{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/2016rg000543", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-23", "title": "A review of spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture", "description": "Abstract<p>Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used to estimate surface soil moisture. Numerous efforts have been devoted to develop global soil moisture products. However, these global soil moisture products, normally retrieved from microwave remote sensing data, are typically not suitable for regional hydrological and agricultural applications such as irrigation management and flood predictions, due to their coarse spatial resolution. Therefore, various downscaling methods have been proposed to improve the coarse resolution soil moisture products. The purpose of this paper is to review existing methods for downscaling satellite remotely sensed soil moisture. These methods are assessed and compared in terms of their advantages and limitations. This review also provides the accuracy level of these methods based on published validation studies. In the final part, problems and future trends associated with these methods are analyzed.</p>", "keywords": ["TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY", "550", "IN-SITU", "downscaling", "MODIS TOA RADIANCES", "AMSR-E", "15. Life on land", "551", "01 natural sciences", "LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE", "REMEDHUS NETWORK SPAIN", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "L-BAND RADIOMETER", "remote sensing", "EVAPORATIVE FRACTION", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil moisture", "SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS", "spatial resolution", "HIGH-RESOLUTION", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016RG000543"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2016rg000543"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Reviews%20of%20Geophysics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2016rg000543", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2016rg000543", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2016rg000543"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148466", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-12", "title": "Soil erosion assessment in the Blue Nile Basin driven by a novel RUSLE-GEE framework", "description": "Assessment of soil loss and understanding its major drivers are essential to implement targeted management interventions. We have proposed and developed a Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation framework fully implemented in the Google Earth Engine cloud platform (RUSLE-GEE) for high spatial resolution (90 m) soil erosion assessment. Using RUSLE-GEE, we analyzed the soil loss rate for different erosion levels, land cover types, and slopes in the Blue Nile Basin. The results showed that the mean soil loss rate is 39.73, 57.98, and 6.40 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> for the entire Blue Nile, Upper Blue Nile, and Lower Blue Nile Basins, respectively. Our results also indicated that soil protection measures should be implemented in approximately 27% of the Blue Nile Basin, as these areas face a moderate to high risk of erosion (&gt;10 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> ). In addition, downscaling the Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data from 25 km to 1 km spatial resolution significantly impacts rainfall erosivity and soil loss rate. In terms of soil erosion assessment, the study showed the rapid characterization of soil loss rates that could be used to prioritize erosion mitigation plans to support sustainable land resources and tackle land degradation in the Blue Nile Basin.", "keywords": ["Conservation of Natural Resources", "Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation", "0207 environmental engineering", "TRMM spatial downscaling", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Soil loss severity analysis", "Geographic Information Systems", "Cloud computing", "Google Earth Engine", "Environmental Monitoring", "Soil Erosion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148466"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148466", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148466", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148466"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:17:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-12-16", "title": "Assessing the impact of global climate changes on irrigated wheat yields and water requirements in a semi-arid environment of Morocco", "description": "Abstract<p>The present work aims to quantify the impact of climate change (CC) on the grain yields of irrigated cereals and their water requirements in the Tensift region of Morocco. The Med-CORDEX (MEDiterranean COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment) ensemble runs under scenarios RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) and RCP8.5 are first evaluated and disaggregated using the quantile-quantile approach. The impact of CC on the duration of the main wheat phenological stages based on the degree-day approach is then analyzed. The results show that the rise in air temperature causes a shortening of the development cycle of up to 50 days. The impacts of rising temperature and changes in precipitation on wheat yields are next evaluated, based on the AquaCrop model, both with and without taking into account the fertilizing effect of CO2. As expected, optimal wheat yields will decrease on the order of 7 to 30% if CO2 concentration rise is not considered. The fertilizing effect of CO2 can counterbalance yield losses, since optimal yields could increase by 7% and 13% respectively at mid-century for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Finally, water requirements are expected to decrease by 13 to 42%, mainly in response to the shortening of the cycle. This decrease is associated with a change in temporal patterns, with the requirement peak coming two months earlier than under current conditions.