Catchment hydrological responses to precipitation inputs, particularly during exceptionally large storms, are complex and variable, and our understanding of the associated runoff generation processes during those events is limited. Hydrological monitoring of climatically and hydrologically distinct catchments can help to improve this understanding by shedding light on the interplay between antecedent soil moisture conditions, hydrological connectivity, and rainfall event characteristics. This knowledge is urgently needed considering that both the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events are increasing worldwide as a consequence of climate change. In autumn 2018, we installed water level sensors to monitor stream water and near\uffe2\uff80\uff90stream groundwater levels at two Mediterranean forest headwater catchments with contrasting hydrological regimes: Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s (sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid climate, perennial flow regime) and Fuirosos (semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid climate, intermittent flow regime). Both catchments are located in northeastern Spain, where the extratropical cyclone Gloria hit in January 2020 and left in ca. 65\uffe2\uff80\uff89h outstanding accumulated rainfalls of 424\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s and 230\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm in Fuirosos. During rainfall events of low mean intensity, hydrological responses to precipitation inputs at the semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid Fuirosos were more delayed and more variable than at the sub\uffe2\uff80\uff90humid Font del Reg\uffc3\uffa0s. We explain these divergences by differences in antecedent soil moisture conditions and associated differences in catchment hydrological connectivity between the two catchments, which in this case are likely driven by differences in local climate rather than by differences in local topography. In contrast, during events of moderate and high mean rainfall intensities, including the storm Gloria, precipitation inputs and hydrological responses correlated similarly in the two catchments. We explain this convergence by rapid development of hydrological connectivity independently of antecedent soil moisture conditions. The data set presented here is unique and contributes to our mechanistic understanding on how streams respond to rainfall events and exceptionally large storms in catchments with contrasting flow regimes.
", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "rainfall intensity", "climate extreme", "15. Life on land", "551", "extreme hydrological event", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "antecedent soil moisture conditions", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "heavy rainfall", "Mediterranean climate", "catchment hydrological connectivity", "environmental monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrological%20Processes", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/hyp.14451", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/hyp.14451"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ppp.2162", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-25", "title": "Thermokarst processes increase the supply of stabilizing surfaces and elements (Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca) for mineral\u2013organic carbon interactions", "description": "AbstractThe stabilizing properties of mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff93organic carbon (OC) interactions have been studied in many soil environments (temperate soils, podzol lateritic soils, and paddy soils). Recently, interest in their role in permafrost regions is increasing as permafrost was identified as a hotspot of change. In thawing ice\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich permafrost regions, such as the Yedoma domain, 327\uffe2\uff80\uff93466 Gt of frozen OC is buried in deep sediments. Interactions between minerals and OC are important because OC is located very near the mineral matrix. Mineral surfaces and elements could mitigate recent and future greenhouse gas emissions through physical and/or physicochemical protection of OC. The dynamic changes in redox and pH conditions associated with thermokarst lake formation and drainage trigger metal\uffe2\uff80\uff90oxide dissolution and precipitation, likely influencing OC stabilization and microbial mineralization. However, the influence of thermokarst processes on mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff93OC interactions remains poorly constrained. In this study, we aim to characterize Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca minerals and their potential protective role for OC. Total and selective extractions were used to assess the crystalline and amorphous oxides or complexed metal pools as well as the organic acids found within these pools. We analyzed four sediment cores from an ice\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich permafrost area in Central Yakutia, which were drilled (i) in undisturbed Yedoma uplands, (ii) beneath a recent lake formed within Yedoma deposits, (iii) in a drained thermokarst lake basin, and (iv) beneath a mature thermokarst lake from the early Holocene period. We find a decrease in the amount of reactive Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca in the deposits on lake formation (promoting reduction reactions), and this was largely balanced by an increase in the amount of reactive metals in the deposits on lake drainage (promoting oxidation reactions). We demonstrate an increase in the metal to C molar ratio on thermokarst process, which may indicate an increase in metal\uffe2\uff80\uff93C bindings and could provide a higher protective role against microbial mineralization of organic matter. Finally, we find that an increase in mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff93OC interactions corresponded to a decrease in CO2 and CH4 gas emissions on thermokarst process. Mineral\uffe2\uff80\uff93OC interactions could mitigate greenhouse gas production from permafrost thaw as soon as lake drainage occurs.microbial N mineralization (ammonification + nitrification), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial respirations (MR) in grass dominated, herb dominated, and grass-herb mixed patches in an old-field community in northern China.Topsoil (0\u201310 cm) net N mineralization rate was 177% and 69% higher in mixed grass and herb patches (patch B) as compared to unmixed grass (patch A) or herb (patch C) patches, respectively. Topsoil MBN was significantly different among the three patches with the highest value for soils taken from umixed grass patches. However, patches with mixed grass and herb or herb dominated patches had 12% higher microbial respiration (MR) than unmixed grass patch. Clipping and N addition had no effects on net N mineralization or MBC, but both treatments decreased MBN and MR and increased the ratio between microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N (MBC/MBN) in the growing season. Incubation of soil cores under optimal water and temperature conditions in the laboratory showed that the response of microbial N transformations in soils under different vegetation patches to experimental N addition and clipping was limited by soil water availability. Our results strongly highlight the need to further study the importance of belowground C supply as a control of microbial N cycling processes. It also suggests that during the restoration process of degenerated croplands N cycling rates are stimulated, but that the magnitude of this stimulation is modulated by plant community composition of the old-fields.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Earth sciences", "570", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0611-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-010-0611-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-010-0611-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-010-0611-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-10-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-04-25", "title": "Fluxes Of Nitrous Oxide, Methane And Carbon Dioxide During Freezing-Thawing Cycles In An Inner Mongolian Steppe", "description": "Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were followed at winter-grazed (WG) and ungrazed steppe (UG99) in Inner Mongolia during the winter\u2013spring transition of 2006. Mean fluxes during the period March 12\u2013May 11 were 8.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 (UG99) and 1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0\u03bcg N2O\u2013N m\u22122\u00a0h\u22121 (WG) for N2O, 7.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 (UG99) and 3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00a0mg CO2\u2013C m\u22122\u00a0h\u22121 (WG) for CO2 and \u221242.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 (UG99) and \u221214.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00a0\u03bcg CH4\u2013C m\u22122 h\u22121 (WG) for CH4. Our data show that N2O emissions from semi-arid steppe are strongly affected by freeze\u2013thawing. N2O emissions reached values of up to 75\u00a0\u03bcg N2O\u2013N m\u22122\u00a0h\u22121 at the UG99 site, but were considerably lower at the WG site. The observed differences in N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes between the ungrazed and grazed sites were ascribed to the reduced plant biomass at the grazed site, and\u2014most important\u2014to a reduction in soil moisture, due to reduced snow capturing during winter. Thus, winter-grazing significantly reduced N2O emission but on the other hand also reduced the uptake of atmospheric CH4. To finally evaluate which of the both effects is most important for the non-CO2 greenhouse gas balance measurements covering an entire year are needed.", "keywords": ["Nitrous oxide", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Freeze\u2013thaw events", "550", "ddc:550", "MAGIM", "0607 Plant Biology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Grazing", "Inner Mongolia", "Earth sciences", "Carbon dioxide", "Semi-arid grassland", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Methane"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-04-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-06-29", "title": "Sustaining Crop Productivity While Reducing Environmental Nitrogen Losses In The Subtropical Wheat-Maize Cropping Systems: A Comprehensive Case Study Of Nitrogen Cycling And Balance", "description": "Abstract Balancing the nitrogen (N) budgets of agricultural systems is essential for sustaining yields at lower environmental costs. However, it is still rare to find reports on the total N budgets of agricultural systems including all N fluxes in the literature. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study on the effects of different N fertilizers (control, synthetic fertilizer, 60% synthetic fertilizer N plus 40% pig manure N, pig manure N applied at the same rate of 280\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha\u22121 yr\u22121) on N pools, cycling processes, fluxes and total N balances in a subtropical wheat-maize rotation system in China by monitoring in situ N fluxes combined with field 15N-tracer and 15N isotope-dilution techniques. The warm and wet maize season was associated with significantly larger N losses via gaseous and hydrological pathways than the cooler and drier wheat season. Nitrate leaching and NH3 volatilization were the main N loss pathways, accounting for 78% and 93% of the annual hydrological and gaseous N losses, respectively. The field 15N tracing experiment showed that the wheat system had a high N retention capacity (\u223c50% of 15N application), although the N residence time was short. In the subsequent maize season, 90% of the residual 15N-labeled fertilizer in the soil that had been applied to the wheat system was utilized by plants or lost to the environment. The combined application of synthetic and organic fertilizers (pig manure) or application of pig manure resulted in significantly higher soil N retention and lower NO3\u2212 leaching, while yields remained unaffected. However, the application of manure resulted in larger NH3 volatilization losses compared with the application of synthetic fertilizer alone. Thus, our study suggests that a combination of synthetic and organic N fertilizers is suitable for sustaining agricultural productivity while reducing environmental N losses by fostering interactions between the soil C and N cycles.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Earth sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "wheats", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "crops", "maize", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2016.06.022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-11", "title": "Nitrous Oxide Emissions And Nitrate Leaching From A Rain-Fed Wheat-Maize Rotation In The Sichuan Basin, China", "description": "A 3-year field experiment (October 2004-October 2007) was conducted to quantify N2O fluxes and determine the regulating factors from rain-fed, N fertilized wheat-maize rotation in the Sichuan Basin, China.", "keywords": ["Earth sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "climate change", "550", "ddc:550", "13. Climate action", "crops", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-09-15", "title": "Spatial Distribution Of The Soil Organic Carbon Pool In A Holm Oak Dehesa In Spain", "description": "Aims Dehesas are agroforestry systems characterized by scattered trees among pastures, crops and/or fallows. A study at a Spanish dehesa has been carried out to estimate the spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon stock and to assess the influence of the tree cover. Methods The soil organic carbon stock was estimated from the five uppermost cm of the mineral soil with high spatial resolution at two plots with different grazing intensities. The Universal Kriging technique was used to assess the spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon stocks, using tree coverage within a buffering area as an auxiliary variable. Results A significant positive correlation between tree presence and soil organic carbon stocks up to distances of around 8 m from the trees was found. The tree crown cover within a buffer up to a distance similar to the crown radius around the point absorbed 30 % of the variance in the model for both grazing intensities, but residual variance showed stronger spatial autocorrelation under regular grazing conditions. Conclusions Tree cover increases soil organic carbon stocks, and can be satisfactorily estimated by means of crown parameters. However, other factors are involved in the spatial pattern of the soil organic carbon distribution. Livestock plays an interactive role together with tree presence in soil organic carbon distribution. \u00a9 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "Agricultura", "Spatial variance partition", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Soil C", "Universal Kriging", "Earth sciences", "Tree effect", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Silvicultura", "Geolog\u00eda", "Agroforestry systems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-012-1443-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-04-23", "title": "Improving the design and implementation of sediment fingerprinting studies: summary and outcomes of the TRACING 2021 Scientific School", "description": "Identifying best practices for sediment fingerprinting or tracing is important to allow the quantification of sediment contributions from catchment sources. Although sediment fingerprinting has been applied with reasonable success, the deployment of this method remains associated with many issues and limitations.Seminars and debates were organised during a 4-day Thematic School in October 2021 to come up with concrete suggestions to improve the design and implementation of tracing methods.First, we suggest a better use of geomorphological information to improve study design. Researchers are invited to scrutinise all the knowledge available on the catchment of interest, and to obtain multiple lines of evidence regarding sediment source contributions. Second, we think that scientific knowledge could be improved with local knowledge and we propose a scale of participation describing different levels of involvement of locals in research. Third, we recommend the use of state-of-the-art sediment tracing protocols to conduct sampling, deal with particle size, and examine data before modelling and accounting for the hydro-meteorological context under investigation. Fourth, we promote best practices in modelling, including the importance of running multiple models, selecting appropriate tracers, and reporting on model errors and uncertainty. Fifth, we suggest best practices to share tracing data and samples, which will increase the visibility of the fingerprinting technique in geoscience. Sixth, we suggest that a better formulation of hypotheses could improve our knowledge about erosion and sediment transport processes in a more unified way.With the suggested improvements, sediment fingerprinting, which is interdisciplinary in nature, could play a major role to meet the current and future challenges associated with global change.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1.", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "DATA", "550", "[SDU.STU.GM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "01 natural sciences", "333", "source-to-sink", "basin", "local knowledge", "[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "11. Sustainability", "[SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "catchment", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "watershed", "FAIR", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "sediment tracing", "ddc:550", "Frontiers in Soils and Sediments \u2022 Research Article", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "sediment fingerprinting", "Chemistry", "critical Zone", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Soils%20and%20Sediments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11368-022-03203-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-07", "title": "Scale Matters: Impact Of Management Regime On Plant Species Richness And Vegetation Type Diversity In Wadden Sea Salt Marshes", "description": "Abstract After foundation of the Wadden Sea National Park, grazing and artificial drainage was ceased or reduced on large areas of the salt marshes at the Schleswig-Holstein mainland coast (Northern Germany). The effect of grazing cessation versus intensive and moderate grazing on vegetation diversity was studied on small (plant species richness on plots between 0.01 and 100\u00a0m2) and large scale (vegetation type richness per hectare) over 18 to 20 years by analysing data from long-term monitoring programs. Plant species richness and vegetation type richness increased strongly over time in all management regimes, because grazing-sensitive species increased first in ungrazed marshes and later dispersed to and established in intensively grazed marshes. Dominance of the tall, late-successional grass Elymus athericus on 7% to 52% of all moderately and ungrazed (primarily high marsh) plots led to a decrease in species richness. After 18 to 20 years, species richness was highest in moderately and intensively grazed high marshes. Differences were significant only on small plots of up to 4\u00a0m2. On the large scale, vegetation type richness in the low marsh was higher without grazing, while no differences were found in the high marsh. Our results indicate that grazing effects differ between spatial scales and that different spatial scales have to be considered for monitoring and evaluation of vegetation diversity in salt marshes. To conserve vegetation diversity on all scales, a large-scale mosaic of different management regimes should be maintained.