Global warming is accompanied by increasing water stress across much of our planet. We studied soil biological processes and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in 30 Hungarian oak forest sites in the Carpathian Basin along a climatic gradient (mean annual temperature (MAT) 9.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9312.1\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) 545\uffe2\uff80\uff93725\uffc2\uffa0mm) but on similar gently sloped hillsides where the parent materials are loess and weathered dust inputs dating from the end of the ice age. The purpose of this research was to understand how a drying climate, predicted for this region, might regulate long-term SOC sequestration. To examine the effects of decreasing water availability, we compared soil parameters and processes in three categories of forest that represented the moisture extremes along our gradient and that were defined using a broken-stick regression model. Soil biological activity was significantly lower in the driest (\uffe2\uff80\uff9cdry\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) forests, which had more than double the SOC concentration in the upper 30\uffc2\uffa0cm layer (3.28\uffc2\uffa0g C/100\uffc2\uffa0g soil\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.11 SE) compared to soils of the wettest (\uffe2\uff80\uff9chumid\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) forests (1.32\uffc2\uffa0g C/100\uffc2\uffa0g soil\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.09 SE), despite the fact that annual surface litter production in humid forests was\uffe2\uff80\uff89~\uffe2\uff80\uff8937% higher than in dry forests. A two-pool SOM model constrained to fit radiocarbon data indicates that turnover times for fast and slow pools are about half as long in the humid soil compared to the dry soil, and humid soils transfer C twice as efficiently from fast to slow pools. Enzyme activity and fungal biomass data also imply shorter turnover times associated with faster degradation processes in the soils of humid forests. Thermogravimetry studies suggest that more chemically recalcitrant compounds are accumulating in the soils of dry forests. Taken together, our results suggest that the predicted climate drying in this region might increase SOC storage in Central European mesic deciduous forests even as litter production decreases.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "SOM", " C sequestration", " Soil enzyme activity", " Radiocarbon", " Climosequence", " Decomposition", " Climate change", " Forest soil", " Soil biology", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Istvan Fekete, Imre Berki, Kate Lajtha, Susan Trumbore, Ornella Francioso, Paola Gioacchini, Daniela Montecchio, Gabor Varb\u0131ro \u0301, Aron Beni, Marianna Makadi, Ibolya Demeter, Balazs Madarasz, Katalin Juhos, Zsolt Kotroczo,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/795544/1/Fekete2021_Article_HowWillADrierClimateChangeCarb.pdf"}, {"href": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-020-00728-w.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-020-00728-w"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-020-00728-w", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-020-00728-w", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-020-00728-w"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:14:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-29", "title": "Responses Of Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities To Experimental Warming And Co2 Enrichment At The Alpine Treeline", "description": "Climate warming and elevated CO2 can modify nutrient cycling mediated by enzymes in soils, especially in cold-limited ecosystems with a low availability of nutrients and a high temperature sensitivity of decomposition and mineralization. We estimated responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) to 6\u00a0years of soil warming and 9\u00a0years of CO2 enrichment at an Alpine treeline site. EEAs were measured in the litter (L), fermentation (F) and humified (H) horizons under Larix decidua and Pinus uncinata trees. Soil warming indirectly affected EEAs through altered soil moisture, fine root biomass, and C:N ratio of the organic horizons. Warming increased \u03b2-glucosidase and \u03b2-xylosidase activities in the F horizon but led to reduced laccase activity in the L horizon, probably caused by drying of the litter horizon associated with the treatment. In the H horizon, previous CO2 enrichment altered the activity of leucine amino peptidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase. No interactive effects between warming and CO2 enrichment were detected. Warming affected the temperature sensitivity of \u03b2-xylosidase but not of the other enzymes. Altered EEAs after six years of soil warming indicate a sustained stimulation of carbon, nitrogen and nutrient cycling under climatic warming at the alpine treeline.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "High Temperature", "Nutrient Cycling", "Climate Change", "Larix Decidua", "Fine Root", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Alpine Environment", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Treeline", "Enzyme Activity", "10122 Institute of Geography", "Coniferous Tree", "Pinus Uncinata", "13. Climate action", "Fermentation", "1110 Plant Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Global Change", "Warming", "910 Geography & travel", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-017-3235-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:14:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-09-11", "title": "Biochemical Proxies Indicate Differences In Soil C Cycling Induced By Long-Term Tillage And Residue Management In A Tropical Agroecosystem", "description": "A potential benefit of conservation agriculture (CA) is soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual, yet recent studies indicate limited or no impact of CA on total SOC in tropical agroecosystems. We evaluated biochemical indicators of soil C cycling after 9\u00a0years (18 seasons) of contrasting tillage with and without maize residue retention in western Kenya. Potential activities of C-cycling enzymes (\u03b2-glucosidase, GLU; \u03b2-galactosidase, GAL; glucosaminidase, GLM; cellobiohydrolase, CEL), permanganate-oxidizable C (POXC), and soil organic matter (SOM) composition (by infrared spectroscopy) were measured. POXC tended to be greater under reduced tillage and residue retention, but did not significantly differ among treatments (\u2264 2% of SOC). Despite no significant differences in SOC concentrations or stocks, activities of all 4 C-cycling enzymes responded strongly to tillage, and to a lesser extent to residue management. Activities of GLU, GAL, and GLM were greatest under the combination of reduced tillage and residue retention relative to other treatments. Reduced tillage produced an enrichment in carboxyl C\u00a0=\u00a0O (+6%) and decreased polysaccharide C-O (\u22123.5%) relative to conventional tillage irrespective of residue management. Though enzyme activities and POXC are typically associated with SOC accrual, changes in soil C cycling at this site have not translated into significant differences in SOC after 9\u00a0years. Elevated enzyme activities may have offset potential SOC accumulation under CA. However, the ratio of C-cycling enzyme activities to SOC was higher under reduced tillage and residue retention relative to other treatments, indicating that stoichiometric scaling of SOC and enzyme activities does not explain absence of significant differences in SOC among tillage and residue managements. Potential factors that may explain the low SOC accrual rates in this tropical agroecosystem included the low, albeit realistic, levels of residue retention, nutrient limitations, and high temperatures favoring decomposition.", "keywords": ["glucosidase", "Conservation agriculture", "actividad enzim\u00e1tica", "residuos", "glucosidasa", "Tillage", "residue", "Enzyme activities", "2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Soil organic carbon", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Kenya", "agricultura de conservaci\u00f3n", "enzyme activity", "soil organic carbon", "conservation agriculture", "Residue", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "labranza", "Glucosidase", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt3217p4kt/qt3217p4kt.