{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.3390/rs13173355", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-25", "title": "Reviewing the Potential of Sentinel-2 in Assessing the Drought", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>This paper systematically reviews the potential of the Sentinel-2 (A and B) in assessing drought. Research findings, including the IPCC reports, highlighted the increasing trend in drought over the decades and the need for a better understanding and assessment of this phenomenon. Continuous monitoring of the Earth\u2019s surface is an efficient method for predicting and identifying the early warnings of drought, which enables us to prepare and plan the mitigation procedures. Considering the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics, the freely available Sentinel-2 data products are a promising option in this area of research, compared to Landsat and MODIS. This paper evaluates the recent developments in this field induced by the launch of Sentinel-2, as well as the comparison with other existing data products. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 in assessing drought through vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface water including wetland, and land use and land cover analysis. Furthermore, this review also addresses and compares various data fusion methods and downscaling methods applied to Sentinel-2 for retrieving the major bio-geophysical variables used in the analysis of drought. Additionally, the limitations of Sentinel-2 in its direct applicability to drought studies are also evaluated.</p></article>", "keywords": ["land use and land cover analysis", "vegetation response", "Sentinel-2; drought; soil moisture; evapotranspiration; vegetation response; surface water and wetland analysis; land use and land cover analysis", "Science", "Q", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "drought", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "surface water and wetland analysis", "13. Climate action", "Sentinel-2; drought", "Sentinel-2", "soil moisture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3355/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173355"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs13173355", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs13173355", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs13173355"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/rs9121276", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-12-08", "title": "Irrigation Performance Assessment in Table Grape Using the Reflectance-Based Crop Coefficient", "description": "<p>In this paper, we present the results of our study on the operational application of the reflectance-based crop coefficient for assessing table grape irrigation requirements. The methodology was applied to provide irrigation advice and to assess the irrigation performance. The net irrigation water requirements (NIWR) simulated using the reflectance-based basal crop coefficient were provided to the farmer during the growing season and compared with the actual irrigation volumes applied. Two treatments were implemented in the field, increasing and reducing the irrigation doses by 25%, respectively, compared to the regular management. The experiment was carried out in a commercial orchard during three consecutive growing seasons in Northern Chile. The NIWR based on the model was approximately 900 mm per season for the orchard at tree maturity. The experimental results demonstrate that the regular irrigation applied covered only 76% of the NIWR for the whole season, and the analysis of monthly and weekly accumulated values indicates several periods of water shortage. The regular management system tended to underestimate the water requirements from October to January and overestimate the water requirements after harvest from February to April. The level of the deficit of water was quantified using such plant physiological parameters as stem water potential, vegetative development (coverage), and fruit productivity. The estimated NIWR was roughly covered in the treatment where the irrigation dose was increased, and the analyses of the crop production and fruit quality point to the relative advantage of this treatment. Finally, we conclude that the proposed approach allows the analysis of irrigation performance on the scale of commercial fields. These analytic capabilities are based on the well-demonstrated relationship of the crop evapotranspiration with the information provided by satellite images, and provide valuable information for irrigation management by identifying periods of water shortage and over-irrigation.</p>", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "NDVI", "Science", "Q", "evapotranspiration", "earth observation", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "crop water requirements", "plant water status", "crop coefficient", "table grape"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/12/1276/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121276"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/rs9121276", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/rs9121276", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/rs9121276"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3390/w11112245", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-28", "title": "Irrigation-Advisor\u2014A Decision Support System for Irrigation of Vegetable Crops", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Climate change will intensify water scarcity, and therefore irrigation must be adapted to save water. Operational tools that provide watering recommendations to end-users are needed. This work presents a new tool, Irrigation-Advisor (IA), which is based on weather forecasts and is able to separately determine soil evaporation and crop transpiration, and thus is adaptable to a broad range of agricultural situations. By calculating several statistical indicators, IA was tested against the FAO-56 crop evapotranspiration (ETcFAO) methodology using local crop coefficients. Additionally, IA recommendations were compared with current standard practices by experienced farmers (F). Six field experiments with four widely cultivated species (endive, lettuce, muskmelon and potato) were performed in Southeast Spain. Irrigation water applied, crop yield, aboveground biomass and water productivity were determined. Crop water needs underestimations (5%\u201320%) were detected when comparing IA against ETcFAO, although the index of agreement proved reasonable adjustments. The IA recommendations led to water savings up to 13% when compared to F, except for lettuce, with a 31% surplus in irrigation when using IA. Crop yield was not compromised and water productivity was increased by IA. Therefore, IA mimicked the farmers\u2032 irrigation strategies fairly well without deploying sensors on-site. Nevertheless, improvements are needed for increasing the accuracy of IA estimations.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Water-use efficiency", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "2508.02 Evaporaci\u00f3n", "evapotranspiration", "Modeling", "Water use efficiency", "modeling", "15. Life on land", "F06 Irrigation", "3103.02 Hibridaci\u00f3n de Cultivos", "01 natural sciences", "Modelling", "Ingenier\u00eda del Terreno", "6. Clean water", "Weather forecasting", "weather forecasts", "Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola", "2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafolog\u00eda)", "Weather forecasts", "13. Climate action", "soil water balance", "water-use efficiency", "Soil water balance"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2245/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552480/2/Water%202019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2245/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112245"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/w11112245", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/w11112245", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/w11112245"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4995/raet.2015.2310", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-06-26", "title": "Seguimiento de los flujos de calor sensible y calor latente en vid mediante la aplicaci\u00f3n del balance de energ\u00eda METRIC", "description": "<p><p>En este trabajo se presenta el seguimiento de los flujos de energ\uffc3\uffada en un cultivo de vid bajo riego, obtenidos\uffc2\uffa0a partir del modelo de balance de energ\uffc3\uffada METRIC (Allen et al., 2007b). Este modelo resulta operativo al utilizar un\uffc2\uffa0m\uffc3\uffa9todo de calibraci\uffc3\uffb3n interna definido a partir de la selecci\uffc3\uffb3n de p\uffc3\uffadxeles con valores extremos dentro de la escena. De\uffc2\uffa0esta manera se obtuvieron mapas de radiaci\uffc3\uffb3n neta (Rn), flujo de calor en suelo (G), calor sensible (H), calor latente\uffc2\uffa0(LE), evapotranspiraci\uffc3\uffb3n (ET) y coeficiente de cultivo (Kc). Estos valores fueron validados con registros obtenidos en el\uffc2\uffa0sitio, utilizando una torre de flujos turbulentos (covarianza de torbellinos). El RMSE fue 43 W m<sup>-2</sup>,33 W m<sup>-2</sup>, 55 W m<sup>-2</sup>\uffc2\uffa0y\uffc2\uffa040 W m<sup>-2</sup>\uffc2\uffa0en Rn, G, H y LE, los cuales en t\uffc3\uffa9rminos relativos representan un 8%, 29 %, 21% y 20% respectivamente. A\uffc2\uffa0escala diaria el RMSE para la ET fue de 0,58 mm d\uffc3\uffada<sup>-1</sup>, con un valor de Kc m\uffc3\uffa1ximo y estable de 0,42\uffc2\uffb10,08. Estos resultados\uffc2\uffa0permiten considerar que el m\uffc3\uffa9todo es adecuado y operativo para el seguimiento de la evapotranspiraci\uffc3\uffb3n y\uffc2\uffa0c\uffc3\uffa1lculo de las necesidades h\uffc3\uffaddricas del vi\uffc3\uffb1edo evaluado.</p></p>", "keywords": ["Coeficiente de cultivo", "Latent heat", "Geography (General)", "Evapotranspiration", "calor latente", "Calor latente", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Energy balance", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Vid", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "calor sensible", "13. Climate action", "Crop coefficient", "G1-922", "Balance de energ\u00eda", "coeficiente de cultivo", "Evapotranspiraci\u00f3n", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4995/raet.2015.2310"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20de%20Teledetecci%C3%B3n", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4995/raet.2015.2310", "name": "item", "description": "10.4995/raet.2015.2310", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4995/raet.2015.2310"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-06-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11769/552480", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-28", "title": "Irrigation-Advisor\u2014A Decision Support System for Irrigation of Vegetable Crops", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Climate change will intensify water scarcity, and therefore irrigation must be adapted to save water. Operational tools that provide watering recommendations to end-users are needed. This work presents a new tool, Irrigation-Advisor (IA), which is based on weather forecasts and is able to separately determine soil evaporation and crop transpiration, and thus is adaptable to a broad range of agricultural situations. By calculating several statistical indicators, IA was tested against the FAO-56 crop evapotranspiration (ETcFAO) methodology using local crop coefficients. Additionally, IA recommendations were compared with current standard practices by experienced farmers (F). Six field experiments with four widely cultivated species (endive, lettuce, muskmelon and potato) were performed in Southeast Spain. Irrigation water applied, crop yield, aboveground biomass and water productivity were determined. Crop water needs underestimations (5%\u201320%) were detected when comparing IA against ETcFAO, although the index of agreement proved reasonable adjustments. The IA recommendations led to water savings up to 13% when compared to F, except for lettuce, with a 31% surplus in irrigation when using IA. Crop yield was not compromised and water productivity was increased by IA. Therefore, IA mimicked the farmers\u2032 irrigation strategies fairly well without deploying sensors on-site. Nevertheless, improvements are needed for increasing the accuracy of IA estimations.