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "550", "ddc:550", "14. Life underwater", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-13", "title": "Nitrous Oxide And Methane Fluxes From A Rice-Wheat Crop Rotation Under Wheat Residue Incorporation And No-Tillage Practices", "description": "Abstract Crop residue incorporation and no-tillage are recommended as management practices and are being increasingly adopted in the agricultural sector. However, few studies have assessed the extent to which these practices integrate annual carbon and nitrogen trace gas fluxes and grain yield. We investigated the effect of wheat straw incorporation and no-tillage on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes from a rice\u2013wheat system in southeast China, using year-round field measurements. Compared to the treatment with synthetic nitrogen fertilizers alone, the wheat straw incorporation reduced the N2O emissions by 38% (P", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Earth sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Atmospheric%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.006", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-31", "title": "Effects Of Land-Use Change On The Carbon Balance Of 1st Generation Biofuels: An Analysis For The European Union Combining Spatial Modeling And Lca", "description": "Biofuels are considered as an important option for the mitigation of climate change. However, the negative impact of land-use change (LUC) on soil and vegetation carbon pools may jeopardize the potentially achievable savings of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study the impact of GHG emissions from LUC on the overall GHG performance of 1st generation biofuels was analyzed for the European Union (EU). The scenario-based analysis was done by coupling a spatial land-use model to a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of biofuels. The biofuel demand in the scenarios was derived from figures for the transport sector of the EU-27 Member States. The calculation of GHG emissions was performed with a Geographic Information System. Finally, these results were integrated into the LCA approach of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED). Without taking LUC into account, the average GHG emission saving compared to fossil fuel use amounts to \u223c50%. In this case the mandatory 35% emission saving target laid down in the RED would be fulfilled. If LUC is considered, this target is reached under none of the simulated biofuel scenarios. In the most realistic scenario the GHG emission savings from 1st gen. biofuel use compared to fossil fuel use range between \u22122% and 13%. Based on our findings, we conclude that national policy plans for biofuel use should be reconsidered and revised as in their current form they do not provide an adequate measure for the mitigation of global warming on EU-level.", "keywords": ["330", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "ddc:550", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "12. Responsible consumption"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.091", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-05-30", "title": "Protein affinity for TiO2 and CeO2 manufactured nanoparticles. From ultra-pure water to biological media", "description": "Abstract In this study, we investigated the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein affinity for manufactured metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), respectively TiO2 and CeO2. Changes in the NPs surface charge property and resulting stability were investigated by considering pH-dependent electrostatic scenarios and contrasting solution conditions from ultra-pure water to more complex biological mixtures regarding the ionic and protein composition. After careful characterization of NPs and BSA as a function of pH, we used variable BSA concentrations to study the impact of BSA adsorption and we found that protein affinity for NPs was largely controlled by electrostatic interactions. We demonstrated that in ultra-pure water increasing gradually the BSA concentration results in aggregation when BSA and NPs charges are opposite (charge neutralization). On the other hand, when NPs were added in a solution containing BSA, aggregation was prevented due to corona formation. Then, the ultrapure water was replaced by Dulbecco\u2019s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) to mimic the blood composition and ionic strength. BSA was then replaced by fetal calf serum (FCS) to mimic the great variety of proteins and other biomolecules found in the blood. Our findings indicate that, in all cases, initially dispersed TiO2 or CeO2 NPs are stabilized by the presence of proteins and that protein adsorption is fast regarding NPs homoaggregation. Proteins are found to improve NPs dispersion even at high ionic strength with overarching consequences on the fate, transport and related risk of NPs in living systems.", "keywords": ["Aggregation", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "TiO2 and CeO2", "ddc:550", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Nanoparticles", "Protein adsorption", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Protein affinity", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.091"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Colloids%20and%20Surfaces%20A%3A%20Physicochemical%20and%20Engineering%20Aspects", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.091", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.091", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.05.091"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-17", "title": "Correcting A Fundamental Error In Greenhouse Gas Accounting Related To Bioenergy", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0301-4215", "keywords": ["Bioenergy; Greenhouse gas emissions; Greenhouse gas accounting", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Greenhouse gas accounting", "02 engineering and technology", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "Viewpoint", "Energy(all)", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "11. Sustainability", "ddc:550", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "greenhouse gas; bioenergy; sustainable development", "Bioenergy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Energy%20Policy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-29", "title": "Microplastic appraisal of soil, water, ditch sediment and airborne dust: The case of agricultural systems", "description": "Although microplastic pollution jeopardizes both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the movement of plastic particles through terrestrial environments is still poorly understood. Agricultural soils exposed to different managements are important sites of storage and dispersal of microplastics. This study aimed to identify the abundance, distribution, and type of microplastics present in agricultural soils, water, airborne dust, and ditch sediments. Soil health was also assessed using soil macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Sixteen fields were evaluated, 6 of which had been exposed to more than 5 years of compost application, 5 were exposed to at least 5 years of plastic mulch use, and 5 were not exposed to any specific management (controls) within the last 5 years. We also evaluated the spread of microplastics from the farms into nearby water bodies and airborne dust. We found 11 types of microplastics in soil, among which Light Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Light Density Polyethylene covered with pro-oxidant additives (PAC) were the most abundant. The highest concentrations of plastics were found in soils exposed to plastic mulch management (128.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0320\u00a0MPs.g-1 soil and 224.84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0488\u00a0MPs.g-1 soil, respectively) and the particles measured from 50 to 150\u00a0\u03bcm. Nine types of microplastics were found in water, with the highest concentrations observed in systems exposed to compost. Farms applying compost had higher LDPE and PAC concentrations in ditch sediments as compared to control and mulch systems; a significant correlation between soil polypropylene (PP) microplastics with ditch sediment microplastics (r2 0.7 p\u00a0<\u00a00.05) was found. LDPE, PAC, PE (Polyethylene), and PP were the most abundant microplastics in airborne dust. Soil invertebrates were scarce in the systems using plastic mulch. A cocktail of microplastics was found in all assessed matrices.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "ddc:550", "Microplastics", "Water", "Dust", "15. Life on land", "Polypropylenes", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Polyethylene", "13. Climate action", "Life Science", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Ecosystem", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Pollution", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120513"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-30", "title": "Enhancement Of Root Systems Improves Productivity And Sustainability In Water Saving Ground Cover Rice Production System", "description": "Abstract In rice growing regions where water and temperature are growth limiting factors, the use of the innovative water-saving ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) leads to a substantial increase in yields and water use efficiency. However, so far the effect of GCRPS on root growth and its possible contribution to the observed increases in yield and water use efficiency remained unclear. In order to fill in this knowledge gap, we conducted a three-year experiment comparing two production systems: traditional paddy (Paddy) and GCRPS combined with two nitrogen fertilizer regimes (0, 150\u00a0kg\u00a0N\u00a0ha \u22121 ). The parameters investigated were root dry matter, length density and surface area at maximum tillering and flowering stage as well as grain yield and water use efficiency. Our study revealed the following findings: 1) Root dry matter, root length density and surface area were significantly higher in GCRPS than in Paddy at all soil depths. 2) Across the production systems, root dry matter, root length density and surface area at soil depth of 0\u201340\u00a0cm at flowering stage were significant positively correlated to grain yield and total water use efficiency which suggested that improved root morphology traits, especially at flowering stage, contribute to higher grain yield and water use efficiency in GCRPS. Our results show that GCRPS has a positive effect on the development of rice roots and that the improved root development is of vital importance for higher yields. Furthermore, the improved root development in GCRPS may avoid potential lodging phenomena and increase soil organic carbon stocks, thus improving key soil functions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Earth sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "333", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.08.