, and enhance the SF efficiency. However, such a strategy might result in increased ammonia emissions when applied to crop residues. Two experiments were implemented to assess ammonia emissions from stubble-covered soil fertilized with manure amended with SF. In Experiment 1 (E1), urea (U) and calcium ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied combined with dairy manure (MAN). In Experiment 2 (E2), urea was combined with acidified pig slurry (APS) and applied just after sowing (T0) or eight days later (T8). The combinations U + MAN and AN + MAN increased the ammonia emissions, while APS decreased the emissions from U, in APS + U combination, by more than 75%. Therefore, manure combined with SF applied on stubble-covered soil should not be recommended. T8 reduced ammonia emissions from U. APS enhanced the efficiency of U, being then an interesting strategy to mitigate ammonia emissions when applied on stubble-covered soil, as in no-tillage.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "acidified slurry", "crop residues", "stubble-covered soil", "S", "acidified slurry; organic-mineral fertilizer; manure; conservation agriculture; crop residues; stubble-covered soil; urea; in-season fertilization; slurry sidedressing", "Agriculture", "urea", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "6. Clean water", "organic-mineral fertilizer", "12. Responsible consumption", "conservation agriculture", "13. Climate action", "manure", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "slurry sidedressing", "in-season fertilization"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/265/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/2/265/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020265"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/agronomy12020265", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/agronomy12020265"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sqg", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:29Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Contribution of wheat and maize to soil organic carbon in a wheat-maize cropping system: a field and laboratory study", "description": "unspecifiedRetention of crop biomass is widely recommended to improve soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the magnitude of contribution of aboveground residues and belowground roots from C3 and C4 crops to SOC is unclear. Data from a 10-year field experiment and a 60-day laboratory incubation were synthesized to identify the respective contribution of C3 (e.g., wheat) and C4 (e.g., maize) residues and roots to SOC, as well as its underlying mechanisms under no-till (NT) using 13C labelling trace in wheat-maize rotations. The field experiment showed that residue retention significantly increased SOC accumulation, and SOC derived from wheat was 126.0% higher than that from maize. Conversion to NT promoted SOC derived from wheat and thus accumulated 17.6% higher SOC stock compared with plow tillage (PT) under residue returning at 0-20 cm soil depth (P<0.05). The data from laboratory incubation revealed the mechanisms that lower priming effects at 0-10 cm depth decreased total mineralization by 91.8% after inputs of wheat residues and roots compared with that of maize residues and roots, especially under NT compared with PT. Priming effects were negatively correlated with enzyme activities associated with the C recycle, SOC, and total nitrogen (TN) contents (P<0.01). NT increased enzyme activities, SOC, and TN contents and thus reduced priming effects and improved residual C. Synthesis and applications. These results suggested that wheat may contribute more to SOC accumulation than maize, and carbon increment efficiency in farmland could be enhanced by considering the crucial roles of C3 crops in SOC accumulation. NT practice sustains the benefits of C3 crops to SOC sequestration in the upper soil depths.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "Argoecosystem", "C3 and C4 crops", "no-till", "Crop residues and roots", "FOS: Agricultural sciences", "Enzyme activities", "15. Life on land", "Priming effect", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhang, Hai-Lin", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sqg"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sqg", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sqg", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.gqnk98sqg"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.15609417", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:22:58Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Raw data : \"Soil organic carbon stocks and dynamics under contrasting organic matter management practices - Results from a 65-year-old experiment in Belgium\"", "description": "unspecifiedLong-term field experiments (LTEs) are key for evaluating the long-term effect of agricultural practices on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. In this work, we studied the long-term effect of organic matter (OM) management practices on SOC in a 65-year LTE under arable cropping in Belgium. To evaluate SOC dynamics, a time series (1959-2021) of topsoil SOC content was analyzed for three subperiods in which N fertilization remained unchanged. Topsoil and subsoil SOC stocks were calculated by the equivalent soil mass method for one individual sampling campain in 2018.