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-017-3401-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-09-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:15:13Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-10-29", "title": "Soil Properties, Crop Production And Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Organic And Inorganic Fertilizer-Based Arable Cropping Systems", "description": "Organic and conventional farming practices differ in the use of several management strategies, including use of catch crops, green manure, and fertilization, which may influence soil properties, greenhouse gas emissions and productivity of agroecosystems. An 11-yr-old field experiment on a sandy loam soil in Denmark was used to compare several crop rotations with respect to a range of physical, chemical and biological characteristics related to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) flows. Four organic rotations and an inorganic fertilizer-based system were selected to evaluate effects of fertilizer type, catch crops, of grass-clover used as green manure, and of animal manure application. Soil was sampled from winter wheat and spring barley plots on 19 September 2007, 14 April 2008 and 22 September 2008, i.e. before, during, and after the growth season. The soils were analyzed for multiple attributes: total soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, microbial biomass N (MBN), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and levels of potential ammonium oxidation (PAO) and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA). In situ measurements of soil heterotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration and nitrous oxide emissions were conducted in plots with winter wheat. In April 2008, prior to field operations, intact soil cores were collected at two depths (0\u20135 and 5\u201310 cm) in plots under winter wheat. Water retention characteristics of each core were determined and used to calculate relative gas diffusivity (DP/Do). Finally, crop growth was monitored and grain yields measured at harvest maturity. The different management strategies between 1997 and 2007 led to soil carbon inputs that were on average 18\u201368% and 32\u201391% higher in the organic than inorganic fertilizer-based rotations for the sampled winter wheat and spring barley crops, respectively. Nevertheless, SOC levels in 2008 were similar across systems. The cumulative soil respiration for the period February to August 2008 ranged between 2 and 3 t CO2\u2013C ha\u22121 and was correlated (r = 0.95) with average C inputs. In the organic cropping systems, pig slurry application and inclusion of catch crops generally increased soil respiration, PMN and PAO. At field capacity, relative gas diffusivity at 0\u20135 cm depth was >50% higher in the organic than the inorganic fertilizer-based system (P < 0.05). Crop yields in 2008 were generally lower in the low-input organic rotations than in the high-input inorganic fertilizer-based system; only spring barley in rotations with pig slurry application and incorporation of a catch crop prior to sowing obtained grain yields similar to levels achieved in the system where inorganic fertilizer was applied. These results suggest that within organic cropping systems, both microbial activity and crop yields could be enhanced through inclusion of catch crops. However, the timing of catch crop incorporation is critical.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "microbial biomass", "Nutrient turnover", "inorganic fertilizer", "15. Life on land", "potential ammonium oxidation", "Air and water emissions", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "denitrifier enzyme activity", "Soil biology", "/dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/Life", "13. Climate action", "potential mineralizable nitrogen", "catch drop", "gas diffusivity", "11. Sustainability", "Former LIFE faculty"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2010.10.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.013", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:15:38Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-27", "title": "Land Use Affects Soil Biochemical Properties In Mt. Kilimanjaro Region", "description": "\u00a9 2016 Elsevier B.V.Microbial parameters have been used to monitor changes in soil quality. Soils from four land use systems common in East Africa and present in the Mt. Kilimanjaro region: (1) montane forest, (2) savannah (3) maize fields and (4) Chagga homegardens were used in laboratory incubations to assess the effects of landuse changes on soil quality. Soil organic matter mineralization and the following microbial parameters: microbial biomass C, mineralization quotient, metabolic quotient and activities of four enzymes: \u03b2-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, phosphatase and chitinase were determined. Microbial biomass C content, \u03b2-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and chitinase activities were higher in natural systems compared to agricultural soils. High phosphatase activity observed in all land use types reflected strong phosphorus limitation in andic soils of the Mt. Kilimanjaro region. Chitinase activity in montane forest soils was 3 times higher than in Chagga homegardens. Mineralization quotient and cellobiohydrolase activity best exhibited the effect of land-use changes on soil quality in the Mt. Kilimanjaro region. Cellobiohydrolase activity was up to 3 times higher under natural ecosystems compared to agroecosystems. A high percentage of microbial biomass C content in total organic C and low metabolic quotient were observed in Chagga homegarden soils. Soil enzymes (especially cellobiohydrolase) best distinguished between natural and agricultural ecosystems, and are therefore useful for monitoring changes in soil quality. In conclusion, the measured microbial parameters clearly show that the microbial organisms in traditional Chagga homegardens system have high substrate use efficiency. This demonstrates that traditional agroforestry systems promotes soil fertility and are more suitable for agricultural production in the tropics compared to monocropping systems like maize plantations.", "keywords": ["Mineralization quotient", "2. Zero hunger", "Metabolic quotient", "Microbial biomass content", "13. Climate action", "Enzyme activity", "Agroforestry", "Chagga homegardens", "15. Life on land", "630"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.013"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/CATENA", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.013", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.013", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.013"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-03", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization Losses From Surface-Applied Urea With Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors", "description": "Abstract Urease inhibitor (UI) and nitrification inhibitor (NI) have the potential to improve N-use efficiency of applied urea and minimize N losses via gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere and nitrate ( NO 3 \u2212 ) leaching into surface and ground water bodies. There is a growing interest in the formulations of coating chemical fertilizers with both UI and NI. However, limited information is available on the combined use of UI and NI applied with urea fertilizer. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treating urea with both UI and NI to minimize NH3 volatilization. Two experiments were set up in volatilization chambers under controlled conditions to examine this process. In the first experiment, UR was treated with the urease inhibitor NBPT [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric acid triamide] at a rate of 1060\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 urea and/or with the nitrification inhibitor DCD (dicyandiamide) at rates equivalent to 5 or 10% of the urea N. A randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replicates was used: 1) UR, 2) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT, 3) UR\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%, 4) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 5%, and 5) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%. The fertilizer treatments were applied to the surface of an acidic Red Latosol soil moistened to 60% of the maximum water retention and placed inside volatilization chambers. Controls chambers were added to allow for NH3 volatilized from unfertilized soil or contained in the air that swept over the soil surface. The second experiment had an additional treatment with surface-applied DCD. The chambers were glass vessels (1.5\u00a0L) fit with air inlet and outlet tubings to allow air to pass over the soil. Ammonia volatilized was swept and carried to a flask containing a boric acid solution to trap the gas and then measured daily by titration