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Water-use efficiency", "0106 biological sciences", "evapotranspiration", "F06 Irrigation", "01 natural sciences", "Modelling", "Weather forecasting", "weather forecasts", "water-use efficiency", "Soil water balance", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "2508.02 Evaporaci\u00f3n", "Modeling", "Water use efficiency", "modeling", "15. Life on land", "3103.02 Hibridaci\u00f3n de Cultivos", "Ingenier\u00eda del Terreno", "6. Clean water", "Edafolog\u00eda y Qu\u00edmica Agr\u00edcola", "2511 Ciencias del Suelo (Edafolog\u00eda)", "Weather forecasts", "13. Climate action", "soil water balance"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2245/pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552480/2/Water%202019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/11/2245/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11769/552480"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Water", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11769/552480", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11769/552480", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11769/552480"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11769/552482", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-06-16", "title": "METRIC-GIS: An advanced energy balance model for computing crop evapotranspiration in a GIS environment", "description": "Open AccessA novel ArcGIS toolbox that applies the Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration model was developed and tested in a semi-arid environment. The tool, named METRIC-GIS, facilitates the pre-processing operations and the automatic identification of potential calibration and pixels review. The energy balance components obtained from METRIC-GIS were contrasted with those from the original METRIC version (R2 = 1; RMSE = 0 W m\u22122 or mm day\u22121 for ETc) Additionally, an irrigated scheme located at southern Spain was considered for assessing Kc variability in the maize fields with METRIC-GIS. The identified spatial variability was mainly due to differences in irrigation regimes, crop management practices, and planting and harvesting dates. This information is critical for developing irrigation advisory strategies that contribute to the area sustainability. The developed tool facilitates data input introduction and reduces computational time by up to 50%, providing a more user-friendly alternative to other existing platforms that use METRIC.", "keywords": ["550", "satellite", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "630", "Modelling", "Water requirements", "modelling", "remote sensing", "Natural Resources and Conservation", "crop coefficient", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "Natural Resources Management and Policy", "Crop coefficients", "water requirements", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Satellite", "Crop coefficient", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Other Environmental Sciences", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unict.it/bitstream/20.500.11769/552482/2/Environmental%20modelling%20and%20software%202020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11769/552482"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Modelling%20%26amp%3B%20Software", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11769/552482", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11769/552482", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11769/552482"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-12", "title": "Potential evaporation at eddy-covariance sites across the globe", "description": "<p>Abstract. Potential evaporation (Ep) is a crucial variable for hydrological forecast and in drought monitoring systems. However, multiple interpretations of Ep exist, and these reflect a diverse range of methods to calculate Ep. As such, a comparison of the performance of these methods against field observations in different global ecosystems is badly needed. In this study, we used eddy-covariance measurements from 107 sites of the FLUXNET2015 database, covering 11 different biomes, to parameterize and compare the main Ep methods and uncover their relative performance. For each site, we extracted the days for which ecosystems are unstressed based on both an energy balance approach and on a soil water content approach. The evaporation measurements during these days were used as reference to validate the different methods to estimate Ep. Our results indicate that a simple radiation-driven method calibrated per biome consistently performed best, with a mean correlation of 0.93, an unbiased RMSE of 0.56\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm\uffe2\uff80\uff89day\uffe2\uff88\uff921, and a bias of \uffe2\uff88\uff920.02\uffe2\uff80\uff89mm\uffe2\uff80\uff89day\uffe2\uff88\uff921 against in situ measurements of unstressed evaporation. A Priestley and Taylor method, calibrated per biome, performed just slightly worse, yet substantially and consistently better than more complex Penman, Penman-Monteith-based or temperature-based approaches. We show that the poor performance of Penman-Monteith based approaches relates largely to the fact that the unstressed stomatal conductance was assumed constant. Further analysis showed that the biome-specific parameters required for the simple radiation-driven methods are relatively constant per biome. This makes this simple radiation-driven method calibrated per biome a robust method that can be incorporated into models for improving our understanding of the impact of global warming on future global water use and demand, drought severity and ecosystem productivity.                         </p>", "keywords": ["Technology", "HYDROLOGICAL MODELS", "T", "15. Life on land", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "SURFACE-ENERGY BALANCE", "G", "Environmental sciences", "PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR EQUATION", "REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIP", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "REFERENCE CROP", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "PART 1", "WATER", "GE1-350", "RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL", "PENMAN-MONTEITH", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/23/925/2019/hess-23-925-2019.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-925-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-23-925-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-23-925-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-02-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-09", "title": "Evaluating the land-surface energy partitioning in ERA5", "description": "<p>Abstract. Climate reanalyses provide a plethora of global atmospheric and surface parameters in a consistent manner over multi-decadal timescales. Hence, they are widely used in many fields, and an in-depth evaluation of the different variables provided by reanalyses is a necessary means to provide feedback on the quality to their users and the operational centres producing these data sets, and to help guide their development. Recently, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) released the new state-of-the-art climate reanalysis ERA5, following up on its popular predecessor ERA-Interim. Different sets of variables from ERA5 were already evaluated in a handful of studies, but so far, the quality of land-surface energy partitioning has not been assessed. Here, we evaluate the surface energy partitioning over land in ERA5 and concentrate on the appraisal of the surface latent heat flux, surface sensible heat flux, and Bowen ratio against different reference data sets and using different modelling tools. Most of our analyses point towards a better quality of surface energy partitioning in ERA5 than in ERA-Interim, which may be attributed to a better representation of land-surface processes in ERA5 and certainly to the better quality of near-surface meteorological variables. One of the key shortcomings of the reanalyses identified in our study is the overestimation of the surface latent heat flux over land, which \uffe2\uff80\uff93 although substantially lower than in ERA-Interim \uffe2\uff80\uff93 still remains in ERA5. Overall, our results indicate the high quality of the surface turbulent fluxes from ERA5 and the general improvement upon ERA-Interim, thereby endorsing the efforts of ECMWF to improve their climate reanalysis and to provide useful data to many scientific and operational fields.                     </p>", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION", "REANALYSIS DATA", "Geology", "MOISTURE", "01 natural sciences", "PRODUCTS", "EVAPORATION", "CLIMATE", "MODEL", "CARBON-DIOXIDE", "SOIL HEAT-FLUX", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "WATER", "14. Life underwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-09-09T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-24-1781-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-23", "title": "An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data", "description": "<p>Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is very useful for estimating the land evapotranspiration (ET) at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient for constraining simultaneously both soil and vegetation flux components in such a way that assumptions (on either the soil or the vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, a new energy balance model (TSEB-SM) was recently developed in Ait Hssaine et al. (2018a) to integrate the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc). Whereas, TSEB-SM has been recently tested using in-situ measurements, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of TSEB-SM in real-life using 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89km resolution MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) LST and fc data and the 1\uffe2\uff80\uff89km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations by using DisPATCh. The approach is applied during a four-year period (2014\uffe2\uff80\uff932018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco, during a four-year period (2014\uffe2\uff80\uff932018). The field was seeded for the 2014\uffe2\uff80\uff932015 (S1), 2016\uffe2\uff80\uff932017 (S2) and 2017\uffe2\uff80\uff932018 (S3) agricultural season, while it was not ploughed (remained as bare soil) during the 2015\uffe2\uff80\uff932016 (B1) agricultural season. The mean retrieved values of (arss, brss) calculated for the entire study period using satellite data are (7.32, 4.58). The daily calibrated \uffce\uffb1PT ranges between 0 and 1.38 for both S1 and S2. Its temporal variability is mainly attributed to the rainfall distribution along the agricultural season. For S3, the daily retrieved \uffce\uffb1PT remains at a mostly constant value (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc\uffe2\uff80\uff890.7) throughout the study period, because of the lack of clear sky disaggregated SM and LST observations during this season. Compared to eddy covariance measurements, TSEB driven only by LST and fc data significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181\uffe2\uff80\uff89W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively. In contrast, these errors are much reduced when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data) with the mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62\uffe2\uff80\uff89W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively.                         </p>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Soil Moisture", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "02 engineering and technology", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Pathology", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Soil Water Retention", "Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "environment", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Latent heat", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Land cover", "Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "Energy balance", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Environmental science", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "G", "Meteorology", "Civil engineering", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Satellite", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "FOS: Civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/1781/2020/hess-24-1781-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1781-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-24-1781-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-24-1781-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-24-1781-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-27", "title": "Evapotranspiration partition using the multiple energy balance version of the ISBA-A-gs land surface model over two irrigated crops in a semi-arid Mediterranean region (Marrakech, Morocco)", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. The main objective of this work is to question the representation of the energy budget in soil\u2013vegetation\u2013atmosphere transfer\u00a0(SVAT) models for the prediction of the turbulent fluxes in the case of irrigated crops with a complex structure (row) and under strong transient hydric regimes due to irrigation. To this end, the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere\u00a0(ISBA-A-gs) is evaluated at a complex open olive orchard and, for the purposes of comparison, on a winter wheat field taken as an example of a homogeneous canopy. The initial version of ISBA-A-gs, based on a composite energy budget (hereafter ISBA-1P for one\u00a0patch), is compared to the new multiple energy balance\u00a0(MEB) version of ISBA that represents a double source arising from the vegetation located above the soil layer. In addition, a patch representation corresponding to two adjacent, uncoupled source schemes (hereafter ISBA-2P for two\u00a0patches) is also considered for the olive orchard. Continuous observations of evapotranspiration\u00a0(ET), with an eddy covariance system and plant transpiration\u00a0(Tr) with sap flow and isotopic methods were used to evaluate the three representations. A preliminary sensitivity analyses showed a strong sensitivity to the parameters related to turbulence in the canopy introduced in the new ISBA\u2013MEB version. For wheat, the ability of the single- and dual-source configuration to reproduce the composite soil\u2013vegetation heat fluxes was very similar; the root mean square error (RMSE) differences between ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB did not exceed 10\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 for the latent heat flux. These results showed that a composite energy balance in homogeneous covers is sufficient to reproduce the total convective fluxes. The two configurations are also fairly close to the isotopic observations of transpiration in spite of a light underestimation (overestimation) of ISBA-1P\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB). At the olive orchard, contrasting results are obtained. The dual-source configurations, including both the uncoupled\u00a0(ISBA-2P) and the coupled\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB) representations, outperformed the single-source version\u00a0(ISBA-1P), with slightly better results for ISBA\u2013MEB in predicting both total heat fluxes and evapotranspiration partition. Concerning plant transpiration in particular, the coupled approach ISBA\u2013MEB provides better results than ISBA-1P and, to a lesser extent, ISBA-2P with RMSEs of\u00a01.60, 0.90, and 0.70\u2009mm\u2009d\u22121 and R2\u00a0of\u00a00.43, 0.69, and\u00a00.70\u00a0for ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB, respectively. In addition, it is shown that the acceptable predictions of composite convective fluxes by ISBA-2P for the olive orchard are obtained for the wrong reasons as neither of the two patches is in agreement with the observations because of a bad spatial distribution of the roots and a lack of incoming radiation screening for the bare soil patch. This work shows that composite convection fluxes predicted by the SURFace EXternalis\u00e9e (SURFEX) platform and the partition of evapotranspiration in a highly transient regime due to irrigation is improved for moderately open tree canopies by the new coupled dual-source ISBA\u2013MEB model. It also points out the need for further local-scale evaluations on different crops of various geometry (more open rainfed agriculture or a denser, intensive olive orchard) to provide adequate parameterisation to global database, such as ECOCLIMAP-II, in the view of a global application of the ISBA\u2013MEB model.                     </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric Science", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Energy balance", "Eddy covariance", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "G", "Meteorology", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "GE1-350", "Biology", "TD1-1066", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Evapotranspiration", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "Causes and Impacts of Climate Change Over Millennia", "Physics", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "Earth and Planetary Sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Global Drought Monitoring and Assessment", "Leaf area index", "Thermodynamics", "Global Vegetation Models"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-24-3789-2020"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/hess-2019-105", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-23", "title": "An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is very useful for estimating the land evapotranspiration (ET) at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient for constraining simultaneously both soil and vegetation flux components in such a way that assumptions (on either the soil or the vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, a new energy balance model (TSEB-SM) was recently developed in Ait Hssaine et al. (2018a) to integrate the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc). Whereas, TSEB-SM has been recently tested using in-situ measurements, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of TSEB-SM in real-life using 1\u2009km resolution MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) LST and fc data and the 1\u2009km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations by using DisPATCh. The approach is applied during a four-year period (2014\u20132018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco, during a four-year period (2014\u20132018). The field was seeded for the 2014\u20132015 (S1), 2016\u20132017 (S2) and 2017\u20132018 (S3) agricultural season, while it was not ploughed (remained as bare soil) during the 2015\u20132016 (B1) agricultural season. The mean retrieved values of (arss, brss) calculated for the entire study period using satellite data are (7.32, 4.58). The daily calibrated \u03b1PT ranges between 0 and 1.38 for both S1 and S2. Its temporal variability is mainly attributed to the rainfall distribution along the agricultural season. For S3, the daily retrieved \u03b1PT remains at a mostly constant value (\u223c\u20090.7) throughout the study period, because of the lack of clear sky disaggregated SM and LST observations during this season. Compared to eddy covariance measurements, TSEB driven only by LST and fc data significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively. In contrast, these errors are much reduced when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data) with the mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively.                         </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Soil Moisture", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "02 engineering and technology", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Pathology", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Soil Water Retention", "Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "environment", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Latent heat", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Land cover", "Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "Energy balance", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Environmental science", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "G", "Meteorology", "Civil engineering", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Satellite", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "FOS: Civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/1781/2020/hess-24-1781-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2019-105"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/hess-2019-105", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/hess-2019-105", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/hess-2019-105"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-9-2019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:21:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-29", "title": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION/TRANSPIRATION RETRIEVAL USING DUAL-SOURCE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE MODELS INTEGRATING VIS/NIR/TIR DATA WITH SATELLITE SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE INFORMATION", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Evapotranspiration is an important component of the water cycle. For the agronomic management and ecosystem health monitoring, it is also important to provide an estimate of evapotranspiration components, i.e. transpiration and soil evaporation. To do so, Thermal InfraRed data can be used with dual-source surface energy balance models, because they solve separate energy budgets for the soil and the vegetation. But those models rely on specific assumptions on raw levels of plant water stress to get both components (evaporation and transpiration) out of a single source of information, namely the surface temperature. Additional information from remote sensing data are thus required. This works evaluates the ability of the SPARSE dual-source energy balance model to compute not only total evapotranspiration, but also water stress and transpiration/evaporation components, using either the sole surface temperature as a remote sensing driver, or a combination of surface temperature and soil moisture level derived from microwave data. Flux data at an experimental plot in semi-arid Morocco is used to assess this potentiality and shows the increased robustness of both the total evapotranspiration and partitioning retrieval performances. This work is realized within the frame of the Phase A activities for the TRISHNA CNES/ISRO Thermal Infra-Red satellite mission.                     </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Environmental Engineering", "550", "Ecosystem Resilience", "Soil Moisture", "Evaporation", "Energy balance", "Biochemistry", "Environmental science", "Transpiration", "Meteorology", "Artificial Intelligence", "Soil water", "Thermal Infrared", "Applied optics. Photonics", "Machine Learning Methods for Solar Radiation Forecasting", "Photosynthesis", "TRISHNA", "Water balance", "Biology", "Soil science", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "6. Clean water", "TA1501-1820", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Chemistry", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Computer Science", "TA1-2040", "Water cycle"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-9-2019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Archives%20of%20the%20Photogrammetry%2C%20Remote%20Sensing%20and%20Spatial%20Information%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-9-2019", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-9-2019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-9-2019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2809041101", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Estimating the water budget components of irrigated crops: Combining the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient with surface temperature and vegetation index data", "description": "Abstract   The FAO-56 dual crop coefficient (FAO-2Kc) model has been extensively used at the field scale to estimate the crop water requirements by means of the simulated evapotranspiration (ET) and its two components evaporation (E) and transpiration (T). Given that the main limitation of FAO-2Kc for operational irrigation management over large areas is the unavailability (over most irrigated areas) of irrigation data, this study investigates the feasibility 1) to constrain the FAO-2Kc ET from LST and VI data, 2) to retrieve irrigation amounts and dates from LST and VI data and 3) to estimate the root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) at the daily scale. In practice, the vegetation and soil temperatures retrieved from LST/VI data are used to estimate the FAO-2Kc vegetation stress coefficient (Ks) and soil evaporation reduction coefficient (Kr), respectively. The modeling and remote sensing combined approach is tested over a wheat crop field in central Morocco, and results are evaluated in terms of ET, irrigation and RZSM estimates. ET is estimated with a RMSE of 0.68\u202fmm day-1 compared to 0.84\u202fmm day-1 for the standard (without using LST data) FAO-2Kc based on tabulated values for the parameters. The total irrigation depth (67\u202fmm) is correctly estimated and is very close to the actual effective irrigation (69.8\u202fmm) applied by the farmer. Daily RZSM is estimated with an R2 value of 0.68 (0.42) and a RMSE value of 0.034 (0.061) m3 m-3 by forcing FAO-2Kc using the retrieved irrigation (from LST-derived estimates and precipitation only). Since spaceborne LST data are currently not available at both high-spatial and high-temporal resolution, a sensitivity analysis is finally undertaken to assess the potential and applicability of the proposed methodology to temporally-sparse thermal data.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Root-zone soil moisture", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Root-Zone Soil Moisture", "Surface Temperature", "[INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "[INFO.INFO-MO] Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "Irrigation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2809041101"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2809041101", "name": "item", "description": "2809041101", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2809041101"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.13739246", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:22:19Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Carbon and Water Balances in a Watermelon Crop Mulched with Biodegradable Films in Mediterranean Conditions at Extended Growth Season Scale", "description": "Abstract  The uploaded data are relative to the investigation around (i) the carbon source/sink nature and, further, (ii) the water and carbon balances, of a drip-irrigated and mulched watermelon. The crop was cultivated under the semi-arid climate of the Apulia region, in south Italy.  The used mulching films were biodegradable as indicate by the producer; plants and some non-standard fruits were left on the soil as green manure after harvesting, thus, the experiment spanned from planting to the subsequent crop (6 months of continuous measurement from June to November 2023).   The results detailed in the original publication indicate that mulching films contribute to carbon sequestration in the soil (+19.3 gC m\u22122). However, this mulched watermelon represents a net carbon source, with a net biome exchange, as loss from ecosystems, equal to +230 gC m\u22122. This is primarily due to the substantial amount of carbon exported through marketable fruits. Fixed water scheduling led to water waste through deep percolation (approximately 1/6 of the water supplied), which also contributed to the loss of organic carbon via leaching (\u22124.3 gC m\u22122).   \u00a0  Methods  Site and crop  The field site was at the CREA-AA Research Unit experimental farm located in southern Italy (Rutigliano\u2013Bari, 41 01\u2019 N, 17\u00b001\u2019 E, altitude 147 m a.s.l.)., characterized by a Mediterranean semi-arid climate (average annual rainfall of 535 mm). The soil is classified as Lithic Rhodoxeralf, with a clay texture, stable structure, shallow profile (0.6\u20131.1 m) and rapid drainage due to an underlying cracked limestone subsoil. The SOC content averages around 12.0 g kg\u22121. The field capacity and the permanent wilting point volumetric water contents are 0.36 and 0.21 m3 m\u22123, respectively; with a bulk density of 1.15 Mg m\u22123, the available soil water ranges from 80 to 140 mm.  