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-09", "title": "Contribution Of Acacia Senegal To Biomass And Soil Carbon In Plantations Of Varying Age In Sudan", "description": "Abstract The carbon (C) stocks of drylands, particularly in Africa, have become considerably depleted through land degradation leading to loss of soil fertility and water retention. Increasing tree cover is considered a practical means of increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) contents. However, few field studies have been carried out in the eastern part of the Sahel zone to test this hypothesis. In this study the C stocks in biomass and soil were determined in Acacia senegal plantations of varying age (7\u201324\u00a0years) and adjacent open grasslands in two locations in Sudan. The contribution of C3 plants to SOC was estimated using a simple \u03b413C partitioning model. Total biomass C stocks increased with plantation age, reaching 1020\u00a0g\u00a0m\u22122. While most of this increase was due to the trees, the C stock of the ground vegetation also increased with plantation age and was greater in the oldest plantations than in the open grassland. This finding supports the hypothesis that trees facilitate ground vegetation in semi-arid environments. Plantation SOC stocks (0\u201350\u00a0cm) ranged from 846 to 1250\u00a0g\u00a0m\u22122, increased with age and were greater than open grassland values (867\u2013950\u00a0g\u00a0m\u22122). The contribution of C3 plants (trees and herbs) to plantation under canopies SOC stocks (0\u201310\u00a0cm) was 47.2% and 53.4% at the two sites. SOC sequestration rates up to 19\u00a0g\u00a0C\u00a0m\u22122\u00a0yr\u22121 were achieved in the oldest plantations at one of the sites. Our findings indicate that planting trees in drylands could considerably increase SOC stocks and efforts to plant Acacia trees in the Sahel should therefore be encouraged.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Earth sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "ddc:550", "590", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130765", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-01-09", "title": "Fragmentation and depolymerization of microplastics in the earthworm gut: A potential for microplastic bioremediation?", "description": "The accumulation of microplastics poses potential risks to soil health. Here, we did a preliminary exploration on the potential of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta) to reduce low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polylactic acid (PLA), and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) microplastic (20-648\u00a0\u00b5m) contamination in soils. The ingestion of microplastics-contaminated soil (1% of microplastics, dw/dw) in a mesocosm system and the ingestion of pure microplastics in the Petri Dish by earthworms were studied. Results show that earthworms survived in the microplastics-contaminated soil (0% mortality in 35 days) but barely when exposed solely to microplastics (30-80% mortality in 4 days). Size-dependent ingestion of microplastics was not observed. The fragmentation of LDPE microplastics in the gizzard facilitated by soil was confirmed by the significantly increased ratio of small-sized (20-113\u00a0\u00b5m) microplastics from the bulk soil to the gut (from 8.4% to 18.8%). PLA and PBAT microplastics were fragmented by gizzard without the facilitation of soil, the ratios of small-sized (20-113\u00a0\u00b5m) PLA and PBAT microplastics in the gut were 55.5% and 108.2% higher than in respective pristine distributions. Substantial depolymerization of PLA (weight-average molar mass reduced by 17.7% with shift in molecular weight distribution) and suspected depolymerization of PBAT were observed in the worm gut, while no change in the molar mass was observed for PLA and PBAT microplastics buried in the soil for 49 days. Our results suggest that ingested microplastics could undergo fragmentation and depolymerization (for certain polymers) in the earthworm gut. Further research is needed to reveal the mechanisms of polymer depolymerization in the earthworm gut and to evaluate the feasibility of microplastic bioremediation with earthworms.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "ddc:550", "Microplastics", "Polyesters", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "Polyethylene", "Life Science", "Animals", "Soil Pollutants", "Oligochaeta", "Plastics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130765"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130765", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130765", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130765"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133772", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-02-10", "title": "Experimental and simulated microplastics transport in saturated natural sediments: Impact of grain size and particle size", "description": "Microplastics (MPs) present in terrestrial environments show potential leaching risk to deeper soil layers and aquifer systems, which threaten soil health and drinking water supply. However, little is known about the environmental fate of MPs in natural sediments. To examine the MPs transport mechanisms in natural sediments, column experiments were conducted using different natural sediments and MPs (10-150\u00a0\u00b5m) with conservative tracer. Particle breakthrough curves (BTCs) and retention profiles (RPs) were numerically interpreted in HYDRUS-1D using three different models to identify the most plausible deposition mechanism of MPs. Results show that the retention efficiency for a given particle size increased with decreasing grain size, and RPs exacerbated their hyper-exponential shape in finer sediments. Furthermore, the amounts of MPs present in the effluent increased to over 85 % as MPs size decreased to 10-20\u00a0\u00b5m in both gravel and coarse sand columns, while all larger MPs (125-150\u00a0\u00b5m) were retained in the coarse sand column. The modeling results suggested that the blocking mechanism becomes more important with increasing particle sizes. In particular, the attachment-detachment without blocking was the most suited parameterization to interpret the movement of small MPs, while a depth-dependent blocking approach was necessary to adequately describe the fate of larger particles.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "ddc:550", "13. Climate action", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133772"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133772", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133772", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133772"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-10-10", "title": "Macro- and microplastics leachates: Characterization and impact on seed germination", "description": "Although plastic mulch enhances crop yield, its removal and disposal present significant challenges, contributing to macro- and microplastic pollution in agricultural soils. The adverse effects of this pollution on soil and plant health are not fully understood but may stem from the plastic particles or the toxicity of leached chemical additives. This study assessed the impact of macro- and microplastics from nondegradable LDPE-based (LDPEb) and biodegradable PBAT-based (PBATb) mulch films, along with their leachates, on the germination of three plant species. After seven days of incubation, PBAT mulch leached compounds that significantly inhibited Arabidopsis germination, while cotton and tomato exhibited notable tolerance. Notably, PBATb mulch released a higher concentration of compounds, whereas LDPEb mulch exhibited a greater diversity of leached chemicals. Microplastic particles alone did not hinder seed germination, indicating that plastic toxicity primarily arises from the leachates. Many of these leached compounds lack global regulation and hazard information, underscoring the urgent need for further investigation into their environmental impacts and the development of appropriate regulatory frameworks to mitigate the potential toxicity of chemicals from conventional and biodegradable mulches.", "keywords": ["ddc:550", "Microplastics", "Arabidopsis", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Germination", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Solanum lycopersicum", "Seeds", "Life Science", "Soil Pollutants", "Plastics", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Macan, Giovana P.F., Munhoz, Davi R., Willems, Leo A.J., Monkley, Charlie, Lloyd, Charlotte E.M., Hageman, Jos, Geissen, Violette, Landa, Blanca B., Harkes, Paula,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.176", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-15", "title": "Heteroaggregation of CeO2 nanoparticles in presence of alginate and iron (III) oxide", "description": "When manufactured nanoparticles are released to natural waters, heteroaggregation between nanoparticles and water compounds is expected to occur and play a key role in nanoparticle fate, transport and transformation. In this work, the heteroaggregation between CeO2 nanoparticles and Fe2O3 inorganic colloids, which represent the main inorganic fraction from Lake Geneva water, is studied. The heteroaggregation processes between CeO2, Fe2O3 and alginate in multiple water samples are investigated using zeta potential and z-average diameter measurements. The kinetics of heteroaggregation of individual components as well as mixtures of CeO2 nanoparticles and Fe2O3 colloids and alginate are studied using time resolved dynamic light scattering. The global attachment efficiency (\u03b1global) is calculated using data from kinetic experiments. \u03b1global for pristine CeO2 nanoparticles varied from 0.5 to 0.7 in lake and synthetic waters and is found around 1 for pristine Fe2O3 and mixture CeO2 and Fe2O3. Our findings demonstrate that heteroaggregation is highly dependent on environmental conditions and resulting electrostatic scenarios. No heteroaggregation at pH\u202f8 between CeO2, Fe2O3 and alginate