with a standardized H2SO4 solution. Continuous measurements were recorded for 19 and 23 days for the first and second experiment, respectively. The soil samples were then analyzed for UR\u2013, NH 4 + \u2013 , and NO 3 \u2212 \u2013 N . Losses of NH3 by volatilization with unamended UR ranged from 28 to 37% of the applied N, with peak of losses observed the third day after fertilization. NBPT delayed the peak of NH3 losses due to urease inhibition and reduced NH3 volatilization between 54 and 78% when compared with untreated UR. Up to 10 days after the fertilizer application, NH3 losses had not been affected by DCD in the UR or the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments; thereafter, NH3 volatilization tended to decrease, but not when DCD was present. As a consequence, the addition of DCD caused a 5\u201316% increase in NH3 volatilization losses of the fertilizer N applied as UR from both the UR and the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments. Because the effectiveness of NBPT to inhibit soil urease activity was strong only in the first week, it could be concluded that DCD did not affect the action of NBPT but rather, enhanced volatilization losses by maintaining higher soil NH 4 + concentration and pH for a longer time. Depending on the combination of factors influencing NH3 volatilization, DCD could even offset the beneficial effect of NBPT in reducing NH3 volatilization losses.", "keywords": ["soil chemistry", "Urease inhibitors", "Surface treatment", "nutrient use efficiency", "Ammonia volatilization", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Ammonia", "Oxidation", "DCD", "Urea", "Urea fertilizers", "Fertilizers", "volatilization", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "soil surface", "coating", "fertilizer application", "Urease inhibitor", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrification inhibitor", "Nitrification", "Inorganic acids", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity", "inhibitor", "pH effects", "Metabolism", "NBPT", "Denitrification", "Leaching", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Experiments", "Stabilized fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-02-27", "title": "Soil Microbial Functional Capacity And Diversity In A Millet-Shrub Intercropping System Of Semi-Arid Senegal", "description": "Abstract A few species of shrubs grow with dryland row crops in farmers\u2019 fields throughout the Sahel and can significantly increase crop yield. The presence of shrub roots and litter inputs should have implications for soil nutrient pool sizes but there is limited information on the interactions of these shrubs with microbial communities involved in biogeochemical processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the microbial composition and functional capacity of soil from the rooting zone of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grown in the presence or absence of the shrub Piliostigma reticulatum in Senegal. Soil samples were collected from a long-term field study where millet was cultivated alone or intercropped with P.\u00a0reticulatum with annual incorporation of coppiced shrub residues. Higher nutrient contents and distinct differences in microbial communities (DGGE profiles) were found between soils from beneath the canopy compared to soil outside the influence of shrubs. The catabolic response profile (MicroResp\u2122) showed that the soil microbial community at both shrub and non-shrub sampling locations, metabolized a wide range of substrates. Trehalose that can work as a signaling molecule was more rapidly degraded in the rooting zone of millet growing in the presence of P.\u00a0reticulatum over millet\u00a0alone. Urease, arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase activities in the millet root zone soil were higher when intercropped with P.\u00a0reticulatum which indicates enhanced potential of biogeochemical processes to proceed in the presence of this shrub. It is concluded that the native shrub P.\u00a0reticulatum promotes a more diverse and active microbial community in the rooting zone of millet and further indicates greater potential to perform decomposition and mineralize nutrients.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "580", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "16S- and ITS-DGGE profiling", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "MicroResp\u2122", "15. Life on land", "Piliostigma reticulatum", "630", "6. Clean water", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "MicroResp (TM)", "16S-and ITS-DGGE profiling", "Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.", "Soil enzyme activity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Arid%20Environments", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.01.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.046", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-12-20", "title": "How Nitrogen And Sulphur Addition, And A Single Drought Event Affect Root Phosphatase Activity In Phalaris Arundinacea", "description": "Conservation and restoration of fens and fen meadows often aim to reduce soil nutrients, mainly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The biogeochemistry of P has received much attention as P-enrichment is expected to negatively impact on species diversity in wetlands. It is known that N, sulphur (S) and hydrological conditions affect the biogeochemistry of P, yet their interactive effects on P-dynamics are largely unknown. Additionally, in Europe, climate change has been predicted to lead to increases in summer drought. We performed a greenhouse experiment to elucidate the interactive effects of N, S and a single drought event on the P-availability for Phalaris arundinacea. Additionally, the response of plant phosphatase activity to these factors was measured over the two year experimental period. In contrast to results from earlier experiments, our treatments hardly affected soil P-availability. This may be explained by the higher pH in our soils, hampering the formation of Fe-P or Fe-Al complexes. Addition of S, however, decreased the plants N:P ratio, indicating an effect of S on the N:P stoichiometry and an effect on the plant's P-demand. Phosphatase activity increased significantly after addition of S, but was not affected by the addition of N or a single drought event. Root phosphatase activity was also positively related to plant tissue N and P concentrations, plant N and P uptake, and plant aboveground biomass, suggesting that the phosphatase enzyme influences P-biogeochemistry. Our results demonstrated that it is difficult to predict the effects of wetland restoration, since the involved mechanisms are not fully understood. Short-term and long-term effects on root phosphatase activity may differ considerably. Additionally, the addition of S can lead to unexpected effects on the biogeochemistry of P. Our results showed that natural resource managers should be careful when restoring degraded fens or preventing desiccation of fen ecosystems.", "keywords": ["summer", "0106 biological sciences", "plant tissue", "550", "Sulphate induced enzyme activity", "phosphorus limitation", "plant", "sulfate", "drought", "deposition", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "iron", "biogeochemistry", "Root-surface phosphatase", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Phalaris", "species richness", "phosphorus", "N:P stoichiometry", "manager", "Plant Proteins", "2. Zero hunger", "pH", "grasslands", "Phosphorus", "dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "wetland", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity", "stoichiometry", "Europe", "eutrophication", "climate change", "Nitrogen", "growth", "fresh-water wetlands", "phosphatase", "soil", "desiccation", "Stress", " Physiological", "N:P ratios", "greenhouse", "N:P rations", "Fertilizers", "580", "Phosphorus uptake", "ecosystem", "biomass", "species diversity", "carbon", "nutrient", "15. Life on land", "Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases", "enzyme", "fertilization", "13. Climate action", "Wetlands", "sulfur", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Sulfur"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.046"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.046", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.046", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.046"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2021GB007285", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-07", "title": "Differential Responses of Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities to Salinization: Implications for Soil Carbon Cycling in Tidal