{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-16", "title": "Carbon Stocks And Cocoa Yields In Agroforestry Systems Of Central America", "description": "Abstract   The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is cultivated typically in agroforestry systems in close association with a rich list of tree species and other useful plants on the same plot. Cocoa based agroforestry systems are credited for stocking significant amounts of carbon and hence have the potential to mitigate climate change. Since cocoa yields decrease non-linearly with increasing shade, a need is to design optimal cocoa agroforestry systems with high yields and high carbon stocks. We estimated the carbon stocked in a network of 229 permanent sample plots in cacao-based agroforestry systems and natural forests in five Central American countries. Carbon stocks were fractioned by both system compartments (aboveground, roots, soil, litter, dead wood \u2013 fine and coarse, and total) and tree use/form (cocoa, timber, fruit, bananas, shade and ornamentals, and palms). Cocoa plantations were assigned to a five-class typology and tested for independence with growing region using contingency analysis. Most Central American cocoa plantations had mixed or productive shade canopies. Only 4% of cocoa plantations were full sun or rustic (cocoa under thinned natural forest). Cocoa tree density was low (548\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0192\u00a0trees\u00a0ha\u22121). Total carbon (soil\u00a0+\u00a0biomass\u00a0+\u00a0dead biomass) was 117\u00a0\u00b1\u00a047\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121, with 51\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in the soil and 49\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 (42% of total carbon) in aboveground biomass (cocoa and canopy trees). Cocoa trees accumulated 9\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121 (18% of carbon in aboveground biomass). Timber and fruit trees stored 65% of aboveground carbon. The annual rate of accumulation of carbon in aboveground biomass ranged between 1.3 and 2.6\u00a0Mg\u00a0C\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0y\u22121. Trade-offs between carbon levels and yields were explored qualitatively using functional relationships documented in the scientific and technical literature, and expert knowledge. We argue that it is possible to design cocoa-based AFS with good yields (cocoa and shade canopy) and high carbon stock levels. The botanical composition of the shade canopy provides a large set of morphological and functional traits that can be used to optimize shade canopy design. Our results offer Central American cocoa producers a rigorous estimate of carbon stocks in their cocoa plantations. This knowledge may help them to certify and sell their cocoa, timber, fruits and other goods to niche markets with good prices. Our results will also assist governments and the private sector in (i) designing better legal, institutional and policy frameworks, local and national, promoting an agriculture with trees and (ii) contributing to the development of the national monitoring, reporting and verification systems required by the international community to access funding and payment for ecosystem services.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "certification", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1920", "stockage", "01 natural sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5524", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7427", "K01 - Foresterie - Consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9n\u00e9rales", "biomasse", "Theobroma cacao", "service", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1301", "plante d'ombrage", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "changement climatique", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3418", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_926", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7019", "13. Climate action", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7713", "marketing", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6989", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5171", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1434", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "peuplement forestier", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "carbone", "caract\u00e9ristique du peuplement", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4620", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35702", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34910", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_28080", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3651"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.04.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-011-0539-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:14:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-01-18", "title": "Effects Of Organic And Inorganic Fertilization On Soil Bacterial And Fungal Microbial Diversity In The Kabete Long-Term Trial, Kenya", "description": "The effects of crop manure and inorganic fertilizers on composition of microbial communities of central high land soils of Kenya are poorly known. For this reason, we have carried out a thirty-two-year-old long-term trial in Kabete, Kenya. These soils were treated with organic (maize stover (MS) at 10 t ha\u22121, farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha\u22121) and inorganic fertilizers 120 kg N, 52.8 kg P (N2P2), N2P2 + MS, N2P2 + FYM, a control, and a fallow for over 30 years. We examined 16S rRNA gene and 28S rRNA gene fingerprints of bacterial and fungal diversity by PCR amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis separation, respectively. The PCR bacterial community structure and diversity were negatively affected by N2P2 and were more closely related to the bacterial structure in the soils without any addition (control) than that of soils with a combination of inorganic and organic or inorganic fertilizers alone. The effect on fungal diversity by N2P2 was different than the effect on bacterial diversity since the fungal diversity was similar to that of the N2P2 + FYM and N2P2 + MS-treated. However, soils treated with organic inputs clustered away from soils amended with inorganic inputs. Organic inputs had a positive effect on both bacterial and fungal diversity with or without chemical fertilizers. Results from this study suggested that total diversity of bacterial and fungal communities was closely related to agro-ecosystem management practices and may partially explain the yield differences observed between the different treatments.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Microbial diversity", "soil microorganisms", "engrais organique", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27870", "Organic and inorganic amendments", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "630", "fertilisation", "biodiversit\u00e9", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4592", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "inorganic fertilizers", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34326", "fertility", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33949", "g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des populations", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "agro\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me", "6. Clean water", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "PCR", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34079", "polymerization", "community structure", "abonos inorg\u00e1nicos", "management", "570", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7172", "flore microbienne", "soil", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36167", "micro-organisme du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "organic fertilizers", "abonos org\u00e1nicos", "pratique culturale", "microorganismos del suelo", "suelo", "flore du sol", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "P34 - Biologie du sol", "polimerizaci\u00f3n", "15. Life on land", "engrais