is observed in ultrapure water, because of electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged compounds. In synthetic and lake waters, the situation is opposite. Indeed, specific adsorption of divalent cations and presence of salt are found to promote heteroaggregation via cation bridging and screening effects. The kinetic experiments indicate that aggregation rate of pristine Fe2O3 is higher (89\u202fnm/min in lake water) compared to pristine CeO2 nanoparticles (50\u202fnm/min) and on the same level as mixture of CeO2 and Fe2O3 (96\u202fnm/min). Low alginate concentration, 0.25\u202fmg/L, has no effect on heteroaggregation in mixture of CeO2 and Fe2O3 in lake and synthetic waters. On the other hand, in natural water, the presence of higher alginate concentration, 2\u202fmg/L, is found to reduce the heteroaggregation rate.", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "13. Climate action", "Alginate", "ddc:550", "CeO2 nanoparticles", "Fe2O3", "Heteroaggregation", "Cation adsorption", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Lake water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.176"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.176", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.176", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.176"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-09-04", "title": "Determination of nanoparticle heteroaggregation attachment efficiencies and rates in presence of natural organic matter monomers. Monte Carlo modelling", "description": "Understanding the transformation and transport of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic systems remains an important issue due to their potential hazard. Once released in aquatic systems, NPs will interact with natural compounds such as suspended inorganic particles and/or natural organic matter (NOM) and heteroaggregation will control their ultimate fate. Unfortunately, systematic experimental methods to study heteroaggregation are not straightforward and still scarce. In addition, the description of heteroaggregation rate constants and attachment efficiencies is still a matter of debate since no clear definition exists. In this work, an original cluster-cluster Monte Carlo model is developed to get an insight into heteroaggregation process descriptions. A two-component system composed of NPs and NOM fulvic acid monomers is investigated by considering several water models to cover a range of (relevant) conditions from fresh to marine waters. For that purpose, homo- and hetero- individual attachment efficiencies between NPs and NOM units are adjusted (NP-NP, NOM-NOM and NP-NOM). The influence of NP/NOM ratio, NOM-NOM homoaggregation versus heteroaggregation, and surface coating effects is studied systematically. From a quantitative point of view, aggregation rate constants as well as attachment efficiencies are calculated as a function of physical time so as to characterize the individual influence of each parameter and to allow future comparison with experimental data. Heteroaggregation processes and global attachment efficiencies corresponding to several mechanisms and depending on the evolution of heteroaggregate structures all along the simulations are defined. The calculation of attachment efficiency values is found dependent on NP/NOM concentration ratios via coating effects, by the initial set of elementary attachment efficiencies and influence of homoaggregation. Marine water represents a specific case of aggregation where all particle contacts are effective. On the other hand, in 'ultrapure' and 'fresh waters', a competition between homo- and heteroaggregation occurs depending on the initial attachment efficiencies therefore indicating that a subtle change in the NP surface properties as well as in the water chemistry have a significant impact on heteroaggregation processes.", "keywords": ["SDG 14 \u2013 Leben unter Wasser", "FATE", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "SILVER NANOPARTICLES", "01 natural sciences", "Nanoparticle", "ddc:550", "105906 Environmental geosciences", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "Monte Carlo simulation", "OXIDE NANOPARTICLES", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "ddc:333.7-333.9", "Natural organic matter", "NANOMATERIALS", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/333.7-333.9", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Surface coating", "ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES", "Attachment efficiency", "Nanopartide", "TITANIUM-DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES", "TRANSPORT", "AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT", "TIO2 NANOPARTICLES", "Natural Organic Matter", "13. Climate action", "Heteroaggregation", "105906 Umweltgeowissenschaften", "DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.017"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172175", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-02", "title": "Exploring the potential of earthworm gut bacteria for plastic degradation", "description": "The use of plastic mulch films in agriculture leads to the inevitable accumulation of plastic debris in soils. Here, we explored the potential of earthworm gut-inhabiting bacterial strains (Mycobacterium vanbaalenii (MV), Rhodococcus jostii (RJ), Streptomyces fulvissimus (SF), Bacillus simplex (BS), and Sporosarcina globispora (SG) to degrade plastic films (\u2300\u00a0=\u00a015\u00a0mm) made from commonly used polymers: low-density polyethylene film (LDPE-f), polylactic acid (PLA-f), polybutylene adipate terephthalate film (PBAT-f), and a commercial biodegradable mulch film, Bionov-B\u00ae (composed of Mater-Bi, a feedstock with PBAT, PLA and other chemical compounds). A 180-day experiment was conducted at room temperature (x\u0304 =19.4\u00a0\u00b0C) for different strain-plastic combinations under a low carbon media (0.1\u00d7 tryptic soy broth). Results showed that the tested strain-plastic combinations did not facilitate the degradation of LDPE-f (treated with RJ and SF), PBAT-f (treated with BS and SG), and Bionov-B (treated with BS, MV, and SG). However, incubating PLA-f with SF triggered a reduction in the molecular weights and an increase in crystallinity. Therefore, we used PLA-f as model plastic to study the influence of temperature ('room temperature' & '30\u00a0\u00b0C'), carbon source ('carbon-free' & 'low carbon supply'), and strain interactions ('single strains' & 'strain mixtures') on PLA degradation. SF and SF\u00a0+\u00a0RJ treatments significantly fostered PLA degradation under 30\u00a0\u00b0C in a low-carbon media. PLA-f did not show any degradation in carbon-free media treatments. The competition between different strains in the same system likely hindered the performance of PLA-degrading strains. A positive correlation between the final pH of culture media and PLA-f weight loss was observed, which might reflect the pH-dependent hydrolysis mechanism of PLA. Our results situate SF and its co-culture with RJ strains as possible accelerators of PLA degradation in temperatures below PLA glass transition temperature (Tg). Further studies are needed to test the bioremediation feasibility in soils.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Bacteria", "ddc:550", "Polyesters", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Gastrointestinal Microbiome", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "Life Science", "Animals", "Soil Pollutants", "Oligochaeta", "Plastics", "Soil Microbiology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172175"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172175", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172175", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172175"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173429", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-05-22", "title": "Effect of particle density on microplastics transport in artificial and natural porous media", "description": "The occurrence and persistence of microplastics (MPs) in natural environments are of increasing concern. Along with this, the transport of MPs in sediments has been investigated mainly focusing on the effect of plastic size and shape, media size effect, and solution chemistry. Yet, the influence of particle density is only partially understood. Therefore, column experiments on the transport of variably buoyant MPs in saturated natural sediments and glass beads were conducted, and transport parameters were quantified using a two-site kinetic transport model with a depth-dependent blocking function (the amount of retained MPs does not decrease at a constant rate with increasing depth, the majority of MPs were retained near the column inlet). Neutral, sinking, and buoyant MPs within the same size range were selected, with stable water isotope applied as conservative tracer to explore water and MP movement in the tested sediments. The results showed that 95.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4% of sinking MPs remained in columns packed with gravel, followed by buoyant and neutral MPs, thus indicating that particle density does affect MP mobility. Similar recovered amounts of MPs were found in columns packed with glass beads, indicating that tested sediment types do not affect the deposition behavior of MPs. The breakthrough curves of MPs were accurately described by the selected model. However, the simulated retention profiles overestimated the observed MP amount in layers closest to the column inlet. The coupled experimental and modeled results suggest an enhanced retention of sinking MPs, while neutrally and buoyant MPs exhibit a higher mobility in comparison. Thus, neutral or buoyant MPs can potentially pose a higher contamination risk to subsurface porous media environments compared to sinking MPs. Discrepancies between observed and simulated retention profiles indicate that future model development is needed for advancing the MP deposition as affected by particle density.", "keywords": ["ddc:550"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173429"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173429", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173429", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173429"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2020jg006119", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-28", "title": "Impacts of Drying and Rewetting on the Radiocarbon Signature of Respired CO2 and Implications for Incubating Archived Soils", "description": "Abstract