Wetlands", "description": "AbstractRising sea levels are expected to cause salinization in many historically low\uffe2\uff80\uff90salinity tidal wetlands. However, the response of soil extracellular enzyme activities to salinization in tidal wetlands and their links to soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to examine the effect of salinization on hydrolytic and oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities and their relationships with SOC storage in tidal wetlands. The results showed that salinization reduced hydrolytic carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities by 33% but increased oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities by 15%. Meanwhile, salinization decreased SOC storage by 14%, and the change in SOC storage was negatively associated with oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities. These results indicate an important role for oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzymes in SOC loss in tidal wetlands. Moreover, the effect of salinization on oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities logarithmically declined with increasing salinization, implying that SOC loss was highly sensitive to even minor increases in salinity at the initial stage of salinization. Given increasing salinization over time with rising sea levels in most global tidal wetlands, our results suggest that SOC loss might be greater during early than later stages. Consequently, salinization\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced SOC loss may be overstated in the long term if extrapolations are merely based on a constant SOC loss rate determined from short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies. Future modeling frameworks should account for this changing sensitivity of microbially mediated SOC loss with increasing salinization over time.Rising sea levels are expected to cause salinization in many historically low\uffe2\uff80\uff90salinity tidal wetlands. However, the response of soil extracellular enzyme activities to salinization in tidal wetlands and their links to soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis to examine the effect of salinization on hydrolytic and oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities and their relationships with SOC storage in tidal wetlands. The results showed that salinization reduced hydrolytic carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities by 33% but increased oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities by 15%. Meanwhile, salinization decreased SOC storage by 14%, and the change in SOC storage was negatively associated with oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities. These results indicate an important role for oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzymes in SOC loss in tidal wetlands. Moreover, the effect of salinization on oxidative carbon\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquiring enzyme activities logarithmically declined with increasing salinization, implying that SOC loss was highly sensitive to even minor increases in salinity at the initial stage of salinization. Given increasing salinization over time with rising sea levels in most global tidal wetlands, our results suggest that SOC loss might be greater during early than later stages. Consequently, salinization\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced SOC loss may be overstated in the long term if extrapolations are merely based on a constant SOC loss rate determined from short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term studies. Future modeling frameworks should account for this changing sensitivity of microbially mediated SOC loss with increasing salinization over time.Nitrogen deposition rates in southern California are the highest in North America and have had substantial effects on ecosystem functioning. We document changes in the belowground C cycle near ponderosa pine trees experiencing experimental nitrogen (N) addition (50 and 150 kg N ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921a\uffe2\uff88\uff921as slow release urea since 1997) at two end\uffe2\uff80\uff90member sites along a pollution gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Despite considerable differences in N deposition between the two sites, we observed parallel changes in microbial substrate use and soil enzyme activity with N addition. \uffce\uff9414C measurements indicate that the mean age of C respired by the Oa horizon declined 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9315 years with N addition at both sites. N addition caused an increase in cellulolytic enzyme activity at the polluted site and a decrease in ligninolytic enzyme activity at the unpolluted site. Given the likely differences in lignin and cellulose ages, this could explain the difference in the age of microbial respiration with N addition. Measurements of fractionated soil organic matter did not show the same magnitude of changes in response to N addition as were observed for respired C. This lesser response was likely because the soils are mostly composed of C having turnover times of decades to centuries, and 9 years of N amendment were not enough to affect this material. Consequently, \uffce\uff9414C of respired CO2provided a more sensitive indicator of the effects of N addition than other methods. Results suggest that enhanced N deposition alone may not result in increased soil C storage in xeric ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "belowground biomass", "North America", "San Bernardino", "Coniferophyta", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "deposition", "nitrogen", "California", "United States", "enzyme activity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nowinski, Nicole S, Trumbore, Susan E, Jimenez, Gloria, Fenn, Mark E,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt5rp5x2qk/qt5rp5x2qk.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jg000801"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2008jg000801", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2008jg000801", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2008jg000801"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2005-08-19", "title": "Soil Organic Matter And Litter Chemistry Response To Experimental N Deposition In Northern Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystems", "description": "AbstractThe effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on organic matter decomposition vary with the biochemical characteristics of plant litter. At the ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale, net effects are difficult to predict because various soil organic matter (SOM) fractions may respond differentially. We investigated the relationship between SOM chemistry and microbial activity in three northern deciduous forest ecosystems that have been subjected to experimental N addition for 2 years. Extractable dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DOC aromaticity, C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio, and functional group distribution, measured by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), were analyzed for litter and SOM. The largest biochemical changes were found in the sugar maple\uffe2\uff80\uff93basswood (SMBW) and black oak\uffe2\uff80\uff93white oak (BOWO) ecosystems. SMBW litter from the N addition treatment had less aromaticity, higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios, and lower saturated carbon, lower carbonyl carbon, and higher carboxylates than controls; BOWO litter showed opposite trends, except for carbonyl and carboxylate contents. Litter from the sugar maple\uffe2\uff80\uff93red oak (SMRO) ecosystem had a lower C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio, but no change in DOC aromaticity. For SOM, the C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio increased with N addition in SMBW and SMRO ecosystems, but decreased in BOWO; N addition did not affect the aromaticity of DOC extracted from mineral soil. All ecosystems showed increases in extractable DOC from both litter and soil in response to N treatment. The biochemical changes are consistent with the divergent microbial responses observed in these systems. Extracellular oxidative enzyme activity has declined in the BOWO and SMRO ecosystems while activity in the SMBW ecosystem, particularly in the litter horizon, has increased. In all systems, enzyme activities associated with the hydrolysis and oxidation of polysaccharides have increased. At the ecosystem scale, the biochemical characteristics of the dominant litter appear to modulate the effects of N deposition on organic matter dynamics.