</p>", "keywords": ["Water resources", "Atmospheric sciences", "Agricultural Irrigation", "environment/Bioclimatology", "550", "Representative Concentration Pathways", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Arid", "Rain", "[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Climate Change and Variability Research", "Plant Science", "Precipitation", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Downscaling", "Climate change", "Quantile", "Triticum", "Climatology", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Geography", "Temperature", "Life Sciences", "Geology", "Morocco", "Phenology", "[SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", "Seeds", "Physical Sciences", "Metallurgy", "Desert Climate", "Impacts of Elevated CO2 and Ozone on Plant Physiology", "Climate Change", "0207 environmental engineering", "Yield (engineering)", "Climate model", "Article", "Environmental science", "FOS: Economics and business", "Meteorology", "FOS: Mathematics", "Econometrics", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[SDV.SA.AGRO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy", "Water", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "Materials science", "[SDV.EE.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment/Bioclimatology", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Crop Yield", "Mediterranean climate", "Mathematics", "Climate Modeling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-55251-2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-019-55251-2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-12-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/ejss.70132", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-06-14", "title": "An Open Framework for Downscaling Soil Carbon and Clay Maps Using Sensor Data: Five Case Studies Across Diverse European Landscapes", "description": "ABSTRACT                   <p>                     Sustainable soil management is recognised as a pivotal solution for addressing current and future global challenges, but existing global and national soil property maps often lack the fine\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale resolution required for local or intra\uffe2\uff80\uff90field assessments. Here, we aimed to develop an open access framework to downscale soil property maps using remote and proximal sensor data and test it for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay across different regions of Europe. To facilitate the dissemination of this framework, we developed the R package \uffe2\uff80\uff9c                     soilscaler                     \uffe2\uff80\uff9d, which contains integrated functions for producing downscaled soil maps. This approach uses coarse resolution maps as a baseline, incorporating sensor data and soil observations to train a model explaining local variation of soil properties. We tested the framework in Denmark, Northern Ireland, Lithuania, The Netherlands, and Turkey. For comparison, we also created high\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution maps using a conventional digital soil mapping (DSM) approach for each field independently. We found that the downscaling performance depends on the quality of the coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90resolution soil maps, the spatial variability of soil properties within a given field, and the range of inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90field variations in each country. Although the downscaling process showed lower performance than the conventional DSM approach, the results indicate that the downscaled maps better represent local variability than existing national and global soil maps. Additionally, we found that remote sensing sensors generally better represent the spatial distribution of SOC, while proximal soil sensors better capture clay contents. Future studies should focus on gathering more sensor data and correlating it with soil properties to improve predictions based solely on sensor data.                   </p", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "satellite", "downscaling", "fusion data", "soil management", "high-resolution maps"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ejss.70132"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.70132"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/ejss.70132", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/ejss.70132", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/ejss.70132"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1175/bams-d-21-0145.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:18:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-15", "title": "MSWX: Global 3-Hourly 0.1\u00b0 Bias-Corrected Meteorological Data Including Near-Real-Time Updates and Forecast Ensembles", "description": "Abstract <p>We present Multi-Source Weather (MSWX), a seamless global gridded near-surface meteorological product featuring a high 3-hourly 0.1\uffc2\uffb0 resolution, near-real-time updates (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc3-h latency), and bias-corrected medium-range (up to 10 days) and long-range (up to 7 months) forecast ensembles. The product includes 10 meteorological variables: precipitation, air temperature, daily minimum and maximum air temperature, surface pressure, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, and downward shortwave and longwave radiation. The historical part of the record starts 1 January 1979 and is based on ERA5 data bias corrected and downscaled using high-resolution reference climatologies. The data extension to within \uffe2\uff88\uffbc3 h of real time is based on analysis data from GDAS. The 30-member medium-range forecast ensemble is based on GEFS and updated daily. Finally, the 51-member long-range forecast ensemble is based on SEAS5 and updated monthly. The near-real-time and forecast data are statistically harmonized using running-mean and cumulative distribution function-matching approaches to obtain a seamless record covering 1 January 1979 to 7 months from now. MSWX presents new and unique opportunities for hydrological modeling, climate analysis, impact studies, and monitoring and forecasting of droughts, floods, and heatwaves (within the bounds of the caveats and limitations discussed herein). The product is available at www.gloh2o.org/mswx.