min\u00e9ral", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16367", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4086", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "F04 - Fertilisation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-011-0539-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-011-0539-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-011-0539-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-011-0539-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-01-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s003740050505", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "title": "Effects Of Trefoil Cover Crop And Earthworm Inoculation On Maize Crop And Soil Organisms In Reunion Island", "description": "Traditional tree fallows have been abandoned on the western coast of the Reunion Island because of the increasing need for cultivated land. Soil fertility is no longer restored and crop yields have decreased drastically. The leguminous plant, Lotus uliginosus (trefoil), used as a cover crop, has made possible the control of erosion, the restoration of soil macrofauna, especially earthworms, and the increase in crop yields. When trefoil was associated with earthworms (Amynthas corticis), the densities of maize, the yields of maize stalk and dry matter, the yield of trefoil fodder dry matter, and the biomass and respiratory activity of soil microflora were considerably increased. The combined effects of their association led to a significant decrease in populations of the plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus vulnus, in maize roots, and in the population of borers. Some soil chemical features were modified.", "keywords": ["RENDEMENT", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physicochimique du sol", "COUVERT VEGETAL", "organisme du sol", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_29111", "FAUNE DU SOL", "taux de croissance", "Zea mays", "630", "plante de couverture", "ravageur des plantes", "Pratylenchus vulnus", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3081", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33552", "Oligochaeta", "2. Zero hunger", "FERTILITE DU SOL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24794", "MICROBIOLOGIE DU SOL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7182", "P34 - Biologie du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16196", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16130", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "NEMATODE", "15. Life on land", "H10 - Ravageurs des plantes", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6543", "Lotus uliginosus", "MAIS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "DYNAMIQUE DE POPULATION", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4446", "LOMBRIC"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Boyer, J., Michellon, R., Chabanne, A., /Reversat, Georges, Tibere, R.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s003740050505"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s003740050505", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s003740050505", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s003740050505"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-02-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:14:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-08-20", "title": "Regenerating productivity after soil fertility depletion in a 20-year cotton\u2013maize rotation in Benin", "description": "Abstract           <p>Soil degradation is a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, where integrated soil fertility management has been promoted to restore productivity. A long-term experiment (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) run in Benin consisted of two phases: a depletion phase (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931980) with varying levels of mineral and organic fertilisation, and a regeneration phase (1981\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) where all plots received full fertilisation and organic matter additions. Soils were sampled at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm depth in 1973, 1974, 1982, and 1989 to assess fertility changes. Mineral fertilisation (N, P, K) and plant biomass management (crop residue retention and biomass additions) significantly influenced seed cotton and maize grain yields during the depletion phase. Soil organic carbon declined consistently in all treatments during depletion but remained stable during regeneration. The long-term effect was evident only in seed cotton yield during depletion. In contrast, due to high variability, maize grain yield showed no consistent trend. The combined use of organic resources and mineral fertilisers helped maintain crop productivity but led to declining soil chemical properties in this Ferralsol. The analysis of this outdated yet unpublished dataset shed light on how long-term soil depletion effects persist over time, even when soil fertility management is restored, indicating a sort of \uffe2\uff80\uff98soil memory\uffe2\uff80\uff99. The persistence of these effect suggests that regenerative interventions must begin before critical thresholds of degradation are crossed. Future research should focus on alternative measures to restore/maintain soil fertility not evaluated in this experiment, such as conservation tillage or legume integration, to provide long-term benefits for smallholder farmers facing soil fertility challenges.</p", "keywords": ["Crop residues", "diversification", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physicochimique du sol", "IMPACT", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "rendement des cultures", "Cotton-maize yields", "Nutrient cycling", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "fertilisation", "CARBON", "CROP PRODUCTIVITY", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "Long-term experiment", "mauvaise herbe", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "COMPOST", "pratique culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7168", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "Gossypium", "Soil organic carbon", "MEMORY", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7182", "Soil's memory", "non-travail du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8fc04948", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "STATE", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8347", "YIELD", "d\u00e9gradation du sol", "conservation des sols", "MINERAL FERTILIZER", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3335", "gestion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2344", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-025-10429-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-08-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-01-03", "title": "Improving polyhydroxyalkanoates production in phototrophic mixed cultures by optimizing accumulator reactor operating conditions", "description": "Open AccessPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production with phototrophic mixed cultures (PMCs) has been recently proposed. These cultures can be selected under the permanent presence of carbon and the PHA production can be enhanced in subsequent accumulation steps. To optimize the PHA production in accumulator reactors, this work evaluated the impact of 1) initial acetate concentration, 2) light intensity, 3) removal of residual nitrogen on the culture performance. Results indicate that low acetate concentration (&lt;30CmM) and specific light intensities around 20W/gX are optimal operating conditions that lead to high polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage yields (0.83+-0.07 Cmol-PHB/Cmol-Acet) and specific PHB production rates of 2.21+-0.07 Cmol-PHB/Cmol X d. This rate is three times higher than previously registered in non-optimized accumulation tests and enabled a PHA content increase from 15 to 30% in less than 4h. Also, it was shown for the first time, the capability of a PMC to use a real waste, fermented cheese whey, to produce PHA with a hydroxyvalerate (HV) content of 12%. These results confirm that fermented wastes can be used as substrates for PHA production with PMCs and that the energy levels in sunlight that lead to specific light intensities from 10 to 20W/gX are sufficient to drive phototrophic PHA production processes.