The radiocarbon signature of respired CO2 (\uffe2\uff88\uff8614C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2) measured in laboratory soil incubations integrates contributions from soil carbon pools with a wide range of ages, making it a powerful model constraint. Incubating archived soils enriched by \uffe2\uff80\uff9cbomb\uffe2\uff80\uff90C\uffe2\uff80\uff9d from mid\uffe2\uff80\uff9020th century nuclear weapons testing would be even more powerful as it would enable us to trace this pulse over time. However, air\uffe2\uff80\uff90drying and subsequent rewetting of archived soils, as well as storage duration, may alter the relative contribution to respiration from soil carbon pools with different cycling rates. We designed three experiments to assess air\uffe2\uff80\uff90drying and rewetting effects on \uffe2\uff88\uff8614C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 with constant storage duration (Experiment 1), without storage (Experiment 2), and with variable storage duration (Experiment 3). We found that air\uffe2\uff80\uff90drying and rewetting led to small but significant (\uffce\uffb1\uffc2\uffa0<\uffc2\uffa00.05) shifts in \uffe2\uff88\uff8614C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 relative to undried controls in all experiments, with grassland soils responding more strongly than forest soils. Storage duration (4\uffe2\uff80\uff9314\uffc2\uffa0y) did not have a substantial effect. Mean differences (95% CIs) for experiments 1, 2, and 3 were: 23.3\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb16.6), 19.6\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb110.3), and 29.3\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb129.1) for grassland soils, versus \uffe2\uff88\uff9211.6\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb14.1), 12.7\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb18.5), and \uffe2\uff88\uff9224.2\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 (\uffc2\uffb113.2) for forest soils. Our results indicate that air\uffe2\uff80\uff90drying and rewetting soils mobilizes a slightly older pool of carbon that would otherwise be inaccessible to microbes, an effect that persists throughout the incubation. However, as the bias in \uffe2\uff88\uff8614C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 from air\uffe2\uff80\uff90drying and rewetting is small, measuring \uffe2\uff88\uff8614C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 in incubations of archived soils appears to be a promising technique for constraining soil carbon models. 20\u00a0mm, MaPs) input via biowaste collection into an industrial composting plant, and, then determined MiP concentrations at five stages during the composting process (before and after shredding and screening processes), and in the water used for irrigation. The total concentrations of MaPs in the biowaste collected from four different German districts ranged from 0.36 to 1.95\u00a0kg ton-1 biowaste, with polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) representing the most abundant types. The 'non-foil' and 'foil' plastics occurred in similar amounts (0.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0kg ton-1 biowaste), with an average load of 0.08\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01 items kg-1 and 0.05\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01 items kg-1, respectively. Only 0.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.1\u00a0kg MaP t-1 biowaste was biodegradable plastic. Compost treatment by shredding tripled the total number of MaPs and MiPs to 33 items kg-1, indicating an enrichment of particles during the process and potential fragmentation. Noticeably, a substantial amount of small MiPs (up to 22,714\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02,975 particles L-1) were found in the rainwater used for compost moistening, being thus an additional, generally overlooked plastic source for compost. Our results highlight that reducing plastic input via biowaste is key for minimizing MiP contamination of compost.", "keywords": ["ddc:550", "Life Science", "600", "620"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Peneva, Stoyana, Phan Le, Quynh Nhu, Munhoz, Davi R., Wrigley, Olivia, Macan, Giovana P.F., Doose, Heidi, Amelung, Wulf, Braun, Melanie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.043"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Waste%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.043", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.043", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.043"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1021/acs.est.3c08734", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-10", "title": "Plastic Fruit Stickers in Industrial Composting\u2500Surface and Structural Alterations Revealed by Electron Microscopy and Computed Tomography", "description": "Often large quantities of plastics are found in compost, with price look-up stickers being a major but little-explored component in the contamination path. Stickers glued to fruit or vegetable peels usually remain attached to the organic material despite sorting processes in the composting plant. Here, we investigated the effects of industrial composting on the structural alterations of these stickers. Commercial polypropylene (PP) stickers on banana peels were added to a typical organic material mixture for processing in an industrial composting plant and successfully resampled after a prerotting (11 days) and main rotting step (25 days). Afterward, both composted and original stickers were analyzed for surface and structural changes via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and micro- and nano-X-ray computed tomography (CT) combined with deep learning approaches. The composting resulted in substantial surface changes and degradation in the form of microbial colonization, deformation, and occurrence of cracks in all stickers. Their pore volumes increased from 16.7% in the original sticker to 26.3% at the end of the compost process. In a similar way, the carbonyl index of the stickers increased. Micro-CT images additionally revealed structural changes in the form of large adhesions that penetrated the surface of the sticker. These changes were accompanied by delamination after 25 days of composting, thus overall hinting at the degradation of the stickers and the subsequent formation of smaller microplastic pieces.", "keywords": ["Technology", "ddc:600", "ddc:550", "Composting", "600", "02 engineering and technology", "540", "Polypropylenes", "01 natural sciences", "620", "Soil", "Fruit", "Microscopy", " Electron", " Scanning", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600", "Tomography", " X-Ray Computed", "0210 nano-technology", "Plastics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.3c08734"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c08734"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%20%26amp%3B%20Technology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1021/acs.est.3c08734", "name": "item", "description": "10.1021/acs.est.3c08734", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1021/acs.est.3c08734"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-04-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2023jd040657", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-06-11", "title": "Impact of Dust Source Patchiness on the Existence of a Constant Dust Flux Layer During Aeolian Erosion Events", "description": "Abstract
Dust emission fluxes during wind soil erosion are usually estimated using a dust concentration vertical gradient, by assuming a constant dust flux layer between the surface and the dust measurement levels. Here, we investigate the existence of this layer during erosion events recorded in Iceland and Jordan. Size\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolved dust fluxes were estimated at three levels between 2 and 4\uffc2\uffa0m using the eddy\uffe2\uff80\uff90covariance method. Dust fluxes were found mainly constant only between the two upper levels in Iceland, the lower dust flux being often stronger and richer in coarse particles, while dust fluxes in Jordan were nearly constant across all levels. The wind dynamics could not explain the absence of a constant dust flux layer in Iceland. We show that the presence of stationary dust source patches in Iceland, related to surface humidity, created a non\uffe2\uff80\uff90uniform dust layer near the surface, named dust roughness sublayer (DRSL), where individual plumes behind each patch interact but do not fully mix. The lowest dust measurement level was probably located within this sublayer while the upper ones were located above, such that there the emitted dust became spatially well\uffe2\uff80\uff90mixed. This explains near the surface in Iceland, the more intermittent dust concentration, its low correlation with the dust concentrations above, and the richer dust flux in coarse particles due to their lower deposition contribution. Our findings highlight the importance of estimating dust fluxes above a dust blending height whose characteristics depend on the dust source patchiness caused by surface humidity or the presence of sparse non\uffe2\uff80\uff90erosive elements.The triple oxygen isotope signature \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its \uffe2\uff80\uff9c17O excess,\uffe2\uff80\uff9d has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model simulations for \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model framework we include the stratospheric source of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean \uffce\uff9417O (defined as with \uffce\uffbbRL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500\uffc2\uffa0m of the atmosphere is 39.6\uffc2\uffa0per meg, which is \uffe2\uff88\uffbc20\uffc2\uffa0per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 profile from Sodankyl\uffc3\uffa4 (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 from G\uffc3\uffb6ttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2.