The studied watermelon crop (seedless var. Lion king), followed a broccoli cabbage crop harvested in April and partially incorporated (0.81 kg m\u22122 of fresh biomass in a soil layer depth of 0.30 m, corresponding to 0.69 kgH2O m\u22122) as green manure on 25 May 2023. Main tillage at medium depth ploughing (0.30 m) and seedbed preparation were performed between 25 and 30 May 2023; the biodegradable film mulch (model PC 100 d8, BASF, Italy, 1 m width) was applied on 1 June 2023. On the same day, driplines (2.1 Lh\u22121 emitters, 0.60 m apart) and the main organic fertilization (Orga-Kem 6.11.8 + 11CaO, 300 kg ha\u22121) were also applied. The watermelon plants were transplanted on 9 June at a spacing of 2.70 m between rows and 1 m between plants, covering an area of about 4.0 ha, with a density of approximately 3200 plants ha\u22121. Every 6 rows, the inter-row distance was 5 m to facilitate machinery passage. The first irrigation was performed the day before planting. Crop management adhered to the usual treatments in the area including mechanical weed removal every 4 weeks, irrigation around three times per week to maintain optimal soil water conditions and monthly fertigation (ammonium sulphate 50 kg ha\u22121, magnesium nitrate 30 kg ha\u22121, calcium nitrate 60 kg ha\u22121, mycorrhizae 20 kg ha\u22121). The scalar harvest of marketable fruits occurred between 28 and 31 August 2023. After harvesting, on 25 September 2023, the fresh plant residues (0.6 kg m\u22122 of fresh biomass, corresponding to 0.49 kgH2O m\u22122), unharvested fruits (4.0 kg m\u22122 of fresh material, corresponding to 3.7 kgH2O m\u22122) and the mulching film were chopped by a tractor shredder and ploughed in two steps, on 2 and 13 October 2023, to a soil depth of 0.30 m. Measurements concluded at the end of November 2023, when tillage for the new winter crop commenced.  \u00a0  Measurements of H2O and CO2 fluxes; partitioning in evaporation, transpiration, photosynthesis and respiration  The eddy covariance technique was employed to monitor water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. The equipment comprised a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (uSonic 3 Scientific, Metek GmbH, 25337 Elmshorn, Germany) and a fast response open-path infrared gas analyzer (LI-7500, Li-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The three wind components, sonic temperature and atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and H2O were continuously measured at 1.5 m above the crop canopy, with the sensor height adjusted to follow crop growth, reaching a maximum of 1.75 m.   Data were recorded at a frequency of 10 Hz on a dedicated computer using the MeteoFlux software (Servizi Territorio, S.n.c., Cinisello Balsamo, Italy) and were stored on an hourly scale. Post-processing and computation of hourly fluxes of H2O (mmol m\u22122 s\u22121) and CO2 (\u03bcmol m\u22122 s\u22121) were conducted using EddyPro software, v7.0.9 (http://www.licor.com/eddypro), applying 60 min block averaging, double coordinate rotation, the statistical test, the maximum cross-covariance method, and the WPL density correction.  H2O and CO2 fluxes were partitioned into transpiration, evaporation, photosynthesis and respiration, respectively, using the flux variance similarity method. This method utilizes the Monin\u2013Obukhov similarity theory to separate stomatal (photosynthesis, Fp, and transpiration, Ft) from non-stomatal (respiration, Fr, and evaporation, Fe) processes (Palatella et al., 2014). the H2O and CO2 EC fluxes were partitioned using an adaptation of the code in Phyton provided by (Skaggs et al., 2018) and downloaded from \u00a0https://github.com/usda-arsussl/fluxpart (V0.2.10).", "keywords": ["CO2 fluxes", "phosynthesis", "evapotranspiration", "watermelon", "eddy covariance", "trans\u00e8piration", "respiration", "evaporation"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Rana, Gianfranco, Ferrara, Rossana Monica,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13739246"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.13739246", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.13739246", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.13739246"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-09-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:22:25Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Pedotransfer Functions Versus Model Structure: What Drives Variance in Agro-Hydrological Model Results?", "description": "Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are widely used empirical relationships to estimate soil hydraulic parameters. PTFs are usually derived from point soil samples analysed in the field or laboratory; thus, they contain uncertainties at different levels (i.e., from sampling and measuring techniques, as well as empirical approaches chosen to quantify relationships). When PTFs are used to parametrize agro-hydrological models, both the choice of PTF and the choice of the model may influence the simulation results. Both sources of variance (PTF choice and model structural differences) were found to be relevant in previous studies, but how they relate to each other has rarely been investigated. In this study, we addressed this research gap by conducting a systematic analysis of the variance in selected agro-hydrological model outputs (i.e., seepage water, soil water content, actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, biomass production) based on an ensemble of 18 PTFs applied to four agro-hydrological models, namely: APEX, CANDY, DAISY and SWAP. The models were calibrated for aboveground biomass and phenology of silage maize and evaluated using data of actual evapotranspiration, seepage water and soil water content obtained from a lysimeter facility in Switzerland. ANOVA-based variance partitioning was applied to attribute variance in model outputs to two uncertainty sources (PTF choice, model choice). Overall, we found that agro-hydrological model structural differences had a larger influence on the variance in model outputs than PTF differences. Further analyses undertaken per model showed that the sensitivity of the simulated outputs to the choice of PTF differed between the models; our results showed that the models integrating the Richards equation (SWAP, DAISY) were more sensitive to the choice of PTF than those using a reservoir cascade approach (APEX, CANDY). Our results also showed that simulated outputs using the mean of a PTF ensemble performed better than when using a single PTF, irrespective of the model and output variable. We therefore recommend using PTF ensembles in agro-hydrological modelling studies. The benefit of using large PTF ensembles is, however, likely to be reduced in larger ensembles of agro-hydrological models, as structural model uncertainties will dominate over PTF uncertainties, according to the four-member model ensemble investigated here.", "keywords": ["CANDY", "seepage", "DAISY", "model ensemble", "lysimeter", "SWAP", "evapotranspiration", "soil water", "APEX", "yield"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Turek, Maria Eliza, Pullens, Johannes, Meuer, Katharina, Moura-Lima, Edberto, Bano Mehdi-Schulz, Bano, Holzk\u00e4mper, Annelie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14002493"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14002493", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14002493"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/278602", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:24:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-05-17", "title": "Effects of tillage systems on soil water distribution, crop development, and evaporation and transpiration rates of soybean", "description": "Open AccessTillage practices are known to affect soil water retention, plant available water and, consequently, crop production. Impacts can be determined by assessing soil hydraulic properties and crop characteristics. In this study, three tillage practices were investigated with respect to vertical soil water distribution and development of soybean. A specific focus was set on determining evaporation and transpiration as fractions of evapotranspiration to obtain additional information on water availability and crop water use. The agricultural practices included conventional tillage, reduced tillage (no plow), and no-tillage. The study site was a long-term field experiment under rainfed conditions. The investigations covered a vegetation period of soybean. The measurements comprised weather and soil water monitoring using sensors and manual monitoring of crop development. Evapotranspiration and its components were determined using scintillometer measurements and an isotope-based water balance technique. In the researched vegetation period with limited water availability, the conservative tillage practices showed better water storage, water use, and crop yields compared to the conventional practice. The weekly evaporation and transpiration rates progressed according to the respective canopy development. Thus, delayed plant development of the no-till practice led to extended green cover and productive water use during the late season, where a large part of the precipitation has fallen. The tillage-induced differences of soil hydraulic properties had a substantial impact on soil water distribution, but a comparatively small impact on the soil surface wetness and thus directly on the evaporation rate. The tillage-induced impacts on soil cover by plant residues, however, showed the substantial reduction effect of plant residue cover on evaporation losses. Hence, assessment of evaporation and transpiration rates contributes to the understanding of differences in water productivity and promotes the efficient use of the available water resources.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Tillage", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil water management", "Isotope fractionation", "Scintillometry", "Water use"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Liebhard, Gunther, Klik, Andreas, Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W., Nolz, Reinhard,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/278602"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/278602", "name": "item", "description": "10261/278602", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/278602"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.5509889", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:23:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-08-24", "title": "Reviewing the Potential of Sentinel-2 in Assessing the Drought", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>This paper systematically reviews the potential of the Sentinel-2 (A and B) in assessing drought. Research findings, including the IPCC reports, highlighted the increasing trend in drought over the decades and the need for a better understanding and assessment of this phenomenon. Continuous monitoring of the Earth\u2019s surface is an efficient method for predicting and identifying the early warnings of drought, which enables us to prepare and plan the mitigation procedures. Considering the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics, the freely available Sentinel-2 data products are a promising option in this area of research, compared to Landsat and MODIS. This paper evaluates the recent developments in this field induced by the launch of Sentinel-2, as well as the comparison with other existing data products. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 in assessing drought through vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface water including wetland, and land use and land cover analysis. Furthermore, this review also addresses and compares various data fusion methods and downscaling methods applied to Sentinel-2 for retrieving the major bio-geophysical variables used in the analysis of drought. Additionally, the limitations of Sentinel-2 in its direct applicability to drought studies are also evaluated.</p></article>", "keywords": ["land use and land cover analysis", "vegetation response", "Sentinel-2; drought; soil moisture; evapotranspiration; vegetation response; surface water and wetland analysis; land use and land cover analysis", "Science", "Q", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "drought", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "surface water and wetland analysis", "13. Climate action", "Sentinel-2; drought", "Sentinel-2", "soil moisture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/17/3355/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5509889"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Remote%20Sensing", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.5509889", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.5509889", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.5509889"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8147623", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:23:34Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "EJPSOIL CarboSeq agrometeorological datasets", "description": "Open AccessAbstract  The gridded dataset includes the monthly time series of\u00a0the precipitation, temperature and reference evapotranspiration variables derived from AgERA5 daily and AgERA5_ET0 monthly data, with a spatial resolution of 10 kilometers, covering the area interested by the project, for the period\u00a01979-2022.  Data is provided as .tif files with their corresponding .rts files (SpatRasterTS object in R).  