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "1303 Biochemistry", "Light", "Nitrogen", "Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)", "Fermented cheese whey (FCW)", "Phototrophic mixed cultures (PMCs)", "Acetates", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "1315 Structural Biology", "Bioreactors", "Cheese", "Whey", "1312 Molecular Biology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Polyhydroxyalkanoates", "Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)", "Other Quantitative Biology (q-bio.OT)", "Quantitative Biology - Other Quantitative Biology", "Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB)", "Kinetics", "Phototrophic Processes", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Fermentation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/International%20Journal%20of%20Biological%20Macromolecules", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-08-09", "title": "Maize\u2013Grain Legume Intercropping Is An Attractive Option For Ecological Intensification That Reduces Climatic Risk For Smallholder Farmers In Central Mozambique", "description": "Abstract   Many farmers in central Mozambique intercrop maize with grain legumes as a means to improve food security and income. The objective of this study was to understand the farming system, and to evaluate the suitability of maize\u2013legume intercropping to alleviate the biophysical and socio-economic constraints faced by smallholder farmers in Ruaca and Vunduzi villages, central Mozambique. To achieve this we characterised the farming systems and measured grain yields, rainfall infiltration, economic returns and acceptability of maize\u2013legume intercrops under different N and P application rates. Two intercropping strategies were tested: (a) an additive design of within-row intercropping in which legume was intercropped with alternating hills of maize within the same row; maize plant population was the same as sole crop maize, and (b) a substitutive design with distinct alternating rows of maize and legume (local practice). Fertiliser treatments imposed on all treatments were: (i) no fertiliser, (ii) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 , (iii) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0+\u00a030\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 , and (iv) 20\u00a0kg\u00a0P\u00a0ha \u22121 \u00a0+\u00a060\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 . Intercrops were relatively more productive than the corresponding sole crops; land equivalent ratios (LER) for within-row intercropping ranged between 1.1 and 2.4, and between 1.0 and 1.9 for distinct-row intercropping. Average maize yield penalty for intercropping maize and pigeonpea in the within-row was small (8%) compared with 50% in the distinct-row design; average (season\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0fertiliser) sole maize yield was 3.2\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Intercropping maize and cowpea in within-row led to maize yield loss of only 6%, whereas distinct-row intercropping reduced maize yield by 25% from 2.1\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121  of sole maize (season\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0fertiliser). Cowpea yield was less affected by intercropping: sole cowpea had an average yield of 0.9\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 , distinct-row intercropping (0.8\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 ) and the within-row intercropping yielded 0.9\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Legumes were comparatively less affected by the long dry spells which were prevalent during the study period. Response to N and P fertiliser was weak due to poor rainfall distribution. In the third season, maize in rotation with pigeonpea and without N fertiliser application yielded 5.6\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 , eight times more than continuous maize which was severely infested by striga ( Striga asiatica ) and yielded only 0.7\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 . Rainfall infiltration increased from 6\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u22121  to 22\u00a0mm\u00a0h \u22121  with long-term maize\u2013legume intercropping due to a combination of good quality biomass production which provided mulch combined with no tillage. Intercropping maize and pigeonpea was profitable with a rate of return of at least 343% over sole maize cropping. Farmers preferred the within-row maize\u2013legume intercropping with an acceptability score of 84% because of good yields for both maize and legume. Intercropping increased the labour required for weeding by 36% compared with the sole crops. Farmers in Ruaca faced labour constraints due to extensification thus maize\u2013pigeonpea intercropping may improve productivity and help reduce the area cultivated. In Vunduzi, land limitation was a major problem and intensification through legumes is amongst the few feasible options to increase both production and productivity. The late maturity of pigeonpea means that free-grazing of cattle has to be delayed, which allows farmers to retain crop residues in the fields as mulch if they choose to; this allows the use of no-tillage practises. We conclude that maize\u2013legume intercropping has potential to: (a) reduce the risk of crop failure, (b) improve productivity and income, and (c) increase food security in vulnerable production systems, and is a feasible entry point to ecological intensification.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "agro\u00e9cologie", "petite exploitation agricole", "extensification", "nitrogen-fixation", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "analyse \u00e9conomique", "l\u00e9gume sec", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6214", "striga", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "intensification", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10967", "soil fertility", "1. No poverty", "facteur climatique", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Sorghum bicolor", "resource capture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92381", "rentabilit\u00e9", "conservation agriculture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_13199", "E16 - \u00c9conomie de la production", "Vigna unguiculata", "crop-rotation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_29554", "Cenchrus americanus", "Zea mays", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7247", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "Life Science", "decomposition", "15. Life on land", "yield", "Maize", "cowpea", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3351", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33484", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485", "systems", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3910", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2469", "culture intercalaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1971", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4964", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8247", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7113"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-23", "title": "Upland Rice Production Under Conservation Agriculture Cropping Systems In Cold Conditions Of Tropical Highlands", "description": "In response to the extensive development of upland rice on the hillsides of the Malagasy highlands, alternative cropping systems based on conservation agriculture have been recommended to halt loss of soil fertility. To assess the yield performances of these cropping systems, an experiment was set up in 2003 at Andranomanelatra (1640 m asl) in the Malagasy highlands. Grain yield, yield components, biomass accumulation and nitrogen uptake of upland rice were analyzed in the 2004-2005, 2006-2006, and 2006-2007 seasons, and root length density was measured in the 2007-2008 