</p>", "keywords": ["Climate services", "Reanalysis data", "Operational forecasting", "Climate records", "13. Climate action", "Downscaling", "01 natural sciences", "Data science", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/bams/103/3/BAMS-D-21-0145.1.xml"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-21-0145.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Bulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1175/bams-d-21-0145.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1175/bams-d-21-0145.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1175/bams-d-21-0145.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1659/mrd.00007", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:19:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-11", "title": "The Hydrology Of Tropical Andean Ecosystems: Importance, Knowledge Status, And Perspectives", "description": "Open AccessCet article met en \u00e9vidence la valeur \u00e9conomique et \u00e9cologique des syst\u00e8mes de ressources en eau de la r\u00e9gion foresti\u00e8re de p\u00e1ramo et de montagne de l'\u00c9quateur et donne une description, bas\u00e9e sur une enqu\u00eate de la litt\u00e9rature r\u00e9cente, des m\u00e9canismes contr\u00f4lant le processus de ruissellement des pr\u00e9cipitations et de la fa\u00e7on dont les changements dans l'utilisation des terres modifient la transformation. L'examen r\u00e9v\u00e8le que la compr\u00e9hension disponible est partielle, le r\u00e9sultat d'efforts de recherche individuels et isol\u00e9s, et est entrav\u00e9e par un manque d'ensembles de donn\u00e9es complets et coh\u00e9rents \u00e0 long terme. Les connaissances disponibles ne permettent pas encore d'augmenter ou de r\u00e9duire l'\u00e9chelle des r\u00e9sultats. L'article conclut en (1) citant certaines des principales lacunes qui entravent la compr\u00e9hension hydrologique des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes andins tropicaux et (2) proposant des recommandations pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer la compr\u00e9hension et l'\u00e9laboration de politiques et de mesures visant \u00e0 garantir un d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9cologiquement s\u00fbr et durable des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes aquatiques fragiles de la r\u00e9gion andine tropicale de l'\u00c9quateur.", "keywords": ["Resource (disambiguation)", "0207 environmental engineering", "Optimal Operation of Water Resources Systems", "Ocean Engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Environmental science", "Engineering", "Tropical forest", "Downscaling", "Climate change", "Hydro-Economic Models", "Environmental resource management", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Water Science and Technology", "Computer network", "Geography", "Ecology", "15. Life on land", "Computer science", "6. Clean water", "Hydrological Modeling and Water Resource Management", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Mountain%20Research%20and%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1659/mrd.00007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1659/mrd.00007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1659/mrd.00007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2987379657", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:24:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-07", "title": "Deriving Field Scale Soil Moisture from Satellite Observations and Ground Measurements in a Hilly Agricultural Region", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agricultural and hydrological applications could greatly benefit from soil moisture (SM) information at sub-field resolution and (sub-) daily revisit time. However, current operational satellite missions provide soil moisture information at either lower spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we downscale coarse resolution (25\u201336 km) satellite SM products with quasi-daily resolution to the field scale (30 m) using the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm. RF models are trained with remotely sensed SM and ancillary variables on soil texture, topography, and vegetation cover against SM measured in the field. The approach is developed and tested in an agricultural catchment equipped with a high-density network of low-cost SM sensors. Our results show a strong consistency between the downscaled and observed SM spatio-temporal patterns. We found that topography has higher predictive power for downscaling than soil texture, due to the hilly landscape of the study area. Furthermore, including a proxy of vegetation cover results in considerable improvements of the performance. Increasing the training set size leads to significant gain in the model skill and expanding the training set is likely to further enhance the accuracy. When only limited in-situ measurements are available as training data, increasing the number of sensor locations should be favored over expanding the duration of the measurements for improved downscaling performance. In this regard, we show the potential of low-cost sensors as a practical and cost-effective solution for gathering the necessary observations. Overall, our findings highlight the suitability of using ground measurements in conjunction with machine learning to derive high spatially resolved SM maps from coarse-scale satellite products.