", "keywords": ["Litter Chemistry", "Geology and Earth Sciences", "13. Climate action", "Soil Organic Matter", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitrogen Deposition", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Dissolved Organic Matter", "Extracellular Enzyme Activity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01001.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-07-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1051/agro/2009046", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:17:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-02-18", "title": "Soil And Vegetable Crop Response To Addition Of Different Levels Of Municipal Waste Compost Under Mediterranean Greenhouse Conditions", "description": "In the soil thematic strategy of the European Union Commission, a soil organic carbon content of 2% is indicated as a threshold below which a reduction in soil chemical, biological and physical fertility, and increase in erosion can be observed. Composting of organic matter 'exogenous' to soil (such as from municipalities, industries and agriculture sources) is recommended as an effective way to ensure the return of biomass to soil and the return of the soil organic matter losses. The composting of municipal solid wastes is seen as a strategy to divert organic waste materials from landfills. A municipal source-separated solid waste compost was used in a study carried out during 2003-2006 in Southern Italy. An annual tomato-snap bean-lettuce rotation was planted on a sandy loam soil with 26 g kg\u22121 organic carbon under greenhouse conditions. Different rates of compost (15-30-45 t ha\u22121 on a dry weight basis) and combinations of compost at a rate of 15 t ha\u22121 with reduced doses of mineral N fertilizer (1/2 or 1/4 of optimal supply) were compared with an untreated control and a N, P, K fertilized control. We found that: (1) increasing compost rates produced increasing positive soil organic carbon balances. The C conversion efficiency was 23 and 36% with 15 and 30 t ha\u22121, respectively, but declined to 28% with the highest rate of compost. Indeed, the higher the compost amounts applied, the higher the soil organic carbon losses. (2) Under tunnel-greenhouse conditions, all the fertilization strategies, except compost at a rate of 15 t ha\u22121, increased soil nitrate concentrations by up 100 to 400 mg kg\u22121 dry weight of soil, particularly in the spring-summer seasons. In the same period, nitrate contents in the untreated control reached 100 mg kg\u22121. (3) The average yield of marketable tomato for the four-year period was 114 t ha\u22121 and did not vary significantly among treatments. No differences in snap bean yields were detected among the fertilization treatments. In lettuce cultivation, however, 30 and 45 t ha\u22121 of compost yielded more than other treatments. In the tunnel-greenhouse environment, a high initial content of soil organic matter resulted in high vegetable yields over all four years, even without mineral or organic fertilizer supply. However, among the various fertilization strategies, the best solution able to restore annual soil carbon mineralization was the supply of 15 t ha\u22121 of compost. In addition, this rate reduced the hazards linked to the high release of nitrates in soil caused by 30 and 45 t ha\u22121 rates of compost or mineral fertilization.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Compost amendment - Soil C balance - Soil nitrates - Vegetable crops - Greenhouse - Soil enzyme activity", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "soil C balance", "compost amendment", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology", " environment", "soil enzyme activity", "13. Climate action", "greenhouse", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "vegetable crops", "soil nitrates", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009046"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agronomy%20for%20Sustainable%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1051/agro/2009046", "name": "item", "description": "10.1051/agro/2009046", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1051/agro/2009046"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2021.650155", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:20:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-04-06", "title": "Effects of Microplastic Fibers on Soil Aggregation and Enzyme Activities Are Organic Matter Dependent", "description": "Microplastic as an anthropogenic pollutant accumulates in terrestrial ecosystems over time, threatening soil quality and health, for example by decreasing aggregate stability. Organic matter addition is an efficient approach to promote aggregate stability, yet little is known about whether microplastic can reduce the beneficial effect of organic matter on aggregate stability. We investigated the impacts of microplastic fibers in the presence or absence of different organic materials by carrying out a soil incubation experiment. This experiment was set up as a fully factorial design containing all combinations of microplastic fibers (no microplastic fiber addition, two different types of polyester fibers, and polyacrylic) and organic matter (no organic matter addition, Medicago lupulina leaves, Plantago lanceolata leaves, wheat straw, and hemp stems). We evaluated the percentage of water-stable aggregates (WSA) and activities of four soil enzymes (\uffce\uffb2-glucosidase, \uffce\uffb2-D-celluliosidase, N-acetyl-b-glucosaminidase, phosphatase). Organic matter addition increased WSA and enzyme activities, as expected. In particular, Plantago or wheat straw addition increased WSA and enzyme activities by 224.77 or 281.65% and 298.51 or 55.45%, respectively. Microplastic fibers had no effect on WSA and enzyme activities in the soil without organic matter addition, but decreased WSA and enzyme activities by 26.20 or 37.57% and 23.85 or 26.11%, respectively, in the presence of Plantago or wheat straw. Our study shows that the effects of microplastic fibers on soil aggregation and enzyme activities are organic matter dependent. A possible reason is that Plantago and wheat straw addition stimulated soil aggregation to a greater degree, resulting in more newly formed aggregates containing microplastic, the incorporated microplastic fibers led to less stable aggregates, and decrease in enzyme activities This highlights an important aspect of the context dependency of microplastic effects in soil and on soil health. Our results also suggest risks for soil stability associated with organic matter additions, such as is common in agroecosystems, when microplastics are present.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "570", "soil health", "soil aggregate stability", "500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "enzyme activity", "Environmental sciences", "plastic pollution", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "GE1-350", "soil structure", "microplastic", "organic matter", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.650155"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2021.650155", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2021.650155", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2021.650155"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-04-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/1365-2435.14178", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-10", "title": "Nitrogen loading enhances phosphorus limitation in terrestrial ecosystems with implications for soil carbon cycling", "description": "Abstract
Increased human\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived nitrogen (N) loading in terrestrial ecosystems has caused widespread ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level phosphorus (P) limitation. In response, plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms adopt a series of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies to offset N loading\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced P limitation. Many of these strategies impose costs on carbon (C) allocation by plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms; however, it remains unclear how P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies affect soil C cycling. Herein, we review the literature on the effects of N loading on P limitation and outline a conceptual overview of how plant and microbial P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies may affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization and decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.