season. The rice crop was planted every second year following two different crops: maize intercropped with soybean (M + S, with both conventional tillage and no tillage) and maize intercropped with Brachiaria ruziziensis (M + B only with no tillage). For each cropping system, two levels of fertilization were used: no fertilizer or application of organic inputs and mineral fertilizer. The season, cropping system, and fertilization treatment had significant effects on rice grain yields. Higher yields were associated with a greater number of plants per m2, which decreased significantly over the three seasons, probably due to the highly variable beginning of the rains, and in the final season, with attacks by soil insects. The rice yield with conventional tillage was the highest and differed significantly from rice yield when maize was intercropped with Brachiaria under the no-till system, but not when the maize was intercropped with soybean with no tillage. In all three seasons, grain yields were closely linked to crop N at harvest. Differences in N uptake between treatments appeared very early in the crop cycle. Under conventional tillage, root length density at 68 days after sowing was higher between 0 and 30 cm depth than with no tillage. In these cold highlands conditions, plant establishment appeared to be more difficult with no tillage and resulted in reduced plant development and plant N uptake, particularly when rice was planted after maize intercropped with Brachiaria.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "Glycine max", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "F50 - Anatomie et morphologie des plantes", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "630", "fertilisation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16034", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8076", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3301", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4510", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "F07 - Fa\u00e7ons culturales", "2. Zero hunger", "syst\u00e8me racinaire", "engrais azot\u00e9", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_26419", "Oryza", "non-travail du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "riz pluvial", "rotation culturale", "6. Clean water", "Brachiaria ruziziensis", "densit\u00e9", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2186", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5435", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1971", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5195", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6662", "F04 - Fertilisation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-10", "title": "Organic Residue Mass At Planting Is An Excellent Predictor Of Tree Growth In Eucalyptus Plantations Established On A Sandy Tropical Soil", "description": "Abstract   Tropical plantation forests are meeting an increasing proportion of global wood demand and comprehensive studies assessing the impact of silvicultural practices on tree and soil functioning are required to achieve sustainable yields. The objectives of our study were: (1) to quantify the effects of contrasting organic residue (OR) retention methods on tree growth and soil nutrient pools over a full  Eucalyptus  rotation and (2) to assess the potential of soil analyses to predict yields of fast-growing plantations established on tropical sandy soils. An experiment was set up in the Congo at the harvesting of the first rotation after afforestation of a native herbaceous savanna. Six treatments were set up in 0.26\u00a0ha plots and replicated in 4 blocks, with OR mass at planting ranging from 0 to 46.5\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha \u22121 . Tree growth over the whole rotation was highly dependent on OR management at planting. Over-bark trunk volume 7 years after planting ranged from 96\u00a0m 3 \u00a0ha \u22121  in the treatment with forest floor and harvest residue removal at planting to 164\u00a0m 3 \u00a0ha \u22121  in the treatment with the largest amount of OR. A comparison of nutrient stocks within the ecosystem at planting and at the end of the rotation suggested that nutrient contents in OR were largely involved in the different response observed between treatments. OR management treatments did not significantly modify most of the nutrient concentrations in the upper layers of the mineral soil. Conventional soil analyses performed before planting and at ages 1 and 3 years were unable to detect differences between treatments despite large differences in tree growth. In contrast, linear regressions between stand aboveground biomass at harvesting and OR mass at planting (independent variable) showed that OR mass was an excellent predictor of stand yield ( R  2 \u00a0=\u00a00.99). A large share of soil fertility comes from organic material above the mineral soil in highly weathered sandy soils and OR mass at planting might be used in conjunction with soil analyses to assess the potential of these soils to support forest plantations.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "570", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "rendement des cultures", "Slash", "F62 - Physiologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale - Croissance et d\u00e9veloppement", "for\u00eat tropicale", "01 natural sciences", "630", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24904", "sol tropical", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16118", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5387", "2. Zero hunger", "Eucalyptus", "substance nutritive", "r\u00e9sidu de r\u00e9colte", "P35 - Fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1811", "15. Life on land", "croissance", "Carbon", "sol sableux", "K10 - Production foresti\u00e8re", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Residue", "Fertility", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3394", "Indicator", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7978", "mati\u00e8re organique", "Organic matter", "plantations", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5274", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6781", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5990", "Nutrient", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2683"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:16:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-12-20", "title": "A microbial framework for nitrogen cycling solutions in agroecosystems", "description": "Nitrogen use in agriculture often prioritizes immediate yield gains at the expense of the environment and agroecosystem health. This problem persists because current solutions for crop nitrogen use inefficiency focus too narrowly on inputs and overlook the internal processes that govern nitrogen's fate, from crop uptake and environmental losses to storage and transfer between various organic pools. We synthesize recent research developments in soil nitrogen biogeochemistry into an aspirational and accessible microbe-centered framework that clarifies understanding of nitrogen accumulation, recycling, and plant uptake processes in soil. This framework can guide scientific exploration and practical applications to boost crop yields, enrich soil organic matter, and reduce environmental nitrogen losses.