</p></article>", "keywords": ["advanced scatterometer (ascat)", "2. Zero hunger", "soil moisture; downscaling; advanced scatterometer (ASCAT); soil moisture active passive (SMAP); random forest; low-cost sensor", "soil moisture active passive (smap)", "Science", "Q", "downscaling", "soil moisture", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "random forest", "low-cost sensor", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/22/2596/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/22/2596/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2987379657"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2987379657", "name": "item", "description": "2987379657", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2987379657"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs11222596", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-07", "title": "Deriving Field Scale Soil Moisture from Satellite Observations and Ground Measurements in a Hilly Agricultural Region", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Agricultural and hydrological applications could greatly benefit from soil moisture (SM) information at sub-field resolution and (sub-) daily revisit time. However, current operational satellite missions provide soil moisture information at either lower spatial or temporal resolution. Here, we downscale coarse resolution (25\u201336 km) satellite SM products with quasi-daily resolution to the field scale (30 m) using the random forest (RF) machine learning algorithm. RF models are trained with remotely sensed SM and ancillary variables on soil texture, topography, and vegetation cover against SM measured in the field. The approach is developed and tested in an agricultural catchment equipped with a high-density network of low-cost SM sensors. Our results show a strong consistency between the downscaled and observed SM spatio-temporal patterns. We found that topography has higher predictive power for downscaling than soil texture, due to the hilly landscape of the study area. Furthermore, including a proxy of vegetation cover results in considerable improvements of the performance. Increasing the training set size leads to significant gain in the model skill and expanding the training set is likely to further enhance the accuracy. When only limited in-situ measurements are available as training data, increasing the number of sensor locations should be favored over expanding the duration of the measurements for improved downscaling performance. In this regard, we show the potential of low-cost sensors as a practical and cost-effective solution for gathering the necessary observations. Overall, our findings highlight the suitability of using ground measurements in conjunction with machine learning to derive high spatially resolved SM maps from coarse-scale satellite products.</p></article>", "keywords": ["advanced scatterometer (ascat)", "2. Zero hunger", "soil moisture; downscaling; advanced scatterometer (ASCAT); soil moisture active passive (SMAP); random forest; low-cost sensor", "soil moisture active passive (smap)", "Science", "Q", "downscaling", "soil moisture", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "random forest", "low-cost sensor", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/22/2596/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/22/2596/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11222596"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs11222596", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs11222596", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs11222596"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs12101671", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:20:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-05-25", "title": "Temporal Calibration of an Evaporation-Based Spatial Disaggregation Method of SMOS Soil Moisture Data", "description": "<p>The resolution of current satellite surface soil moisture (SM) estimates is very low, of tens of kilometers, which proves to be insufficient for various agricultural and hydrological applications. Amongst the existing downscaling approaches of remotely sensed SM, DISPATCH (DISaggregation based on a Physical And Theoretical scale CHange) improves the resolution of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) soil moisture data using soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) estimates at high resolution (HR) and a SEE(SM) model implemented at low resolution (LR). Defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation, SEE can be derived from the remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The current version of DISPATCH uses a linear SEE(SM) model. This study aims at improving the SEE(SM) model and testing different calibration strategies, to ultimately have more robust and better downscaled SM products. A nonlinear SEE(SM) model is introduced and its influence on the derived HR SM products is studied over a range of conditions. Each model, linear and nonlinear, is calibrated from remote sensing data on a daily and a multi-date basis. The approaches were tested over two mixed dry and irrigated areas in Catalonia, Spain, and over one dry area in Morocco. When using the linear model, better statistical results were generally obtained using a daily calibration (current version of DISPATCH), most notably over one Spanish site. However, the best results were systematically obtained for an annually calibrated nonlinear model, in terms of all metrics considered: correlation coefficient, slope of the linear regression, bias, unbiased root mean square error. In particular, when using the annually calibrated nonlinear SEE (SM) model, the temporal slope of the linear regression between disaggregated and in situ soil moisture increased to 1.16 and 0.75 for one Spanish site and for the Moroccan site (as opposed to 0.44 and 0.58, respectively, when using the linear model with a daily calibration). The temporal correlation coefficient increased to 0.47 and 0.54 over the Spanish sites (as opposed to 0.18 and 0.27, respectively, when using the linear model with a daily calibration). Those contrasted results indicate compensation effects between the model type and the calibration strategy. Taking into account studies that report the strong nonlinear behavior of the SEE with respect to SM, the introduction of the nonlinear SEE(SM) model in DISPATCH, combined with a multi-date calibration, is proven to perform significantly better under various conditions, leading to more robust disaggregated SM products. The SEE modeling based on the nonlinear SM model, with a multi-date calibration, could be integrated into the CATDS\uffe2\uff80\uff94Centre Aval de Traitement des Donn\uffc3\uffa9es SMOS as a future product, as well as into existing evapotranspiration models, which are based on a combination of thermal and microwave data.