\u00a0 Cattle manure (CM) application led to the most significant SOC storage, increasing topsoil SOC stock and content by approximately 20% over the long term. Other individual OM management practices \u2013 pig slurry (PS) application, cereal straw incorporation and cover crops (CC) cultivation \u2013 induced smaller, non-significant SOC increases of about 5%. Nevertheless, their combined effects were cumulative, resulting in significant SOC accruals. In contrast to the topsoil, SOC stock in the subsoil was unaffected by the OM management practices. Annual humified C inputs calculated from the amount and quality of livestock manures and (cover) crops residues correlated strongly with SOC content in the topsoil (r=0.8), which underlines that the amount and quality of C inputs are key drivers of SOC storage. Changes in N fertilization over time and N fertilization adjustments among treatments significantly affected SOC dynamics. This highlights the complexity of interpreting time series of data from LTEs, for which the evolution of management practices over time may act as confounding factors.", "keywords": ["Crop residues", "Crop yields", "Livestock manures", "Cover crops", "C inputs", "Long-term field experiment", "Organic matter practices", "Organic carbon"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Sail, Simon", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15609417"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15609417", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15609417", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15609417"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-07-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:24:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-08-20", "title": "Regenerating productivity after soil fertility depletion in a 20-year cotton\u2013maize rotation in Benin", "description": "AbstractSoil degradation is a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, where integrated soil fertility management has been promoted to restore productivity. A long-term experiment (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) run in Benin consisted of two phases: a depletion phase (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931980) with varying levels of mineral and organic fertilisation, and a regeneration phase (1981\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) where all plots received full fertilisation and organic matter additions. Soils were sampled at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm depth in 1973, 1974, 1982, and 1989 to assess fertility changes. Mineral fertilisation (N, P, K) and plant biomass management (crop residue retention and biomass additions) significantly influenced seed cotton and maize grain yields during the depletion phase. Soil organic carbon declined consistently in all treatments during depletion but remained stable during regeneration. The long-term effect was evident only in seed cotton yield during depletion. In contrast, due to high variability, maize grain yield showed no consistent trend. The combined use of organic resources and mineral fertilisers helped maintain crop productivity but led to declining soil chemical properties in this Ferralsol. The analysis of this outdated yet unpublished dataset shed light on how long-term soil depletion effects persist over time, even when soil fertility management is restored, indicating a sort of \uffe2\uff80\uff98soil memory\uffe2\uff80\uff99. The persistence of these effect suggests that regenerative interventions must begin before critical thresholds of degradation are crossed. Future research should focus on alternative measures to restore/maintain soil fertility not evaluated in this experiment, such as conservation tillage or legume integration, to provide long-term benefits for smallholder farmers facing soil fertility challenges.The benefits of soil organic input on crop yields have long been discussed, yet details of their relationship remain controversial. This study considers the effects of different residue management on crop performance as assessed by yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Three residue management (residue removal, residue incorporation, and residue incorporation\uffe2\uff80\uff89+\uffe2\uff80\uff89added poultry manure), combined with five levels of N application, were studied in a long-term experiment starting in 1966. Crop residue incorporation improved maize yield by 12% (nutritional effect) and sugar beet yield by 16% (non-nutritional), and the combination of crop residue incorporation with added poultry manure increased both winter wheat and sugar beet yields by 8% (nutritional effect). The NUE values of mineral fertiliser were almost three-fold those of residues and the combination of residue with poultry manure, except in sugar beet and maize, where NUE of mineral fertilizer approached those observed for residues (0.44 vs 0.45, on average). In wheat, NUE for residue incorporation with added poultry manure was nearly double the NUE for residues alone. Residue management effects depended on crop type; spring-sown crops showing stronger effects than those sown in autumn. Residues primarily produced a nutritional effect, suggesting that they decomposed within 1\uffc2\uffa0year. While residue use offers little potential for soil improvement, it does reduce the need for fertilisers.