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "diversification", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physicochimique du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27870", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "agro\u00e9cologie", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5192", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27938", "630", "fertilisation", "plante de couverture", "cycle de l'azote", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36669", "efficacit\u00e9 d'utilisation de l?azote", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "azote", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1936", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7182", "agro\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me", "engrais min\u00e9ral", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_92381", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_fd20296f", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2344", "F04 - Fertilisation", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/One%20Earth", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.018", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.11.018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/cagri/2020003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:16:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-03", "title": "L\u2019adoption du semis direct sous couvert v\u00e9g\u00e9tal\u2009: transition douce ou rupture\u2009?", "description": "<p>Le semis direct sous couvert repose sur l\uffe2\uff80\uff99application simultan\uffc3\uffa9e et continue de trois principes\uffe2\uff80\uff89: la r\uffc3\uffa9duction quasi-totale du travail du sol, une couverture organique des sols et une rotation diversifi\uffc3\uffa9e. Ce syst\uffc3\uffa8me agricole adopt\uffc3\uffa9 en France \uffc3\uffa0 partir des ann\uffc3\uffa9es\uffe2\uff80\uff892000 sous l\uffe2\uff80\uff99impulsion de groupes d\uffe2\uff80\uff99agriculteurs est en extension. Pour les agriculteurs, adopter un nouveau syst\uffc3\uffa8me agricole revient \uffc3\uffa0 modifier, de mani\uffc3\uffa8re plus ou moins importante, leurs pratiques. Concernant le semis direct sous couvert v\uffc3\uffa9g\uffc3\uffa9tal, peu d\uffe2\uff80\uff99informations existent. Cet article a pour objectif d\uffe2\uff80\uff99\uffc3\uffa9clairer les modifications que peut induire sa mise en place. Pour cela, il s\uffe2\uff80\uff99appuie sur les r\uffc3\uffa9ponses de 425\uffe2\uff80\uff89agriculteurs fran\uffc3\uffa7ais \uffc3\uffa0 une enqu\uffc3\uffaate en ligne. Pour 30\uffe2\uff80\uff89% des agriculteurs, le semis direct sous couvert constitue une modification compl\uffc3\uffa8te du syst\uffc3\uffa8me agricole. La r\uffc3\uffa9duction quasi-totale du travail du sol est le principe qui entra\uffc3\uffaene le plus de modifications (pour 96\uffe2\uff80\uff89% des agriculteurs). Au contraire, la diversification de la rotation conna\uffc3\uffaet le moins de modifications (48\uffe2\uff80\uff89% des agriculteurs). L\uffe2\uff80\uff99absence d\uffe2\uff80\uff99une modification de la rotation peut s\uffe2\uff80\uff99expliquer par une rotation d\uffc3\uffa9j\uffc3\uffa0 diversifi\uffc3\uffa9e en place ou l\uffe2\uff80\uff99incapacit\uffc3\uffa9 pour les agriculteurs d\uffe2\uff80\uff99ajouter de nouvelles cultures \uffc3\uffa0 leur rotation. L\uffe2\uff80\uff99optimisation de la couverture v\uffc3\uffa9g\uffc3\uffa9tale du sol entra\uffc3\uffaene une modification des pratiques pour 67\uffe2\uff80\uff89% des agriculteurs. Durant les premi\uffc3\uffa8res ann\uffc3\uffa9es, les agriculteurs s\uffe2\uff80\uff99orientent majoritairement vers l\uffe2\uff80\uff99utilisation de couverts temporaires plurisp\uffc3\uffa9cifiques. Bouleversant certains fondamentaux de l\uffe2\uff80\uff99agriculture, ces agriculteurs minimisent les risques encourus en favorisant une transition progressive et en partageant les connaissances acquises.</p>", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "330", "Agriculture (General)", "surveys / conservation agriculture / conservation tillage / land cover / crop diversification", "enqu\u00eate", "Plant culture", "diversification des cultures", "non-travail du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "630", "S1-972", "SB1-1110", "conservation agriculture", "surveys", "land cover", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "agriculture de conservation", "couverture du sol", "conservation tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "crop diversification enqu\u00eate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.cahiersagricultures.fr/10.1051/cagri/2020003/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Cahiers%20Agricultures", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/cagri/2020003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/cagri/2020003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/cagri/2020003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:17:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-07-26", "title": "Alley Cropping Of Maize And Gliricidia Sepium In The Sudanese Sahel Region: Some Technical Feasibility Aspects", "description": "An association in an alley cropping experiment of a short-term maize variety and a tree legume (#Gliricidia sepium#) adapted to the Sudanese Sahel region was studied from the point of view of the nitrogen balance and plot yields. Isotopic labelling applied in the field enabled the contribution to maize nitrogen nutrition from different nitrogen sources (fertilizer, prunings, and soil) to be quantified. For equal cultivated areas, alley cropping provides a maize yield greater than that of maize grown in pure stand without nitrogen fertilizer. However this yield is only 40% of that obtained in pure stands with fertilizer nitrogen. Alley cropping gives a very favourable Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 0.90 and 1.58 compared with N-fertilized and non-N-fertilized plots, respectively. These LERs demonstrate the increased biological efficiency of the cultivated soil in an agroforestry system. The percentage of the total nitrogen in the maize coming from prunings (Nfdp) varies between 30 and 35% and the true coefficient of nitrogen utilization of the prunings (TCUp) varies from 15-25%. In the environment of central Senegal, the percentage of total nitrogen of #G. sepium# coming from N2 fixation is quite low (Ndffix = 25%), and consequently, in the maize, the nitrogen coming from N2 fixation (Ndffix) is only 8%. It is therefore necessary to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fixation of #G. sepium# in this zone to assure the sustainability of the agroforestry system. (Resume d'auteur)", "keywords": ["Fixation de l'azote", "engrais organique", "Nitrogen", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5192", "Soil fertility", "Zea mays", "Gliricidia sepium", "fertilisation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_16379", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4592", "Nitrogen fixation", "F01 - Culture des plantes", "Agroforestry", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_6970", "Ecosystem", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "azote", "agroforesterie", "2. Zero hunger", "technique des traceurs", "engrais azot\u00e9", "nutrition des plantes", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_207", "Utilization", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8504", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7835", "Fertilization", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3910", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "culture intercalaire", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5195", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5196", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3278", "F04 - Fertilisation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ndiaye, Mamadou, Ganry, Francis, Oliver, Robert,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/08903060050136432"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Arid%20Soil%20Research%20and%20Rehabilitation", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/08903060050136432", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/08903060050136432"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:17:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-01", "title": "Challenging Established Narratives On Soil Erosion And Shifting Cultivation In Laos", "description": "Abstract<p>The official environmental discourse in Laos describes a \uffe2\uff80\uff9cchain of degradation\uffe2\uff80\uff9d stretching from upland shifting cultivation, increased runoff and soil erosion to the siltation of wetlands and reservoirs. This perspective has had wide\uffe2\uff80\uff90ranging impacts on rural development policy which, in the uplands, has long favoured forest conservation over agriculture. Integrating soil erosion and water sediment data with local perceptions of land degradation in an upland village of northern Laos, this study tests the validity of the official environmental discourse. Biophysical measurements made in a small agricultural catchment indicate a significant correlation between the spatial extent of cultivation and soil erosion rates. However, sediment yields recorded at the outlet of the catchment highlight relatively low levels of off\uffe2\uff80\uff90site sediment exportation. Furthermore, farmers' perceptions suggest that local land degradation issues and crop yield declines could be less related to soil erosion than to agricultural land shortage, increased weed competition, and fertility losses resulting from the intensification of shifting cultivation. The study concludes that a better understanding and management of land degradation issues can be achieved by developing more inclusive and scientifically\uffe2\uff80\uff90informed approaches to environmental perceptions and narratives.