Excessive input of N significantly enhances plant biomass production, soil acidification, and produces plant litterfall with high N/P ratios, which can aggravate ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level P limitation.
Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N loading can cause plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms to alter their functional traits to increase P acquisition. Plants can release carboxylate exudates and phosphatases, modify root morphological traits, facilitate the formation of symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi and stimulate the abundance of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90mineralizing and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90solubilizing micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms. Releasing carboxylate exudates and phosphatases could accelerate SOC decomposition, whereas changing symbiotic associations and root morphological traits (e.g. an increase in fine root length) may contribute to higher SOC stabilization. Increased relative abundances of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90mineralizing and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90solubilizing bacteria can accelerate P mining and SOC decay, which may decrease microbial C use efficiency and subsequently lower SOC sequestration.
The trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs between different plant P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies under N loading should be among future research priorities due to their cascading impacts on soil C storage. Quantifying ecosystem thresholds for P adaption to increased N loading is important because P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies are effective when N loading is below the N threshold. Moreover, understanding the response of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies at different levels of native soil N availability could provide insight to divergent P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies across sites and ecosystems. Altogether, P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies should be explicitly considered in Earth System Models to generate more realistic predictions of the effects of N loading on soil C cycling.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.Biochar amendment is one of the most promising agricultural approaches to tackle climate change by enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration. Microbial\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated decomposition processes are fundamental for the fate and persistence of sequestered C in soil, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here, we synthesise 923 observations regarding the effects of biochar addition (over periods ranging from several weeks to several years) on soil C\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzyme activities from 130 articles across five continents worldwide. Our results showed that biochar addition increased soil ligninase activity targeting complex phenolic macromolecules by 7.1%, but suppressed cellulase activity degrading simpler polysaccharides by 8.3%. These shifts in enzyme activities explained the most variation of changes in soil C sequestration across a wide range of climatic, edaphic and experimental conditions, with biochar\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced shift in ligninase:cellulase ratio correlating negatively with soil C sequestration. Specifically, short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (<1\uffc2\uffa0year) biochar addition significantly reduced cellulase activity by 4.6% and enhanced soil organic C sequestration by 87.5%, whereas no significant responses were observed for ligninase activity and ligninase:cellulase ratio. However, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (\uffe2\uff89\uffa51\uffc2\uffa0year) biochar addition significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 5.2% and ligninase:cellulase ratio by 36.1%, leading to a smaller increase in soil organic C sequestration (25.1%). These results suggest that shifts in enzyme activities increased ligninase:cellulase ratio with time after biochar addition, limiting long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil C sequestration with biochar addition. Our work provides novel evidence to explain the diminished soil C sequestration with long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term biochar addition and suggests that earlier studies may have overestimated soil C sequestration with biochar addition by failing to consider the physiological acclimation of soil microorganisms over time.The effects of 4 years of simulated nitrogen deposition, as nitrate (NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92) and ammonium (NH4+), on microbial carbon turnover were studied in an ombrotrophic peatland. We investigated the mineralization of simple forms of carbon using MicroResp\uffe2\uff84\uffa2 measurements (a multiple substrate induced respiration technique) and the activities of four soil enzymes involved in the decomposition of more complex forms of carbon or in nutrient acquisition: N\uffe2\uff80\uff90acetyl\uffe2\uff80\uff90glucosaminidase (NAG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), acid phosphatase (AP), and phenol oxidase (PO). The potential mineralization of labile forms of carbon was significantly enhanced at the higher N additions, especially with NH4+ amendments, while potential enzyme activities involved in breakdown of more complex forms of carbon or nutrient acquisition decreased slightly (NAG and CBH) or remained unchanged (AP and PO) with N amendments. This study also showed the importance of distinguishing between NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 and NH4+ amendments, as their impact often differed. It is possible that the limited response on potential extracellular enzyme activity is due to other factors, such as limited exposure to the added N in the deeper soil or continued suboptimal functioning of the enzymes due to the low pH, possibly via the inhibitory effect of low phenol oxidase activity.
", "keywords": ["nitrogen deposition", "Whim bog", "substrate-induced respiration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "peatland", "Soil Biology", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "carbon turnover", "15. Life on land", "Environmental Sciences", "enzyme activity"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02082.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02082.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02082.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02082.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1654-109x.2005.tb00624.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:18:57Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-07-21", "title": "Effects Of Fire On Soil Respiration, Atp Content And Enzyme Activities In Mediterranean Maquis", "description": "AbstractQuestion: Do low or high intensity fires affect micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organism activity in the upper soil layer of Mediterranean maquis?
Location: 600 m from the sea in the Nature Reserve of Castel Volturno (Campania, southern Italy, 40\uffc2\uffb057\uffe2\uff80\uff99N; 13\uffc2\uffb055\uffe2\uff80\uff99E).
Methods: Soil respiration was measured in situ on intact soil; enzyme activity (cellulase, xylanase, invertase, trehalase and protease) and ATP content were measured on soil samples collected under three species of maquis vegetation: Phillyrea angustifolia L., Myrtus communis L. and Cistus incanus L.