</p>", "keywords": ["550", "Science", "Evaporation", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "551", "01 natural sciences", "evaporation", "Disaggregation", "Downscaling", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Q", "downscaling", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "MODIS", "13. Climate action", "disaggregation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Soil moisture", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "soil moisture", "environment", "SMOS"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1671/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/10/1671/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101671"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs12101671", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs12101671", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs12101671"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14717728", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:22:05Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Submitted Manuscript - An open framework for downscaling soil maps using proximal and remote sensing data", "description": "This deliverable presents the main outputs of the SensRes project. Specifically, we developed an open-access framework (R package format) to downscale soil maps using remote and proximal sensor data and tested it for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) and clay across different regions of Europe.", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "EJP SOIL", "downscaling", "soil maps"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Carvalho Gomes, Lucas, M\u00f8ller, Anders, Koganti, Triven, Higgins, Suzanne, \u017dydelis, Renaldas, Volungevi\u010dius, Jonas, van Egmond, Fenny, Kavaliauskas, Ardas, Kramer, Henk, Teuling, Kees, \u00c7inkaya, \u0130smail, Greve, Mogens H,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14717728"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14717728", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14717728", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14717728"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-01-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14171926", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:21:57Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Final Report - SensRes project", "description": "The SensRes project (Sensor data for downscaling digital soil maps to higher resolutions). This project started on 1st February 2021 and had a duration of 36 months plus 6 months-extension. The overall context of this project is that soil maps for large areas often fail to account for local variation (field) in soil properties, due to their coarse resolutions. However, remote and proximal sensors can provide highly detailed soil information at a local level. Therefore, the main objectives were:  1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To develop a generic, tested methodological framework for downscaling digital soil maps using sensor data.  2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To test data from proximal sensors as well as spectral images from UAVs, satellites as well as data fusion as a means to downscale digital soil maps.  3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 To investigate the use of downscaled soil maps for practical applications.  In this report, we compiled the results from the different Working Packages and related deliverables. In general, we present the developed framework for downscaling soil maps, which was also published as an R package (https://github.com/anbm-dk/soilscaler/tree/main). Additionally, it highlights the main findings for producing high-resolution maps of soil organic carbon, clay, silt, and sand using individual sensors from satellites, UAVs, and proximal sources, as well as sensor data fusion in agricultural fields across Denmark, Lithuania, Northern Ireland, the Netherlands, and Turkey. Finally, the report assesses the potential for soil organic carbon sequestration at the field level using downscaled soil maps (soil organic carbon, clay, and silt).", "keywords": ["soil organic carbon", "EJP SOIL", "SensRes", "downscaling", "erosion", "carbon sequestration"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Carvalho Gomes, Lucas, M\u00f8ller, Anders, Koganti, Triven, Higgins, Suzanne, \u017dydelis, Renaldas, van Egmond, Fenny, \u00c7inkaya, \u0130smail, Greve, Mogens,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14171926"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14171926", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14171926", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14171926"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-11-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8528923", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:24:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-23", "title": "A review of spatial downscaling of satellite remotely sensed soil moisture", "description": "Abstract<p>Satellite remote sensing technology has been widely used to estimate surface soil moisture. Numerous efforts have been devoted to develop global soil moisture products. However, these global soil moisture products, normally retrieved from microwave remote sensing data, are typically not suitable for regional hydrological and agricultural applications such as irrigation management and flood predictions, due to their coarse spatial resolution. Therefore, various downscaling methods have been proposed to improve the coarse resolution soil moisture products. The purpose of this paper is to review existing methods for downscaling satellite remotely sensed soil moisture. These methods are assessed and compared in terms of their advantages and limitations. This review also provides the accuracy level of these methods based on published validation studies. In the final part, problems and future trends associated with these methods are analyzed.