</p>", "keywords": ["http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "SOL CULTIVE", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "culture itin\u00e9rante", "\u00e9rosion", "SEDIMENT", "POLITIQUE AGRICOLE", "SYSTEME DE REPRESENTATIONS", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_12076", "conservation des for\u00eats", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3062", "for\u00eat", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374158672853", "DEGRADATION DU SOL", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2651", "intensification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34823", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7168", "2. Zero hunger", "P36 - \u00c9rosion", " conservation et r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des sols", "AGRICULTEUR", "15. Life on land", "VILLAGE", "ruissellement", "6. Clean water", "JACHERE", "BASSIN VERSANT", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7038", "d\u00e9gradation du sol", "13. Climate action", "conservation des sols", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35388", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_33485", "d\u00e9gradation des terres", "EROSION HYDRIQUE", "impact sur l'environnement", "ROTATION DES CULTURES", "ZONE DE MONTAGNE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Natural%20Resources%20Forum", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01438.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/bioengineering4020055", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:19:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-06-12", "title": "Recent Advances and Challenges towards Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production", "description": "<p>Sustainable biofuels, biomaterials, and fine chemicals production is a critical matter that research teams around the globe are focusing on nowadays. Polyhydroxyalkanoates represent one of the biomaterials of the future due to their physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Designing efficient and economic bioprocesses, combined with the respective social and environmental benefits, has brought together scientists from different backgrounds highlighting the multidisciplinary character of such a venture. In the current review, challenges and opportunities regarding polyhydroxyalkanoate production are presented and discussed, covering key steps of their overall production process by applying pure and mixed culture biotechnology, from raw bioprocess development to downstream processing.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "Technology", "Renewable feedstock", "QH301-705.5", "biopolymers", "Review", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "mixed microbial consortia", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biopolymers", "/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/affordable_and_clean_energy; name=SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy", "renewable feedstock", "Pure cultures", "pure cultures", "enrichment strategy", "Biology (General)", "Synthetic biology", "Polyhydroxyalkanoates", "T", "polyhydroxyalkanoates", "Mixed microbial consortia", "downstream processing", "Downstream processing", "13. Climate action", "Enrichment strategy", "synthetic biology"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/4/2/55/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering4020055"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bioengineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/bioengineering4020055", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/bioengineering4020055", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/bioengineering4020055"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-06-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:22:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-08-20", "title": "Regenerating productivity after soil fertility depletion in a 20-year cotton\u2013maize rotation in Benin", "description": "Abstract           <p>Soil degradation is a major challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa, where integrated soil fertility management has been promoted to restore productivity. A long-term experiment (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) run in Benin consisted of two phases: a depletion phase (1972\uffe2\uff80\uff931980) with varying levels of mineral and organic fertilisation, and a regeneration phase (1981\uffe2\uff80\uff931992) where all plots received full fertilisation and organic matter additions. Soils were sampled at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0cm depth in 1973, 1974, 1982, and 1989 to assess fertility changes. Mineral fertilisation (N, P, K) and plant biomass management (crop residue retention and biomass additions) significantly influenced seed cotton and maize grain yields during the depletion phase. Soil organic carbon declined consistently in all treatments during depletion but remained stable during regeneration. The long-term effect was evident only in seed cotton yield during depletion. In contrast, due to high variability, maize grain yield showed no consistent trend. The combined use of organic resources and mineral fertilisers helped maintain crop productivity but led to declining soil chemical properties in this Ferralsol. The analysis of this outdated yet unpublished dataset shed light on how long-term soil depletion effects persist over time, even when soil fertility management is restored, indicating a sort of \uffe2\uff80\uff98soil memory\uffe2\uff80\uff99. The persistence of these effect suggests that regenerative interventions must begin before critical thresholds of degradation are crossed. Future research should focus on alternative measures to restore/maintain soil fertility not evaluated in this experiment, such as conservation tillage or legume integration, to provide long-term benefits for smallholder farmers facing soil fertility challenges.</p", "keywords": ["Crop residues", "propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physicochimique du sol", "IMPACT", "rendement des cultures", "Cotton-maize yields", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_875", "fertilisation", "CARBON", "Long-term experiment", "mauvaise herbe", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "COMPOST", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8511", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35657", "Cotton\u2013maize yields", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7182", "Soil's memory", "non-travail du sol", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8fc04948", "STATE", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8347", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "fertilit\u00e9 du sol", "Soil\u2019s memory", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3335", "gestion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols", "mati\u00e8re organique du sol", "diversification", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7170", "Nutrient cycling", "CROP PRODUCTIVITY", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "B\u00e9nin", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7165", "pratique