Attached content  The following ZIP archives containing the spatial raster time series are provided:    ag5_2m_temperature_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip  ag5_precipitation_flux_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip  ag5_et0_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip   In addition a document with a short description of data processing is provided.", "keywords": ["http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/standard_name/precipitation_amount/", "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/standard_name/air_temperature/", "evapotranspiration", "15. Life on land", "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-retention-3/allen-et-al-1998", "climate", "AgERA5", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8147623"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8147623", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8147623", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8147623"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.8399180", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:23:37Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "EJPSOIL CarboSeq agrometeorological datasets", "description": "Open AccessAbstract  The gridded dataset includes the monthly time series of\u00a0the precipitation, temperature and reference evapotranspiration variables derived from AgERA5 daily and AgERA5_ET0 monthly data, with a spatial resolution of 10 kilometers, covering the area interested by the project, for the period\u00a01979-2022.  Data is provided as .tif files with their corresponding .rts files (SpatRasterTS object in R).  Attached content  The following ZIP archives containing the spatial raster time series are provided:    ag5_2m_temperature_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip  ag5_precipitation_flux_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip  ag5_et0_rts_monthly_19792022_EPSG3035.zip   In addition a document with a short description of data processing is provided.", "keywords": ["http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/standard_name/precipitation_amount/", "http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/standard_name/air_temperature/", "evapotranspiration", "15. Life on land", "https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-retention-3/allen-et-al-1998", "climate", "AgERA5", "agriculture"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8399180"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.8399180", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.8399180", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.8399180"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10261/278606", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:24:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-07-29", "title": "Evaluating soil evaporation and transpiration responses to alternate partial rootzone drying to minimise water losses", "description": "Abstract                 Purpose                 <p>Partial rootzone drying (PRD) typically alternates the dry and irrigated parts of the rootzone, but how plant physiology and soil evaporation respond to this alternation are poorly understood.</p>                                Methods                 <p>Dwarf tomatoes were grown in small split pots comprising two 250\uffc2\uffa0cm3 compartments and fully irrigated (WW: 100% ETc) or subjected to three deficit irrigation treatments (75% ETc): homogeneous rootzone drying (HRD; irrigation evenly distributed); fixed PRD (PRD-F, irrigation applied to one fixed compartment); alternated PRD (PRD-A: as PRD-F but alternating the irrigated compartment every three days). Stem diameter and evapotranspiration were monitored during alternation cycles. The day after alternating the irrigated side of the root system, whole-plant gas exchange and leaf water potential were measured following step increments of vapour pressure deficit.</p>                                Results                 <p>Alternation did not affect stem diameter contractions or evapotranspiration, which were lower in HRD than in the two PRD treatments. However, soil evaporation was higher in HRD and PRD-A after alternation than in PRD-F. Following alternation, higher soil evaporation was counteracted by decreased transpiration compared with fixed PRD, despite similar overall soil water content. VPD increments did not change this pattern.</p>                                Conclusion                 <p>Irrigation placement determined soil moisture distribution, which in turn affected soil evaporation and whole plant gas exchange. Optimising the frequency of PRD alternation to maximise water savings while ensuring productive water use needs to consider how soil moisture distribution affects both soil evaporation and plant water use.</p>", "keywords": ["580", "Irrigation efficiency", "2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Evapotranspiration", "Stem diameter variations", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Plant water status", "Deficit irrigation"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/174395/1/Pu_rtolas_final_manuscript_1_.pdf"}, {"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11104-022-05594-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10261/278606"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/278606", "name": "item", "description": "10261/278606", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/278606"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-07-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.60692/g4rcv-eqz54", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:24:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-23", "title": "An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is very useful for estimating the land evapotranspiration (ET) at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient for constraining simultaneously both soil and vegetation flux components in such a way that assumptions (on either the soil or the vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, a new energy balance model (TSEB-SM) was recently developed in Ait Hssaine et al. (2018a) to integrate the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc). Whereas, TSEB-SM has been recently tested using in-situ measurements, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of TSEB-SM in real-life using 1\u2009km resolution MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) LST and fc data and the 1\u2009km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations by using DisPATCh. The approach is applied during a four-year period (2014\u20132018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco, during a four-year period (2014\u20132018). The field was seeded for the 2014\u20132015 (S1), 2016\u20132017 (S2) and 2017\u20132018 (S3) agricultural season, while it was not ploughed (remained as bare soil) during the 2015\u20132016 (B1) agricultural season. The mean retrieved values of (arss, brss) calculated for the entire study period using satellite data are (7.32, 4.58). The daily calibrated \u03b1PT ranges between 0 and 1.38 for both S1 and S2. Its temporal variability is mainly attributed to the rainfall distribution along the agricultural season. For S3, the daily retrieved \u03b1PT remains at a mostly constant value (\u223c\u20090.7) throughout the study period, because of the lack of clear sky disaggregated SM and LST observations during this season. Compared to eddy covariance measurements, TSEB driven only by LST and fc data significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively. In contrast, these errors are much reduced when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data) with the mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Soil Moisture", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "02 engineering and technology", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Pathology", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Soil Water Retention", "Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "environment", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Latent heat", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Land cover", "Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "Energy balance", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Environmental science", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "G", "Meteorology", "Civil engineering", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Satellite", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "FOS: Civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/1781/2020/hess-24-1781-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.60692/g4rcv-eqz54"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.60692/g4rcv-eqz54", "name": "item", "description": "10.60692/g4rcv-eqz54", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.60692/g4rcv-eqz54"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.60692/khb9k-9s285", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:24:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-27", "title": "Evapotranspiration partition using the multiple energy balance version of the ISBA-A-gs land surface model over two irrigated crops in a semi-arid Mediterranean region (Marrakech, Morocco)", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. The main objective of this work is to question the representation of the energy budget in soil\u2013vegetation\u2013atmosphere transfer\u00a0(SVAT) models for the prediction of the turbulent fluxes in the case of irrigated crops with a complex structure (row) and under strong transient hydric regimes due to irrigation. To this end, the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere\u00a0(ISBA-A-gs) is evaluated at a complex open olive orchard and, for the purposes of comparison, on a winter wheat field taken as an example of a homogeneous canopy. The initial version of ISBA-A-gs, based on a composite energy budget (hereafter ISBA-1P for one\u00a0patch), is compared to the new multiple energy balance\u00a0(MEB) version of ISBA that represents a double source arising from the vegetation located above the soil layer. In addition, a patch representation corresponding to two adjacent, uncoupled source schemes (hereafter ISBA-2P for two\u00a0patches) is also considered for the olive orchard. Continuous observations of evapotranspiration\u00a0(ET), with an eddy covariance system and plant transpiration\u00a0(Tr) with sap flow and isotopic methods were used to evaluate the three representations. A preliminary sensitivity analyses showed a strong sensitivity to the parameters related to turbulence in the canopy introduced in the new ISBA\u2013MEB version. For wheat, the ability of the single- and dual-source configuration to reproduce the composite soil\u2013vegetation heat fluxes was very similar; the root mean square error (RMSE) differences between ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB did not exceed 10\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 for the latent heat flux. These results showed that a composite energy balance in homogeneous covers is sufficient to reproduce the total convective fluxes. The two configurations are also fairly close to the isotopic observations of transpiration in spite of a light underestimation (overestimation) of ISBA-1P\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB). At the olive orchard, contrasting results are obtained. The dual-source configurations, including both the uncoupled\u00a0(ISBA-2P) and the coupled\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB) representations, outperformed the single-source version\u00a0(ISBA-1P), with slightly better results for ISBA\u2013MEB in predicting both total heat fluxes and evapotranspiration partition. Concerning plant transpiration in particular, the coupled approach ISBA\u2013MEB provides better results than ISBA-1P and, to a lesser extent, ISBA-2P with RMSEs of\u00a01.60, 0.90, and 0.70\u2009mm\u2009d\u22121 and R2\u00a0of\u00a00.43, 0.69, and\u00a00.70\u00a0for ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB, respectively. In addition, it is shown that the acceptable predictions of composite convective fluxes by ISBA-2P for the olive orchard are obtained for the wrong reasons as neither of the two patches is in agreement with the observations because of a bad spatial distribution of the roots and a lack of incoming radiation screening for the bare soil patch. This work shows that composite convection fluxes predicted by the SURFace EXternalis\u00e9e (SURFEX) platform and the partition of evapotranspiration in a highly transient regime due to irrigation is improved for moderately open tree canopies by the new coupled dual-source ISBA\u2013MEB model. It also points out the need for further local-scale evaluations on different crops of various geometry (more open rainfed agriculture or a denser, intensive olive orchard) to provide adequate parameterisation to global database, such as ECOCLIMAP-II, in the view of a global application of the ISBA\u2013MEB model.