Results: Soil microbial respiration showed no significant differences in CO2 flux in treated and untreated plots, but the ATP content in the soil under C. incanus and M. communis was lower in the treated plots for most of the study period. In the soil under Ph. angustifolia, ATP content was low only for one week after fire. The reduction was more marked in the samples from \uffe2\uff80\uff98high fire intensity\uffe2\uff80\uff99 than from \uffe2\uff80\uff98low fire intensity\uffe2\uff80\uff99 plots. Soil respiration and ATP content exhibited seasonal variations linked to soil water content. Among the enzyme activity measured in the soil under the three plant covers, only invertase declined in burned plots throughout the study period, particularly in the \uffe2\uff80\uff98high fire intensity\uffe2\uff80\uff99 plots. Activity of the enzymes cellulase, xylanase, trehalase and protease had a different sensitivity depending on the respective shrub cover.
Conclusions: Impact of fire on soil microbial activity is largely dependent on vegetation mosaic and species identity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Shrub maquis; Soil enzyme activity; Soil microbial biomass;", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2005.tb00624.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Applied%20Vegetation%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1654-109x.2005.tb00624.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1654-109x.2005.tb00624.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2005.tb00624.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2005-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.547d7wmbf", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:21:24Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Dataset for manuscript entitled: Switchgrass cropping systems affect soil carbon and nitrogen and microbial diversity and activity on marginal lands", "description": "unspecifiedSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum\u00a0L.),\u00a0as a dedicated bioenergy crop, can provide cellulosic feedstock for biofuel production while improving or maintaining soil quality. However, comprehensive evaluations of how switchgrass cultivation and nitrogen (N) management impact soil and plant parameters remain incomplete. We conducted\u00a0field trials in three years (2016\u20132018) at six locations in the North Central Great Lakes Region to evaluate the effects of cropping systems (switchgrass, restored prairie,\u00a0undisturbed control) and N rates (0, 56 kg N ha-1\u00a0yr-1) on biomass yield and soil physicochemical, microbial, and enzymatic parameters.\u00a0Switchgrass cropping system yielded an\u00a0aboveground biomass 2.9\u20133.3 times higher than\u00a0the other two systems (Jayawardena et al., In submission) but our study found that this biomass accumulation didn\u2019t reduce soil dissolved organic C (DOC), total dissolved N (TDN), or bacterial diversity. The annual aboveground biomass removal for bioenergy feedstock, however, reduced\u00a0soil\u00a0microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) and bacterial richness in the 2nd\u00a0and 3rd\u00a0years; despite this, continuous monocropping of switchgrass improved soil TDN, inorganic N, bacterial diversity, and shoot biomass in the 2nd\u00a0and/or 3rd\u00a0years when compared to the 1st\u00a0year. N fertilization increased aboveground biomass yield by 1.2 times and significantly increased soil TDN, MBN, and the shoot biomass of switchgrass when compared to the unfertilized control. Locations with higher C and N contents and lower C:N ratio had higher aboveground biomass, MBC, MBN, and the activity of BG, CBH, and UREA enzymes; by contrast, locations with higher pH had higher soil TDN and activity of NAG and LAP enzymes.\u00a0Our research demonstrates that switchgrass cultivation could improve or maintain soil N content and N fertilization can increase plant biomass yield. The comprehensive data also can inform future biogeochemical models to successfully implement switchgrass for bioenergy production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Switchgrass", "soil fertility", "FOS: Agricultural sciences", "Bioenergy", "Microbial richness and diversity", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "N fertilization", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Li, Xiufen, Petipas, Renee, Antoch, Amanda, Liu, Yuan, Stel, Holly, Bell-Dereske, Lukas, Smercina, Darian, Bekkering, Cody, Evans, Sarah, Tiemann, Lisa, Friesen, Maren,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.547d7wmbf"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.547d7wmbf", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.547d7wmbf", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.547d7wmbf"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2023.1141562", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-25T16:20:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-03-09", "title": "Shift of combined ecotoxicity index in petroleum polluted soils during a bacterial remediation", "description": "Introduction: Bioremediation has been shown to be an effective strategy for removing toxic pollutants from the environment, particularly organic chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons. This paper investigates the changes in toxicity of petroleum-contaminated soil as a result of microbial remediation processes.
Methods: Changes in the ecotoxicity of the contaminated soil were examined using a plant, earthworm, enzyme activity and luminescent bacteria toxicity tests.
Results: The results showed that bioremediation could effectively degrade petroleum hydrocarbon (C10\uffe2\uff80\uff93C40) pollutants. After 42\uffc2\uffa0days of remediation, the petroleum hydrocarbon (C10\uffe2\uff80\uff93C40) content of Group A (bioaugmented polluted wetland soil) decreased from 1.66\uffc2\uffa0g/kg to 1.00\uffc2\uffa0g/kg, and the degradation rate was 40.6%. The petroleum hydrocarbon (C10\uffe2\uff80\uff93C40) content of Group B (bioaugmented polluted farmland soil decreased from 4.00\uffc2\uffa0g/kg to 1.94\uffc2\uffa0g/kg, and the degradation rate was 51.6%. During the microbial remediation progress, the ecological toxicity of petroleum-contaminated soil first increased and then decreased. The photosynthetic pigment content index in the higher plant toxicity test, the earthworm survival index and the soil catalase activity all showed good agreement with the relative luminescence index of extracted DCM/DMSO in the luminescent bacterial toxicity test. The soil toxicity decreased significantly after remediation. Specifically, the photosynthetic pigment content of wheat were inhibited in the soil during the whole process (remediation for 42\uffc2\uffa0days), and decreased to the minimum on remediation day 21. The 7-day and 14-day survival rate of earthworms in Group A and Group B gradually decreased in the soil remediation process, and then gradually increased, survival rate at the end of remediation was higher than at the beginning. Soil catalase activity was significantly negatively correlated with petroleum hydrocarbon (C10\uffe2\uff80\uff93C40) content (\uffe2\uff88\uff920.988, \uffe2\uff88\uff920.989). The ecological toxicity of contaminated soil reached to the maximum on the 21st day of remediation, relative luminosity of luminescent bacteria in dichloromethane/dimethyl sulfoxide extracts from Group A and Group B were 26.3% and 16.3%, respectively.