culturale", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7168", "Longterm experiment", "Gossypium", "Soil organic carbon", "MEMORY", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "YIELD", "d\u00e9gradation du sol", "conservation des sols", "MINERAL FERTILIZER", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2344"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef", "name": "item", "description": "11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11370/a5fba259-dd61-43ac-8b8a-86b2d5fd6cef"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-08-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2164/19434", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:22:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-22", "title": "Global systematic review with meta-analysis reveals yield advantage of legume-based rotations and its drivers", "description": "Abstract<p>Diversified cropping systems, especially those including legumes, have been proposed to enhance food production with reduced inputs and environmental impacts. However, the impact of legume pre-crops on main crop yield and its drivers has never been systematically investigated in a global context. Here, we synthesize 11,768 yield observations from 462 field experiments comparing legume-based and non-legume cropping systems and show that legumes enhanced main crop yield by 20%. These yield advantages decline with increasing N fertilizer rates and crop diversity of the main cropping system. The yield benefits are consistent among main crops (e.g., rice, wheat, maize) and evident across pedo-climatic regions. Moreover, greater yield advantages (32% vs. 7%) are observed in low- vs. high-yielding environments, suggesting legumes increase crop production with low inputs (e.g., in Africa or organic agriculture). In conclusion, our study suggests that legume-based rotations offer a critical pathway for enhancing global crop production, especially when integrated into low-input and low-diversity agricultural systems.</p", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "QH301 Biology", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "rendement des cultures", "General Physics and Astronomy", "01 natural sciences", "fertilisation", "Crop rotation", "[SHS.STAT] Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics", "Vegetables", "m\u00e9thode statistique", "article de revue", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_05ceb781", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3862", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4871", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10795", "2. Zero hunger", "[INFO.INFO-SI] Computer Science [cs]/Social and Information Networks [cs.SI]", "Q", "Agriculture", "Fabaceae", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Crop Production", "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32464-0", "C30 - Documentation et information", "[INFO.INFO-IT] Computer Science [cs]/Information Theory [cs.IT]", "[INFO.INFO-DL] Computer Science [cs]/Digital Libraries [cs.DL]", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7377", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10289", "Crops", " Agricultural", "Yield", "Supplementary Information", "330", "Science", "General Biochemistry", "Genetics and Molecular Biology", "traitement des donn\u00e9es", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Crops", "[SHS.INFO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences", "Article", "QH301", "[SDV.SA.HORT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Horticulture", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10176", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_8174", "SDG 2 - Zero Hunger", "General", "traitement de l'information", "Fertilizers", "Fertilizers/analysis", "Agricultural", "General Chemistry", "l\u00e9gume", "15. Life on land", "Meta-analysis", "culture en m\u00e9lange", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_3910", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[INFO.INFO-IR] Computer Science [cs]/Information Retrieval [cs.IR]", "culture intercalaire", "U30 - M\u00e9thodes de recherche"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2164/19434"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2164/19434", "name": "item", "description": "2164/19434", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2164/19434"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-08-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "IGNF_OCS-GE-ARTIFICIALISATION", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-5.15, 41.32], [-5.15, 51.1], [9.57, 51.1], [9.57, 41.32], [-5.15, 41.32]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Occupation des terres"}, {"id": "Sols"}, {"id": "Usage des sols"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "National"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}], "updated": "2025-12-08T08:34:47.030795Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "fre", "title": "OCS GE Artificialisation", "description": "Le r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel national OCS GE permet le pilotage et le suivi de l\u2019artificialisation dans le cadre des politiques publiques d'am\u00e9nagement du territoire\n\n\nLe code de l\u2019urbanisme (article L. 101-2-1 issu de la loi Climat et R\u00e9silience https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043967077) dispose qu\u2019 \u00ab au sein des documents de planification et d'urbanisme, lorsque la loi ou le r\u00e8glement pr\u00e9voit des objectifs de r\u00e9duction de l'artificialisation des sols ou de son rythme, ces objectifs sont fix\u00e9s et \u00e9valu\u00e9s en consid\u00e9rant comme :\n\n- Artificialis\u00e9e une surface dont les sols sont soit imperm\u00e9abilis\u00e9s en raison du b\u00e2ti ou d'un rev\u00eatement, soit stabilis\u00e9s et compact\u00e9s, soit constitu\u00e9s de mat\u00e9riaux composites.\n- Non artificialis\u00e9e une surface soit naturelle, nue ou couverte d'eau, soit v\u00e9g\u00e9talis\u00e9e, constituant un habitat naturel ou utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 usage de cultures. \u00bb\n\nCette d\u00e9finition est compl\u00e9t\u00e9e, par le d\u00e9cret n\u00b0 2023-1096 du 27 novembre 2023 https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000048465959 relatif \u00e0 l'\u00e9valuation et au suivi de l'artificialisation des sols. Ce d\u00e9cret d\u00e9finit, selon les types d'espaces, leur classement en artificialis\u00e9 ou en non-artificialis\u00e9.\n\n\nLe calcul de l'artificialisation des sols, conforme \u00e0 l'article R. 101-1 du code de l'urbanisme (issu du d\u00e9cret du 27 novembre 2023), est r\u00e9alisable \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es de l\u2019OCS GE, en s\u2019appuyant notamment sur un tableau de croisement couverture/usage traduisant le d\u00e9cret de nomenclature de fa\u00e7on concr\u00e8te.\n\n\nL\u2019OCS GE est la base de donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour la description de l\u2019occupation du sol de l\u2019ensemble du territoire m\u00e9tropolitain et des d\u00e9partements et r\u00e9gions d\u2019outre-mer (DROM). Produite \u00e0 partir des prises de vues a\u00e9riennes, des donn\u00e9es existantes extraites des bases de l\u2019IGN, et de toutes autres donn\u00e9es mobilisables issues de r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels nationaux ou locaux, elle constitue un outil essentiel pour le suivi et l\u2019analyse de l\u2019\u00e9volution des sols.\n\nUn r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel national utilisable aux diff\u00e9rents \u00e9chelons territoriaux pour le pilotage des politiques publiques d'am\u00e9nagement du territoire et l'\u00e9laboration des documents d'urbanisme.\n\n\nDepuis septembre 2025, l\u2019OCS GE nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration \u2013 financ\u00e9 par la Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Am\u00e9nagement, du Logement et de la Nature (DGALN) du Minist\u00e8re de la Transition \u00e9cologique \u2013 permet de calculer l\u2019artificialisation et de fournir \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du territoire national des donn\u00e9es d\u2019artificialisation des sols en deux mill\u00e9simes diffus\u00e9s en Open data.