</p", "keywords": ["TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY", "550", "IN-SITU", "downscaling", "MODIS TOA RADIANCES", "AMSR-E", "15. Life on land", "551", "01 natural sciences", "LAND-SURFACE TEMPERATURE", "REMEDHUS NETWORK SPAIN", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "L-BAND RADIOMETER", "remote sensing", "EVAPORATIVE FRACTION", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil moisture", "SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS", "spatial resolution", "HIGH-RESOLUTION", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016RG000543"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8528923"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Reviews%20of%20Geophysics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8528923", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8528923", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8528923"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-04-18T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3172178299", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:25:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-12", "title": "Soil erosion assessment in the Blue Nile Basin driven by a novel RUSLE-GEE framework", "description": "Assessment of soil loss and understanding its major drivers are essential to implement targeted management interventions. We have proposed and developed a Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation framework fully implemented in the Google Earth Engine cloud platform (RUSLE-GEE) for high spatial resolution (90 m) soil erosion assessment. Using RUSLE-GEE, we analyzed the soil loss rate for different erosion levels, land cover types, and slopes in the Blue Nile Basin. The results showed that the mean soil loss rate is 39.73, 57.98, and 6.40 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> for the entire Blue Nile, Upper Blue Nile, and Lower Blue Nile Basins, respectively. Our results also indicated that soil protection measures should be implemented in approximately 27% of the Blue Nile Basin, as these areas face a moderate to high risk of erosion (&gt;10 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> ). In addition, downscaling the Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data from 25 km to 1 km spatial resolution significantly impacts rainfall erosivity and soil loss rate. In terms of soil erosion assessment, the study showed the rapid characterization of soil loss rates that could be used to prioritize erosion mitigation plans to support sustainable land resources and tackle land degradation in the Blue Nile Basin.", "keywords": ["Conservation of Natural Resources", "Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation", "0207 environmental engineering", "TRMM spatial downscaling", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Soil loss severity analysis", "Geographic Information Systems", "Cloud computing", "Google Earth Engine", "Environmental Monitoring", "Soil Erosion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3172178299"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3172178299", "name": "item", "description": "3172178299", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3172178299"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "34175609", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:25:24Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-06-12", "title": "Soil erosion assessment in the Blue Nile Basin driven by a novel RUSLE-GEE framework", "description": "Assessment of soil loss and understanding its major drivers are essential to implement targeted management interventions. We have proposed and developed a Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation framework fully implemented in the Google Earth Engine cloud platform (RUSLE-GEE) for high spatial resolution (90 m) soil erosion assessment. Using RUSLE-GEE, we analyzed the soil loss rate for different erosion levels, land cover types, and slopes in the Blue Nile Basin. The results showed that the mean soil loss rate is 39.73, 57.98, and 6.40 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> for the entire Blue Nile, Upper Blue Nile, and Lower Blue Nile Basins, respectively. Our results also indicated that soil protection measures should be implemented in approximately 27% of the Blue Nile Basin, as these areas face a moderate to high risk of erosion (&gt;10 t ha<sup>\u22121</sup> yr<sup>\u22121</sup> ). In addition, downscaling the Tropical RainfallMeasuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation data from 25 km to 1 km spatial resolution significantly impacts rainfall erosivity and soil loss rate. In terms of soil erosion assessment, the study showed the rapid characterization of soil loss rates that could be used to prioritize erosion mitigation plans to support sustainable land resources and tackle land degradation in the Blue Nile Basin.", "keywords": ["Conservation of Natural Resources", "Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation", "0207 environmental engineering", "TRMM spatial downscaling", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Soil loss severity analysis", "Geographic Information Systems", "Cloud computing", "Google Earth Engine", "Environmental Monitoring", "Soil Erosion"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/34175609"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "34175609", "name": "item", "description": "34175609", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/34175609"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=downscaling&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=downscaling&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=downscaling&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=downscaling&offset=14", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 14, "numberReturned": 14, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-25T15:11:02.648310Z"}