Conclusion: Bioremediation could effectively degrade petroleum hydrocarbon (C10\uffe2\uff80\uff93C40) pollutants. Wheat photosynthetic pigment content, earthworm survival rate, soil catalase activity and relative luminescence of luminescent bacteria can better indicate the ecological toxicity of petroleum-contaminated soil in bioremediation process.Global warming is accompanied by increasing water stress across much of our planet. We studied soil biological processes and changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in 30 Hungarian oak forest sites in the Carpathian Basin along a climatic gradient (mean annual temperature (MAT) 9.6\uffe2\uff80\uff9312.1\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) 545\uffe2\uff80\uff93725\uffc2\uffa0mm) but on similar gently sloped hillsides where the parent materials are loess and weathered dust inputs dating from the end of the ice age. The purpose of this research was to understand how a drying climate, predicted for this region, might regulate long-term SOC sequestration. To examine the effects of decreasing water availability, we compared soil parameters and processes in three categories of forest that represented the moisture extremes along our gradient and that were defined using a broken-stick regression model. Soil biological activity was significantly lower in the driest (\uffe2\uff80\uff9cdry\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) forests, which had more than double the SOC concentration in the upper 30\uffc2\uffa0cm layer (3.28\uffc2\uffa0g C/100\uffc2\uffa0g soil\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.11 SE) compared to soils of the wettest (\uffe2\uff80\uff9chumid\uffe2\uff80\uff9d) forests (1.32\uffc2\uffa0g C/100\uffc2\uffa0g soil\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.09 SE), despite the fact that annual surface litter production in humid forests was\uffe2\uff80\uff89~\uffe2\uff80\uff8937% higher than in dry forests. A two-pool SOM model constrained to fit radiocarbon data indicates that turnover times for fast and slow pools are about half as long in the humid soil compared to the dry soil, and humid soils transfer C twice as efficiently from fast to slow pools. Enzyme activity and fungal biomass data also imply shorter turnover times associated with faster degradation processes in the soils of humid forests. Thermogravimetry studies suggest that more chemically recalcitrant compounds are accumulating in the soils of dry forests. Taken together, our results suggest that the predicted climate drying in this region might increase SOC storage in Central European mesic deciduous forests even as litter production decreases.
Increased human\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived nitrogen (N) loading in terrestrial ecosystems has caused widespread ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level phosphorus (P) limitation. In response, plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms adopt a series of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies to offset N loading\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced P limitation. Many of these strategies impose costs on carbon (C) allocation by plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms; however, it remains unclear how P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies affect soil C cycling. Herein, we review the literature on the effects of N loading on P limitation and outline a conceptual overview of how plant and microbial P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies may affect soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization and decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems.
Excessive input of N significantly enhances plant biomass production, soil acidification, and produces plant litterfall with high N/P ratios, which can aggravate ecosystem\uffe2\uff80\uff90level P limitation.
Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term N loading can cause plants and soil micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms to alter their functional traits to increase P acquisition. Plants can release carboxylate exudates and phosphatases, modify root morphological traits, facilitate the formation of symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi and stimulate the abundance of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90mineralizing and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90solubilizing micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90organisms. Releasing carboxylate exudates and phosphatases could accelerate SOC decomposition, whereas changing symbiotic associations and root morphological traits (e.g. an increase in fine root length) may contribute to higher SOC stabilization. Increased relative abundances of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90mineralizing and P\uffe2\uff80\uff90solubilizing bacteria can accelerate P mining and SOC decay, which may decrease microbial C use efficiency and subsequently lower SOC sequestration.
The trade\uffe2\uff80\uff90offs between different plant P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies under N loading should be among future research priorities due to their cascading impacts on soil C storage. Quantifying ecosystem thresholds for P adaption to increased N loading is important because P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies are effective when N loading is below the N threshold. Moreover, understanding the response of P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies at different levels of native soil N availability could provide insight to divergent P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies across sites and ecosystems. Altogether, P\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition strategies should be explicitly considered in Earth System Models to generate more realistic predictions of the effects of N loading on soil C cycling.
Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.Biochar amendment is one of the most promising agricultural approaches to tackle climate change by enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration. Microbial\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated decomposition processes are fundamental for the fate and persistence of sequestered C in soil, but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Here, we synthesise 923 observations regarding the effects of biochar addition (over periods ranging from several weeks to several years) on soil C\uffe2\uff80\uff90degrading enzyme activities from 130 articles across five continents worldwide. Our results showed that biochar addition increased soil ligninase activity targeting complex phenolic macromolecules by 7.1%, but suppressed cellulase activity degrading simpler polysaccharides by 8.3%. These shifts in enzyme activities explained the most variation of changes in soil C sequestration across a wide range of climatic, edaphic and experimental conditions, with biochar\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced shift in ligninase:cellulase ratio correlating negatively with soil C sequestration. Specifically, short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (<1\uffc2\uffa0year) biochar addition significantly reduced cellulase activity by 4.6% and enhanced soil organic C sequestration by 87.5%, whereas no significant responses were observed for ligninase activity and ligninase:cellulase ratio. However, long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (\uffe2\uff89\uffa51\uffc2\uffa0year) biochar addition significantly enhanced ligninase activity by 5.2% and ligninase:cellulase ratio by 36.1%, leading to a smaller increase in soil organic C sequestration (25.1%). These results suggest that shifts in enzyme activities increased ligninase:cellulase ratio with time after biochar addition, limiting long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil C sequestration with biochar addition. Our work provides novel evidence to explain the diminished soil C sequestration with long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term biochar addition and suggests that earlier studies may have overestimated soil C sequestration with biochar addition by failing to consider the physiological acclimation of soil microorganisms over time.