\n\nLes couches d\u2019artificialisation sont t\u00e9l\u00e9chargeables ci dessous au format GeoPackage.", "formats": [{"name": "GPKG"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["Occupation des terres", "Sols", "Usage des sols", "National", "donn\u00e9es ouvertes", "ia", "agricultures", "am\u00e9nagements urbains", "couverture du sol", "pr\u00e9dictions", "v\u00e9g\u00e9tations", "zones naturelles"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L'INFORMATION GEOGRAPHIQUE ET FORESTIERE (IGN)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "contact.geoservices@ign.fr"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["IGN - Support utilisateurs"], "city": "SAINT-MAND\u00c9 C\u00c9DEX", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "94165", "country": "FRANCE"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "title_alternate": "Donn\u00e9es d'artificialisation issues de l'OCS GE", "denominator": "5000", "edition": "2.0"}, "links": [{"href": "https://data.geopf.fr/telechargement/resource/OCSGE-ARTIFICIALISATION", "name": "OCS GE", "description": "OCS GE", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.geopf.fr/annexes/ressources/documentation/Doc_artif.pdf", "description": "Artificialisation issue de l\u2019OCS GE - Descriptif de contenu", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.geopf.fr/annexes/ressources/documentation/M\u00e9thodo_artif.pdf", "description": "Artificialisation issue de l\u2019OCS GE - M\u00e9thodologie Calcul de l\u2019artificialisation", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.geopf.fr/annexes/ressources/documentation/Matrice_artif.pdf", "description": "Artificialisation issue de l\u2019OCS GE - Matrice couverture/usage de l\u2019artificialisation", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.geopf.fr/wmts?SERVICE=WMTS&VERSION=1.0.0&REQUEST=GetCapabilities", "name": "OCSGE.ARTIF.2021-2023", "description": "OCS GE 2021-2023 - 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C\u2019est l\u2019outil de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l\u2019instruction et le contr\u00f4le des aides PAC.\n\nLe RPG permet de conna\u00eetre la localisation et certaines caract\u00e9ristiques des parcelles des exploitants agricoles ayant d\u00e9pos\u00e9 une d\u00e9claration en vue d\u2019une aide de la PAC (Politique Agricole Commune). \n\nAvant l\u2019\u00e9dition 2024, les donn\u00e9es RPG contenaient exclusivement les donn\u00e9es graphiques des parcelles agricoles (RPG PARCELLES), associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la culture principale de la parcelle concern\u00e9e.\n\nA partir de l\u2019\u00e9dition 2024 le RPG \u00e9volue vers une offre compl\u00e8te de 8 bases de donn\u00e9es. \n- RPG Parcelles \u2013 Parcelles agricoles constat\u00e9es\n- RPG Ilots - Ilots anonymes\n- RPG PAC - Parcelles agricoles cat\u00e9goris\u00e9es\n- RPG PP - Prairies permanentes\n- RPG SNA - Surfaces non agricoles \n- RPG ZDH - Zones de densit\u00e9 homog\u00e8ne\n- RPG IAE - Parcelles \u00e9ligibles IAE\n- RPG BIO - Parcelles constat\u00e9es BIO\n\n**Caract\u00e9ristiques principales de chacune des bases de donn\u00e9es** : \n\n**RPG Parcelles - Parcelles agricoles constat\u00e9es**\nRepr\u00e9sentation des parcelles agricoles d\u00e9clar\u00e9es dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune par les exploitants par type de cultures. Ces donn\u00e9es fournissent des informations d\u00e9taill\u00e9es sur l\u2019occupation du sol et les structures fonci\u00e8res et elles correspondent \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble des limites de parcelles agricoles d\u00e9clar\u00e9es l\u2019ann\u00e9e N, dans leur situation connue et arr\u00eat\u00e9e au 1er janvier de l\u2019ann\u00e9e N+1.\n\n**RPG Ilots - Ilots anonymes**\nEnsemble de parcelles culturales contigu\u00ebs exploit\u00e9es par un m\u00eame agriculteur, portant une ou plusieurs cultures d\u00e9limit\u00e9es par des \u00e9l\u00e9ments facilement rep\u00e9rables et permanents (route, chemin, ruisseau, mur, haie, \u2026) ou par d'autres exploitations. Il est obligatoirement et enti\u00e8rement recouvert par une ou plusieurs parcelles.Ensemble de parcelles culturales contigu\u00ebs exploit\u00e9es par un m\u00eame agriculteur, portant une ou plusieurs cultures d\u00e9limit\u00e9es par des \u00e9l\u00e9ments facilement rep\u00e9rables et permanents (route, chemin, ruisseau, mur, haie, \u2026) ou par d'autres exploitations.\n\n**RPG PAC -Parcelles agricoles cat\u00e9goris\u00e9es**\nRepr\u00e9sentation des parcelles agricoles constat\u00e9es dans le cadre de la Politique Agricole Commune par les exploitants class\u00e9es en quatre grandes cat\u00e9gories selon leur code culture : terres arables (TA), cultures permanentes (CP), prairies permanentes (PP) et surfaces bois\u00e9es (SB). \n\n**RPG PP - Prairies permanentes**\nProduit d\u00e9riv\u00e9 des parcelles agricoles qui correspond aux surfaces herbag\u00e8res implant\u00e9es depuis plus de cinq ans, qui ne font pas partie d\u2019une rotation de cultures\n\n**RPG SNA - Surfaces non agricoles**\nD\u00e9crit les \u00e9l\u00e9ments topographiques non agricoles situ\u00e9s dans le paysage, \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 ou \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des parcelles agricoles ayant fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une demande d\u2019aide de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC). Ces donn\u00e9es sont saisies initialement dans un buffer d\u2019environ 20 m autour des parcelles agricoles. La repr\u00e9sentation est indicative, pouvant pr\u00e9senter des incompl\u00e9tudes ou des approximations. Les types d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s sont d\u00e9crits dans le descriptif de contenu du produit RPG. On y retrouve des arbres, haies, bosquets, broussailles, for\u00eats, murs, routes et b\u00e2timents notamment.\n\n**RPG ZDH - Zones de densit\u00e9 homog\u00e8ne**\nElles d\u00e9crivent et localisent des surfaces situ\u00e9es sur des prairies permanentes o\u00f9 la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation et d\u2019autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments naturels non agricoles (affleurements rocheux, zones de sol nu, etc.) sont pr\u00e9sents. Chaque ZDH est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une tranche de densit\u00e9 (ou classe de prorata) refl\u00e9tant le niveau d\u2019admissibilit\u00e9 de la surface concern\u00e9e aux aides de la Politique Agricole Commune (PAC), en fonction du potentiel de ressources fourrag\u00e8res disponibles\n\n**IAE - Parcelles \u00e9ligibles IAE**\nSurfaces agricoles valoris\u00e9es comme Infrastructures Agro-Environnementales (IAE). Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments naturels ou semi-naturels situ\u00e9s sur ou en bordure de parcelles agricoles (haies, bandes enherb\u00e9es, bosquets, mares, etc.). Elles contribuent \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de la biodiversit\u00e9, \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 des sols et de l\u2019eau, et \u00e0 l\u2019atteinte des objectifs environnementaux de la PAC.\n\n**RPG BIO - Parcelles constat\u00e9es BIO**\nParcelles agricoles d\u00e9clar\u00e9es en agriculture biologique et en conversion par les exploitants dans le cadre de la PAC.\n\n**Limites principales de chaque base de donn\u00e9es** :\nSeules les surfaces d\u00e9clar\u00e9es par les exploitants demandeurs d\u2019aides PAC sont couvertes ; les \u00e9volutions d\u2019une ann\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019autre d\u00e9pendent des pratiques culturales et des r\u00e8gles d\u2019\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 aux aides\n\n**Utilisations recommand\u00e9es** :\n\n- Outil de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour l\u2019instruction et le contr\u00f4le des aides.\n- \u00c9valuation de l\u2019admissibilit\u00e9 des prairies permanentes aux aides PAC.\n- Suivi des zones de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne et des ressources 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