", "keywords": ["CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY", "550", "STRATOSPHERIC CO2", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "TRACER", "stable isotopes", "MASS", "carbon dioxide (CO)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "DIOXIDE EXCHANGE", "O excess (\u0394O)", "3-DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS", "carbon dioxide (CO2)", "carbon cycle", "O-17 excess (Delta O-17)", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "Research Articles", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "O-18 CONTENT", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "mass-independent fractionation (MIF)", "ddc:550", "gross primary production (GPP)", "15. Life on land", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "MODEL TM5", "17O excess (\u039417O)", "FIRE EMISSIONS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JD030387"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Atmospheres", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1088/1748-9326/ac9b50", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-10-19", "title": "Synthesizing the evidence of nitrous oxide mitigation practices in agroecosystems", "description": "AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils are the main source of atmospheric N2O, a potent greenhouse gas and key ozone-depleting substance. Several agricultural practices with potential to mitigate N2O emissions have been tested worldwide. However, to guide policymaking for reducing N2O emissions from agricultural soils, it is necessary to better understand the overall performance and variability of mitigation practices and identify those requiring further investigation. We performed a systematic review and a second-order meta-analysis to assess the abatement efficiency of N2O mitigation practices from agricultural soils. We used 27 meta-analyses including 41 effect sizes based on 1119 primary studies. Technology-driven solutions (e.g. enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, drip irrigation, and biochar) and optimization of fertilizer rate have considerable mitigation potential. Agroecological mitigation practices (e.g. organic fertilizer and reduced tillage), while potentially contributing to soil quality and carbon storage, may enhance N2O emissions and only lead to reductions under certain pedoclimatic and farming conditions. Other mitigation practices (e.g. lime amendment or crop residue removal) led to marginal N2O decreases. Despite the variable mitigation potential, evidencing the context-dependency of N2O reductions and tradeoffs, several mitigation practices may maintain or increase crop production, representing relevant alternatives for policymaking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and safeguard food security.Plastic pollution in terrestrial environments is a global issue due to its adverse effects on soil health, with negative impacts on ecosystem services and food production. However, the enormous heterogeneity of both plastic and soil characteristics complicate the assessment of the impact and overall trends in plastic-induced changes in soil properties beyond experimental conditions. In this work, we have carried out a systematic and in-depth review of the existing literature on the impact of plastics on soil physical properties. To this end, we have quantified the effects of macro- (MaP, >5000 \uffce\uffbcm) and micro-plastics (MiP, <5000 \uffce\uffbcm) on soil bulk density, soil porosity, water-stable aggregates (WSAs), saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil moisture at field capacity (FC), based on four characteristics of plastics: polymer types, shapes and sizes of plastic particles, and plastic concentrations in soil. Results showed that MaPs and MiPs significantly modified the values of the analyzed soil physical properties compared to the control without plastic in over 50% of the experimental dataset, albeit with a large variability, from a reduction to an increase in values, depending on the specific experimental conditions and the soil physical property. Depending on the plastic concentration, soil bulk density and porosity decreased moderately (4%\uffe2\uff80\uff936%) with MiP and MaP. MiP reduced WSA by an average of 20%, ranging from a 40% decrease to a 20% increase depending on the shapes and concentration of MiP. Saturated hydraulic conductivity changed depending on the polymer types, shapes, and concentrations of MaP and MiP, varying from a 70% decrease to a 40% increase. Soil water content at FC varied depending on the soil texture, and concentration and sizes distribution of conventional MiP, decreasing from 10% to 65%. However, biodegradable plastic increased soil water content at FC. The few studies available provide evidence that not enough attention is being paid to soil physical properties influenced by plastic input. It is recommended to consider the wide range of characteristics of MaP and MiP and their effects on soil physical properties in future studies, for an advance understanding of the impact of MiP and MaP on soil health in the medium-long term under different environmental conditions.Increasing atmospheric CO2 stimulates photosynthesis which can increase net primary production (NPP), but at longer timescales may not necessarily increase plant biomass. Here we analyse the four decade-long CO2-enrichment experiments in woody ecosystems that measured total NPP and biomass. CO2 enrichment increased biomass increment by 1.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.26\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 over a full decade, a 29.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff8911.7% stimulation of biomass gain in these early-secondary-succession temperate ecosystems. This response is predictable by combining the CO2 response of NPP (0.16\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.03\uffe2\uff80\uff89kg\uffe2\uff80\uff89C\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff89y\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and the CO2-independent, linear slope between biomass increment and cumulative NPP (0.55\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.17). An ensemble of terrestrial ecosystem models fail to predict both terms correctly. Allocation to wood was a driver of across-site, and across-model, response variability and together with CO2-independence of biomass retention highlights the value of understanding drivers of wood allocation under ambient conditions to\uffc2\uffa0correctly interpret\uffc2\uffa0and predict CO2 responses.
", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "TREE MORTALITY", "550", "Climate", "Plant Biology", "Biochemistry", "01 natural sciences", "Trees", "atmospheric carbon dioxide", "ddc:550", "Biomass", "Photosynthesis", "Ecology", "Q", "FOREST PRODUCTIVITY", "Forestry", "Biological Sciences", "woody", "decadal biomass", "Wood", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "GROWTH", "ecosystems", "CARBON ALLOCATION", "570", "Science", "Biophysics", "333", "SWEETGUM PLANTATION", "Article", "03 medical and health sciences", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "forest ecology", "plant biomass", "Biochemistry", " Biophysics", " and Structural Biology", "Ecosystem", "photosynthesis", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "NITROGEN", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "and Structural Biology", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "ELEVATED CO2", "SOIL CARBON", "RESPONSES"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08348-1.pdf"}, {"href": "https://arrow.tudublin.ie/context/scschbioart/article/1214/viewcontent/nature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt5m5806sh/qt5m5806sh.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Communications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41467-019-08348-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-16", "title": "Increased control of vegetation on global terrestrial energy fluxes", "description": "Changes in vegetation structure are expected to influence the redistribution of heat and moisture; however, how variations in the leaf area index (LAI) affect this global energy partitioning is not yet quantified. Here, we estimate that a unit change in LAI leads to 3.66\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45 and \u22123.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.41\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 in latent (LE) and sensible (H) fluxes, respectively, over the 1982\u20132016 period. Analysis of an ensemble of data-driven products shows that these sensitivities increase by about 20% over the observational period, prominently in regions with a limited water supply, probably because of an increased transpiration/evaporation ratio. Global greening has caused a decrease in the Bowen ratio (B\u2009=\u2009H/LE) of \u22120.010\u2009\u00b1\u20090.002 per decade, which is attributable to the increased evaporative surface. Such a direct LAI effect on energy fluxes is largely modulated by plant functional types (PFTs) and background climate conditions. Land surface models (LSMs) misrepresent this vegetation control, possibly due to underestimation of the biophysical responses to changes in the water availability and poor representation of LAI dynamics. Changes in the leaf area index alter the distribution of heat and moisture. The change in energy partitioning related to leaf area, increasing latent and decreasing sensible fluxes over the observational period 1982\u20132016, is moderated by plant functional type and background climate.", "keywords": ["[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "550", "Atmosphere", "ddc:550", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "0207 environmental engineering", "Climate change", " greening", " energy partitioning", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0717-0.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Climate%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41558-020-0717-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-25", "title": "Smoothed millennial-scale palaeoclimatic reference data as unconventional comparison targets: Application to European loess records", "description": "AbstractMillennial-scale palaeoclimate variability has been documented in various terrestrial and marine palaeoclimate proxy records throughout the Northern Hemisphere for the last glacial cycle. Its clear expression and rapid shifts between different states of climate (Greenland Interstadials and Stadials) represents a correlation tool beyond the resolution of e.g. luminescence dating, especially relevant for terrestrial deposits. Usually, comparison of terrestrial proxy datasets and the Greenland ice cores indicates a complex expression of millennial-scale climate variability as recorded in terrestrial geoarchives including loess. Loess is the most widespread terrestrial geoarchive of the Quaternary and especially widespread over Eurasia. However, loess often records a smoothed representation of millennial-scale variability without all fidelity when compared to the Greenland data, this being a relevant limiting feature in integrating loess with other palaeoclimate records. To better understand the loess proxy-response to millennial-scale climate variability, we simulate a proxy signal smoothing by natural processes through application of low-pass filters of \uffce\uffb418O data from Greenland, a high-resolution palaeoclimate reference record, alongside speleothem isotope records from the Black Sea-Mediterranean region. We show that low-pass filters represent rather simple models for better constraining the expression of millennial-scale climate variability in low sedimentation environments, and in sediments where proxy-response signals are most likely affected by natural smoothing (by e.g. bioturbation). Interestingly, smoothed datasets from Greenland and the Black Sea-Mediterranean region are most similar in the last ~15 ka and between ~50\uffe2\uff80\uff9330 ka. Between ~30\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 ka, roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Maximum and the deglaciation, the records show dissimilarities, challenging the construction of robust correlative time-scales in this age range. From our analysis it becomes apparent that patterns of palaeoclimate signals in loess-palaeosol sequences often might be better explained by smoothed Greenland reference data than the original high-resolution Greenland dataset, or other reference data. This opens the possibility to better assess the temporal resolution and palaeoclimate potential of loess-palaeosol sequences in recording supra-regional climate patterns, as well as to securely integrate loess with other chronologically better-resolved palaeoclimate records.
", "keywords": ["[PHYS]Physics [physics]", "550", "ddc:550", "Stratigraphy", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "600", "Sedimentology", "15. Life on land", "Palaeoclimate", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "550 Geowissenschaften", "[PHYS] Physics [physics]", "13. Climate action", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/600", "Institut f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften", "[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-61528-8.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-020-61528-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-03-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/c7en01119a", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-07", "title": "Heteroaggregation of nanoplastic particles in the presence of inorganic colloids and natural organic matter", "description": "The presence and accumulation of micro- and nanoplastics in marine and fresh waters represent a huge environmental concern.
", "keywords": ["ddc:333.7-333.9", "2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/333.7-333.9", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "Fresh waters", "Alginate", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "ddc:550", "Fe2O3", "Heteroaggregation", "Nanoplastics", "Polystyrene", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/57826/1/Oriekhova.pdf"}, {"href": "https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/57826/2/Suppl.pdf"}, {"href": "http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2018/EN/C7EN01119A"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c7en01119a"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Science%3A%20Nano", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/c7en01119a", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/c7en01119a", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/c7en01119a"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1080/00380768.2017.1409602", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-01", "title": "Site-Specific Feasibility Of Alternate Wetting And Drying As A Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Option In Irrigated Rice Fields In Southeast Asia: A Synthesis", "description": "This study comprises a comprehensive assessment, integration, and synthesis of data gathered from a 3-year field experiment conducted at four sites in Southeast Asia, namely Hue, Vietnam; Jakenan, Indonesia; Prachin Buri, Thailand; and Mu\u00f1oz, Philippines, to assess the site-specific feasibility of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as a greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation option in irrigated rice fields. AWD effectively reduced water use compared to continuous flooding (CF) but did not significantly reduce rice grain yield and soil carbon content in all sites. Methane (CH4) emissions varied significantly among sites and seasons as affected by soil properties and water management. AWD reduced CH4 emissions relative to CF by 151 (25%), 166 (37%), 9 (31%), and 22 (32%) kg CH4 ha\u22121 season\u22121 in Hue, Jakenan, Prachin Buri, and Mu\u00f1oz, respectively. In Prachin Buri and Mu\u00f1oz, AWD reduced CH4 emissions only during the dry season. Site-specific CH4 emission factors (EFs) ranged 0.13\u20134.50 and 0.08\u20134.88 kg CH4 ha\u22121 d\u22121 under CF and AWD, respectively. The mean AWD scaling factors (SFs) was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.61\u20130.77), which is slightly higher than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)\u2019 SF for multiple aeration of 0.52 (error range: 0.41\u20130.66). Significant reductions in the global warming potential (GWP) of CH4+nitrous oxide (N2O) by AWD were observed in Hue and Jakenan (27.8 and 36.1%, respectively), where the contributions of N2O to the total GWP were only 0.8 and 3.5%, respectively. In Mu\u00f1oz, however, CH4 emission reduction through AWD was offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The results indicate that the IPCC\u2019s SF for multiple aeration may only be applied to irrigated rice fields where surface water level is controllable for a substantial period. This study underscores the importance of practical feasibility and appropriate timing of water management in successful GHG reductions by AWD.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "330", "550", "ddc:550", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2017.1409602"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Science%20and%20Plant%20Nutrition", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1080/00380768.2017.1409602", "name": "item", "description": "10.1080/00380768.2017.1409602", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1080/00380768.2017.1409602"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ejss.12231", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-08", "title": "Nitrogen Addition And Mowing Affect Microbial Nitrogen Transformations In A C4 Grassland In Northern China", "description": "SummaryMicrobial nitrogen (N) transformations play a key role in regulating N cycling in grassland ecosystems. However, there is still little information on how management of semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid grassland such as mowing and/or N fertilizer application affects microbial activity and N transformations. In a field experiment in northern China, N was added at a rate of 10 g N m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 as NH4NO3 to mown and unmown plots (4 \uffc3\uff97 4 m2) and in situ rates of net ammonification (Ramm), nitrification (Rnit) and mineralization (Rmin) were followed at monthly intervals for the vegetation growth periods in the years 2006\uffe2\uff80\uff932009. In addition, we also measured soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial respiration (MR) and peak above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass in August of each measurement year. Driven by the pronounced inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90annual variability of rainfall, all the properties investigated varied markedly across years. Nevertheless, we were able to demonstrate that over the 4 years N addition significantly stimulated Rnit, Rmin and MBN, on average, by 288, 149 and 11.6%, respectively. However, N addition decreased MBC significantly as well as the ratio of MBC:MBN by, on average, 10 and 23%, respectively, whereas an effect of N addition on MR could not be demonstrated. Mowing decreased MBN, MR and qCO2 significantly by 9, 28 and 24%, respectively, but no effects were found on microbial net N transformation rates and MBC. N addition and mowing interactively affected Ramm and Rmin, and MBN, MBC:MBN. In summary, our results indicate a positive effect of N addition but a negative effect of mowing on microbial N transformation in this C4 grassland in northern China.
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