</p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric Science", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Energy balance", "Eddy covariance", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "G", "Meteorology", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "GE1-350", "Biology", "TD1-1066", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Evapotranspiration", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "Causes and Impacts of Climate Change Over Millennia", "Physics", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "Earth and Planetary Sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Global Drought Monitoring and Assessment", "Leaf area index", "Thermodynamics", "Global Vegetation Models"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.60692/khb9k-9s285"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.60692/khb9k-9s285", "name": "item", "description": "10.60692/khb9k-9s285", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.60692/khb9k-9s285"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.60692/t1jsz-vm842", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:24:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-29", "title": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION/TRANSPIRATION RETRIEVAL USING DUAL-SOURCE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE MODELS INTEGRATING VIS/NIR/TIR DATA WITH SATELLITE SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE INFORMATION", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Evapotranspiration is an important component of the water cycle. For the agronomic management and ecosystem health monitoring, it is also important to provide an estimate of evapotranspiration components, i.e. transpiration and soil evaporation. To do so, Thermal InfraRed data can be used with dual-source surface energy balance models, because they solve separate energy budgets for the soil and the vegetation. But those models rely on specific assumptions on raw levels of plant water stress to get both components (evaporation and transpiration) out of a single source of information, namely the surface temperature. Additional information from remote sensing data are thus required. This works evaluates the ability of the SPARSE dual-source energy balance model to compute not only total evapotranspiration, but also water stress and transpiration/evaporation components, using either the sole surface temperature as a remote sensing driver, or a combination of surface temperature and soil moisture level derived from microwave data. Flux data at an experimental plot in semi-arid Morocco is used to assess this potentiality and shows the increased robustness of both the total evapotranspiration and partitioning retrieval performances. This work is realized within the frame of the Phase A activities for the TRISHNA CNES/ISRO Thermal Infra-Red satellite mission.                     </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Environmental Engineering", "550", "Ecosystem Resilience", "Soil Moisture", "Evaporation", "Energy balance", "Biochemistry", "Environmental science", "Transpiration", "Meteorology", "Artificial Intelligence", "Soil water", "Thermal Infrared", "Applied optics. Photonics", "Machine Learning Methods for Solar Radiation Forecasting", "Photosynthesis", "TRISHNA", "Water balance", "Biology", "Soil science", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "6. Clean water", "TA1501-1820", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Chemistry", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Computer Science", "TA1-2040", "Water cycle"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.60692/t1jsz-vm842"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Archives%20of%20the%20Photogrammetry%2C%20Remote%20Sensing%20and%20Spatial%20Information%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.60692/t1jsz-vm842", "name": "item", "description": "10.60692/t1jsz-vm842", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.60692/t1jsz-vm842"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "105af8c8-2b94-4945-a71a-4907c56db709", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25], [2.27, 7.25]]]}, "properties": {"rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-06-17", "type": "Service", "created": "2024-04-03", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'Improving the water use efficiency of irrigated rice cultivation in Benin, West Africa'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'Improving the water use efficiency of irrigated rice cultivation in Benin, West Africa'", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "Soil", "nitrogen", "evapotranspiration", "rice", "Soil", "nitrogen", "evapotranspiration", "rice"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Geoffroy Sossa", "organization": "Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (USTTB), Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control (Benin)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sogeof1992@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape 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Land Use-GRP Climate Change and Agriculture, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "soulysanogo@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Michael Asante", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mkasante08@yahoo.co.uk"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Yvonne Ayaribil", "organization": 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{"date": "2024-06-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.12079/59733", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:16Z", "type": "Other", "title": "Phenotyping of Different Italian Durum Wheat Varieties in Early Growth Stage With the Addition of Pure or Digestate-Activated Biochars", "description": "This study aims to highlight the major effects of biochar incorporation into potting soil substrate on plant growth and performance in early growth stages of five elite Italian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). The biochars used were obtained from two contrasting feedstocks, namely wood chips and wheat straw, by gasification under high temperature conditions, and were applied in a greenhouse experiment either as pure or as nutrient-activated biochar obtained by incubation with digestate. The results of the experiment showed that specific genotypes as well as different treatments with biochar have significant effects on plant response when looking at shoot traits related to growth. The evaluated genotypes could be clustered in two main distinct groups presenting, respectively, significantly increasing (Duilio, Iride, and Saragolla varieties) and decreasing (Marco Aurelio and Grecale varieties) values of projected shoot system area (PSSA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and plant water loss by evapotranspiration (ET). All these traits were correlated with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.98. Concerning the treatment effect, a significant alteration of the mentioned plant traits was observed when applying biochar from wheat straw, characterized by very high electrical conductivity (EC), resulting in a reduction of 34.6% PSSA, 43.2% FW, 66.9% DW, and 36.0% ET, when compared to the control. Interestingly, the application of the same biochar after nutrient spiking with digestate determined about a 15\u201330% relief from the abovementioned reduction induced by the application of the sole pure wheat straw biochar. Our results reinforce the current basic knowledge available on biological soil amendments as biochar and digestate.", "keywords": ["genotype-dependence", "plant phenotyping", "early growth stage", "Triticum durum", "digestate", "evapotranspiration", "biochar", "projected shoot area"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Latini A., Fiorani F., Galeffi P., Cantale C., Bevivino A., Jablonowski N. D.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.enea.it/bitstream/20.500.12079/59733/1/Phenotyping%20of%20Different%20Italian%20Durum%20Wheat%20Varieties%20in%20Early%20Growth%20Stage%20With%20the%20Addition%20of%20Pure%20or%20Digestate-Activated%20Biochars.pdf"}, {"href": "https://iris.enea.it/bitstream/20.500.12079/59733/5/Data_Sheet_2_Phenotyping%20of%20Different%20Italian%20Durum%20Wheat%20Varieties%20in%20Early%20Growth%20Stage%20With%20the%20Addition%20of%20Pure%20or%20Digestate-Activated%20Biochars.PDF"}, {"href": "https://iris.enea.it/bitstream/20.500.12079/59733/7/Data_Sheet_4_Phenotyping%20of%20Different%20Italian%20Durum%20Wheat%20Varieties%20in%20Early%20Growth%20Stage%20With%20the%20Addition%20of%20Pure%20or%20Digestate-Activated%20Biochars.PDF"}, {"href": "https://iris.enea.it/bitstream/20.500.12079/59733/8/Data_Sheet_5_Phenotyping%20of%20Different%20Italian%20Durum%20Wheat%20Varieties%20in%20Early%20Growth%20Stage%20With%20the%20Addition%20of%20Pure%20or%20Digestate-Activated%20Biochars.PDF"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.12079/59733"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.12079/59733", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.12079/59733", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.12079/59733"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2607138069", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-04-20", "title": "A simple and alternative approach based on reference evapotranspiration and leaf area index for estimating tree transpiration in semi-arid regions", "description": "Abstract   The present work aims to develop a simple approach relating normalized daily sap flow (liters per unit of leaf area) and daily reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) (mm/day). Two methods (FAO-Penman-Monteith (FAO-PM) and Hargreaves-Samani (HARG)) of the calculation of ET 0  were tested in order to examine their impact on the established relationships. The data sets used for developing this approach are taken over well irrigated orchards from three experimental sites (olive trees, cv. \u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d, olive trees, cv. \u201c Arbequino \u201d and citrus trees cv. \u201c Clementine Afourar \u201d) conducted in the Tensift region around Marrakech (center of Morocco) and one experimental site (pecan orchard, cv. \u201c Carya illinoinensis, Wangenh. K. Koch\u201d ) conducted in the Yaqui Valley, northwest of Mexico).  The results showed that the normalized daily sap flow was linearly correlated with ET 0  (mm per day) calculated by FAO-PM method. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and the slope of this linear regression varied between 0.71 and 0.97 and between 0.30 and 0.35, respectively, depending on the type of orchards. For HARG method, the relationship between both terms is also linear but with more discrepancy (R 2 \u00a0=\u00a00.7). This was somehow expected since this method is known to underestimate ET 0  values in the semi-arid areas. Afterward, the validation of the developed linear relationship was performed over an olive orchard (\u201c Olea europaea L .\u201d) where the measurements of sap flow were available for another cropping season (2004). The scatter plot between the normalized measured and estimated sap flow based on FAO-PM method reveals a very good agreement (slope\u00a0=\u00a01, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.14\u00a0L/m 2  leaf area). However, for the estimation of normalized sap flow based on HARG method, the correlation is relatively more scattered (slope\u00a0=\u00a00.95, and RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.35\u00a0L/m 2  leaf area). A further validation was performed using the measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) by eddy correlation system and the results showed that the correlation between normalized measured ET and estimated normalized sap flow is best when using FAO-PM method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.33\u00a0L/m 2  leaf area) for estimating ET 0  than when using HARG method (RMSE\u00a0=\u00a00.51\u00a0L/m 2  leaf area).  Finally, the performance of the developed approach was compared to the traditional dual crop coefficient scheme for estimating plant transpiration. Cross-comparison of these two approaches with the measurements data gave satisfactory results with an average value of RMSE equal to about 0.37\u00a0mm/day for both approaches.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Semi-arid", "Sap flow", "Leaf area index", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Reference evapotranspiration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Tree orchards", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Transpiration"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2607138069"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2607138069", "name": "item", "description": "2607138069", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2607138069"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2744657337", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-08-10", "title": "Performance of the two-source energy budget (TSEB) model for the monitoring of evapotranspiration over irrigated annual crops in North Africa", "description": "Abstract   The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and the domain of validity of the two-source energy balance model (TSEB) for the monitoring of actual evapotranspiration ( ET a  ) as a first step towards its use for irrigation planning. Secondary objectives were to analyze the ability of TSEB model to detect water stress and to evaluate evapotranspiration partition between evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) over irrigated annual crops. Within this context, TSEB was compared to the calibrated FAO-56 dual approach, taken as a reference tool for the monitoring of crop water consumption. TSEB computes  ET a   as the residual of a double component energy balance driven by the radiative surface temperature ( T s  ) used as a proxy of crop hydric conditions; the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient approach uses the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as a proxy of Basal Crop Coefficient ( K cb  ) and assesses the hydric status directly by solving a two layer soil water budget. Both approaches were evaluated over four plots of wheat and sugar beet located in the Haouz plain (Marrakech, Morocco) that were instrumented with eddy covariance systems during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Series of ASTER images were acquired during the first agricultural season. Both models offered fair performances compared to  ET a   observations with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) lower than 1\u00a0mm\u00a0day \u22121  apart from the FAO-56 dual approach on the sugar beet plot because of uncertain irrigation inputs. This highlights a major weakness of this model when water inputs are uncertain; a very likely case at the plot scale. By contrast, the TSEB model offered smoother performances in all cases. The potentialities of both approaches to predict a water stress index based on the departure from potential evapotranspiration ( ET  c ) was evaluated: although the FAO-56 dual was better suited to detect high water stresses, the TSEB model was able to detect moderate stresses without a need to prescribe water inputs. Finally, the partition of  ET a   between soil evaporation and plant transpiration was estimated indirectly by confrontation between simulated soil evaporation and surface (0\u20135\u00a0cm) soil moisture acquired spatially with Theta Probe sensors and taken as a proxy of soil evaporation. TSEB evaporation was well correlated to surface soil moisture (r\u00a0=\u00a00.82) for low Leaf Area Index (LAI) values ( 2 \u00a0m \u22122 ). In addition, TSEB predicted partition compared well to snapshot measurements based on the stable isotope method. This in-depth comparison of two simple tools to monitor  ET a   leads us to the conclusion that the TSEB model can reasonably be used to map  ET a   on large scale and possibly for the decision-making process of irrigation scheduling.", "keywords": ["FAO-56", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "NDVI", "Water stress", "0207 environmental engineering", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "TSEB"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2744657337"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2744657337", "name": "item", "description": "2744657337", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2744657337"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2766086485", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-24", "title": "Modified Penman\u2013Monteith equation for monitoring evapotranspiration of wheat crop: Relationship between the surface resistance and remotely sensed stress index", "description": "Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an essential role for detecting plant water status, estimating crop water needs and optimising irrigation management. Accurate estimates of ET at field scale are therefore critical. The present paper investigates a remote sensing and modelling coupled approach for monitoring actual ET of irrigated wheat crops in the semi-arid region of Tensift Al Haouz (Morocco). The ET modelling is based on a modified Penman\u2013Monteith equation obtained by introducing a simple empirical relationship between surface resistance (rc) and a stress index (SI). SI is estimated from Landsat-derived land surface temperature (LST) combined with the LST endmembers (in wet and dry conditions) simulated by a surface energy balance model driven by meteorological forcing and Landsat-derived fractional vegetation cover. The proposed model is first calibrated using eddy covariance measurements of ET during one growing season (2015\u20132016) over an experimental flood-irrigated wheat field located within the irrigated perimeter named R3. It is then validated during the same growing season over another drip-irrigated wheat field located in the same perimeter. Next, the proposed ET model is implemented over a 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u00a0km2 area in R3 using a time series of Landsat-7/8 reflectance and LST data. The comparison between modelled and measured ET fluxes indicates that the model works well. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values over drip and flood sites were 13 and 12\u00a0W\u00a0m\u22122, respectively. The proposed approach has a great potential for detecting crop water stress and estimating crop water requirements over large areas along the agricultural season.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "Penman-30", "Penman-Monteith", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Crop water stress", "6. Clean water", "Surface temperature", "[SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Bulk surface resistance", "[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environment and Society", "Landsat"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2766086485"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biosystems%20Engineering", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2766086485", "name": "item", "description": "2766086485", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2766086485"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2966009560", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-07-29", "title": "EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION/TRANSPIRATION RETRIEVAL USING DUAL-SOURCE SURFACE ENERGY BALANCE MODELS INTEGRATING VIS/NIR/TIR DATA WITH SATELLITE SURFACE SOIL MOISTURE INFORMATION", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Evapotranspiration is an important component of the water cycle. For the agronomic management and ecosystem health monitoring, it is also important to provide an estimate of evapotranspiration components, i.e. transpiration and soil evaporation. To do so, Thermal InfraRed data can be used with dual-source surface energy balance models, because they solve separate energy budgets for the soil and the vegetation. But those models rely on specific assumptions on raw levels of plant water stress to get both components (evaporation and transpiration) out of a single source of information, namely the surface temperature. Additional information from remote sensing data are thus required. This works evaluates the ability of the SPARSE dual-source energy balance model to compute not only total evapotranspiration, but also water stress and transpiration/evaporation components, using either the sole surface temperature as a remote sensing driver, or a combination of surface temperature and soil moisture level derived from microwave data. Flux data at an experimental plot in semi-arid Morocco is used to assess this potentiality and shows the increased robustness of both the total evapotranspiration and partitioning retrieval performances. This work is realized within the frame of the Phase A activities for the TRISHNA CNES/ISRO Thermal Infra-Red satellite mission.                     </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Environmental Engineering", "550", "Ecosystem Resilience", "Soil Moisture", "Evaporation", "Energy balance", "Biochemistry", "Environmental science", "Transpiration", "Meteorology", "Artificial Intelligence", "Soil water", "Thermal Infrared", "Applied optics. Photonics", "Machine Learning Methods for Solar Radiation Forecasting", "Photosynthesis", "TRISHNA", "Water balance", "Biology", "Soil science", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "Remote sensing", "15. Life on land", "Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "6. Clean water", "TA1501-1820", "[SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Chemistry", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Computer Science", "TA1-2040", "Water cycle"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2966009560"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Archives%20of%20the%20Photogrammetry%2C%20Remote%20Sensing%20and%20Spatial%20Information%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2966009560", "name": "item", "description": "2966009560", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2966009560"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-07-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2940609395", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-04-23", "title": "An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is very useful for estimating the land evapotranspiration (ET) at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient for constraining simultaneously both soil and vegetation flux components in such a way that assumptions (on either the soil or the vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, a new energy balance model (TSEB-SM) was recently developed in Ait Hssaine et al. (2018a) to integrate the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc). Whereas, TSEB-SM has been recently tested using in-situ measurements, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of TSEB-SM in real-life using 1\u2009km resolution MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) LST and fc data and the 1\u2009km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations by using DisPATCh. The approach is applied during a four-year period (2014\u20132018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco, during a four-year period (2014\u20132018). The field was seeded for the 2014\u20132015 (S1), 2016\u20132017 (S2) and 2017\u20132018 (S3) agricultural season, while it was not ploughed (remained as bare soil) during the 2015\u20132016 (B1) agricultural season. The mean retrieved values of (arss, brss) calculated for the entire study period using satellite data are (7.32, 4.58). The daily calibrated \u03b1PT ranges between 0 and 1.38 for both S1 and S2. Its temporal variability is mainly attributed to the rainfall distribution along the agricultural season. For S3, the daily retrieved \u03b1PT remains at a mostly constant value (\u223c\u20090.7) throughout the study period, because of the lack of clear sky disaggregated SM and LST observations during this season. Compared to eddy covariance measurements, TSEB driven only by LST and fc data significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively. In contrast, these errors are much reduced when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data) with the mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62\u2009W/m2 for S1, S2, S3 and B1 respectively.                         </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "Soil Moisture", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "02 engineering and technology", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Engineering", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "Pathology", "GE1-350", "TD1-1066", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Water content", "Evapotranspiration", "Geography", "Ecology", "T", "Soil Water Retention", "Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "Aerospace engineering", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "environment", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Latent heat", "Mechanics and Transport in Unsaturated Soils", "Land cover", "Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "Energy balance", "Thermal Effects on Soil", "Environmental science", "[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "G", "Meteorology", "Civil engineering", "14. Life underwater", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Biology", "Civil and Structural Engineering", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "FOS: Environmental engineering", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture", "Environmental sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]", "Satellite", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "FOS: Civil engineering"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/24/1781/2020/hess-24-1781-2020.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2940609395"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2940609395", "name": "item", "description": "2940609395", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2940609395"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-23T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2980519968", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-07-27", "title": "Evapotranspiration partition using the multiple energy balance version of the ISBA-A-gs land surface model over two irrigated crops in a semi-arid Mediterranean region (Marrakech, Morocco)", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>Abstract. The main objective of this work is to question the representation of the energy budget in soil\u2013vegetation\u2013atmosphere transfer\u00a0(SVAT) models for the prediction of the turbulent fluxes in the case of irrigated crops with a complex structure (row) and under strong transient hydric regimes due to irrigation. To this end, the Interaction between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere\u00a0(ISBA-A-gs) is evaluated at a complex open olive orchard and, for the purposes of comparison, on a winter wheat field taken as an example of a homogeneous canopy. The initial version of ISBA-A-gs, based on a composite energy budget (hereafter ISBA-1P for one\u00a0patch), is compared to the new multiple energy balance\u00a0(MEB) version of ISBA that represents a double source arising from the vegetation located above the soil layer. In addition, a patch representation corresponding to two adjacent, uncoupled source schemes (hereafter ISBA-2P for two\u00a0patches) is also considered for the olive orchard. Continuous observations of evapotranspiration\u00a0(ET), with an eddy covariance system and plant transpiration\u00a0(Tr) with sap flow and isotopic methods were used to evaluate the three representations. A preliminary sensitivity analyses showed a strong sensitivity to the parameters related to turbulence in the canopy introduced in the new ISBA\u2013MEB version. For wheat, the ability of the single- and dual-source configuration to reproduce the composite soil\u2013vegetation heat fluxes was very similar; the root mean square error (RMSE) differences between ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB did not exceed 10\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 for the latent heat flux. These results showed that a composite energy balance in homogeneous covers is sufficient to reproduce the total convective fluxes. The two configurations are also fairly close to the isotopic observations of transpiration in spite of a light underestimation (overestimation) of ISBA-1P\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB). At the olive orchard, contrasting results are obtained. The dual-source configurations, including both the uncoupled\u00a0(ISBA-2P) and the coupled\u00a0(ISBA\u2013MEB) representations, outperformed the single-source version\u00a0(ISBA-1P), with slightly better results for ISBA\u2013MEB in predicting both total heat fluxes and evapotranspiration partition. Concerning plant transpiration in particular, the coupled approach ISBA\u2013MEB provides better results than ISBA-1P and, to a lesser extent, ISBA-2P with RMSEs of\u00a01.60, 0.90, and 0.70\u2009mm\u2009d\u22121 and R2\u00a0of\u00a00.43, 0.69, and\u00a00.70\u00a0for ISBA-1P, ISBA-2P and ISBA\u2013MEB, respectively. In addition, it is shown that the acceptable predictions of composite convective fluxes by ISBA-2P for the olive orchard are obtained for the wrong reasons as neither of the two patches is in agreement with the observations because of a bad spatial distribution of the roots and a lack of incoming radiation screening for the bare soil patch. This work shows that composite convection fluxes predicted by the SURFace EXternalis\u00e9e (SURFEX) platform and the partition of evapotranspiration in a highly transient regime due to irrigation is improved for moderately open tree canopies by the new coupled dual-source ISBA\u2013MEB model. It also points out the need for further local-scale evaluations on different crops of various geometry (more open rainfed agriculture or a denser, intensive olive orchard) to provide adequate parameterisation to global database, such as ECOCLIMAP-II, in the view of a global application of the ISBA\u2013MEB model.                     </p></article>", "keywords": ["Technology", "Atmospheric Science", "Atmospheric sciences", "550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "Energy balance", "Eddy covariance", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "G", "Meteorology", "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation", "GE1-350", "Biology", "TD1-1066", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Evapotranspiration", "Ecology", "Global Forest Drought Response and Climate Change", "T", "Causes and Impacts of Climate Change Over Millennia", "Physics", "Hydrology (agriculture)", "Geology", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "Earth and Planetary Sciences", "Geotechnical engineering", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Global Drought Monitoring and Assessment", "Leaf area index", "Thermodynamics", "Global Vegetation Models"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2980519968"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Hydrology%20and%20Earth%20System%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2980519968", "name": "item", "description": "2980519968", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2980519968"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3217588385", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:26:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-22", "title": "Assimilation of SMAP disaggregated soil moisture and Landsat land surface temperature to improve FAO-56 estimates of ET in semi-arid regions", "description": "Accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is of crucial importance in water science and hydrological process understanding especially in semi-arid/arid areas since ET represents more than 85% of the total water budget. FAO-56 is one of the widely used formulations to estimate the actual crop evapotranspiration (ET c act) due to its operational nature and since it represents a reasonable compromise between simplicity and accuracy. In this vein, the objective of this paper was to examine the possibility of improving ET c act estimates through remote sensing data assimilation. For this purpose, remotely sensed soil moisture (SM) and Land surface temperature (LST) data were simultaneously assimilated into FAO-dualK c. Surface SM observations were assimilated into the soil evaporation (E s) component through the soil evaporation coefficient, and LST data were assimilated into the actual crop transpiration (T c act) component through the crop stress coefficient. The LST data were used to estimate the water stress coefficient (K s) as a proxy of LST (LST proxy). The FAO-Ks was corrected by assimilating LST proxy derived from Landsat data based on the variances of predicted errors on K s estimates from FAO-56 model and thermal-derived K s. The proposed approach was tested over a semi-arid area in Morocco using first, in situ data collected during 2002-2003 and 2015-2016 wheat growth seasons over two different fields and then, remotely sensed data derived from disaggregated Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) SM and Landsat-LST sensors were used. Assimilating SM data leads to an improvement of the ET c act model prediction: the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 0.98 to 0.65 mm/day compared to the classical FAO-dualK c using in situ SM. Moreover, assimilating both in situ SM and LST data provided more accurate results with a RMSE error of 0.55 mm/day. By using SMAP-based SM and Landsat-LST, results also improved in comparison with standard FAO and reached a RMSE of 0.73 mm/day against eddy-covariance ET c act measurements.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Evapotranspiration", "550", "Evapotranspiration Data assimilation FAO-dualK c Soil moisture Land surface temperature", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "FAO-dualK(c)", "13. Climate action", "Data assimilation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Soil moisture", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Land surface temperature"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3217588385"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3217588385", "name": "item", "description": "3217588385", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3217588385"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3091208561", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:25:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-10-05", "title": "Performance of the HYDRUS-1D model for water balance components assessment of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in semi-arid region of Morocco", "description": "Abstract   The main goal of this research was to evaluate the potential of the HYDRUS-1D numerical model for estimating the soil moisture (\u03b8) at different depths, actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) and its components (crop transpiration, Ta and soil evaporation, Ea) as well as the deep percolation (DP) of irrigated winter wheat under different water managements in the semi-arid region of Tensift-basin (central Morocco). The HYDRUS-1D simulations were performed at daily time step during the two growing seasons: 2002/2003 and 2015/2016.  The model was firstly calibrated based on one field \u201cdenoted F1\u201d data during the 2002/2003 cropping season by using the Levenberg-Marquardt method implemented in HYDRUS-1D model for optimizing various parameters of Van Genuchten equation that provide the minimum difference between measured and simulated soil moisture at four layers of soil (0\u20135, 5\u201310, 10\u201320, 20\u201330, 30\u201350\u00a0cm). Afterwards, the model validation was done based on the data from four fields of wheat: two fields \u201cdenoted F2 and F3\u201d during the 2002/2003 and two other fields \u201cdenoted F4 and F5\u201d during the 2015/2016 cropping season. All fields were irrigated with flooding system except the field F5 where drip irrigation was undertaken. In-situ measurements of \u03b8 was carried out using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and gravimetric method ETa was measured by the Eddy Covariance system Ta and Ea were monitored using a lysimeter in F5 field. The results showed that the HYDRUS-1D model simulates the \u03b8, ETa, Ta and Ea reasonably well.  Additionally, the evaluation of the irrigation system on DP losses was investigated by comparing the simulation results over flood (F4) and drip (F5) irrigated fields. It was found that about 56% and 20% of seasonal supplied water were lost by DP in F4 and F5 sites, respectively. Such unexpected high amount of DP taking place in F5 field is due to the improper use of the drip irrigation system.", "keywords": ["690", "0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "550", "Evapotranspiration", "[SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "0207 environmental engineering", "[SDV.SA.STA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Eddy covariance", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "deep percolation", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "winter wheat", "Winter wheat", "[SDV.SA.STA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of agriculture", "Deep percolation", "[SDU.STU.HY] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "[SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering", "[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology", "Eddy Covariance", "HYDRUS-1D"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3091208561"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agricultural%20Water%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3091208561", "name": "item", "description": "3091208561", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3091208561"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3135524483", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-01T16:26:00Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-02-27", "title": "Implementing a new texture-based soil evaporation reduction coefficient in the FAO dual crop coefficient method", "description": "Abstract   Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is a fundamental component of the hydrological cycle, especially in arid/semi-arid regions. The FAO-56 offers an operational method for deriving ET from the reduction (dual crop coefficient Kc) of the atmospheric evaporative demand (ET0). The dual coefficient approach (FAO-2Kc) is intended to improve the daily estimation of ET by separating the contribution of bare soil evaporation (E) and crop transpiration components. The FAO-2Kc has been a well-known reference for the operational monitoring of crop water needs. However, its performance for estimating the water use efficiency is limited by uncertainties in the modeled evaporation/transpiration partitioning. This paper aims at improving the soil module of the FAO-2Kc by modifying the E reduction coefficient (Kr) according to soil texture information and state-of-the-art formulations, hence, to amend the mismatch between FAO-2Kc and field-measured data beyond standard conditions. In practice this work evaluates the performance of two evaporation models, using the classical Kr (Kr,FAO) and a new texture-based Kr (Kr,text) over 33 bare soil sites under different evaporative demand and soil conditions. An offline validation is investigated by forcing both models with observed soil moisture (     \u03b8    s     ) data as input. The Kr,text methodology provides more accurate E estimations compared to the Kr,FAO method and systematically reduces biases. Using Kr,text allows reaching the lowest root means square error (RMSE) of 0.16\u2009mm/day compared to the Kr,FAO where the lowest RMSE reached is 0.88\u2009mm/day. As a step further in the assessment of the proposed methodology, ET was estimated in three wheat fields across the entire agricultural season. Both approaches were thus inter-compared in terms of ET estimates forced by SM estimated as a residual of the water balance model (online validation). Compared to ET measurements, the new formulation provided more accurate results. The RMSE was 0.66\u2009mm/day (0.71\u2009mm/day) and the R2 was 0.83 (0.78) for the texture-based (classical) Kr.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "570", "Evapotranspiration", "Soil texture", "FAO-2Kc", "0207 environmental engineering", "Soil moisture", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "Soil evaporation", "01 natural sciences", "6. 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The method is based on the daily step FAO-56 Soil Water Balance model combined with a time series of basal crop coefficients and the fractional vegetation cover derived from high-resolution satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery. The model was first calibrated and validated at plot scale using ET measured by eddy-covariance systems over wheat fields and olive orchards representing the main crops grown in the study area of the Haouz plain (central Morocco). The results showed that the model provided good estimates of ET for wheat and olive trees with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 0.56 and 0.54 mm/day respectively. The model was then used to compare remotely sensed estimates of irrigation requirements (RS-IWR) and irrigation water supplied (WS) at plot scale over an irrigation district in the Haouz plain through three growing seasons. The comparison indicated a large spatio-temporal variability in irrigation water demands and supplies; the median values of WS and RS-IWR were 130 (175), 117 (175) and 118 (112) mm respectively in the 2002\u20132003, 2005\u20132006 and 2008\u20132009 seasons. This could be attributed to inadequate irrigation supply and/or to farmers\u2019 socio-economic considerations and management practices. The findings demonstrate the potential for irrigation managers to use remote sensing-based models to monitor irrigation water usage for efficient and sustainable use of water resources.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "FAO-56 soil water balance", "550", "[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes", "Science", "water", "Q", "evapotranspiration", "balance", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "630", "irrigation", "6. 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Research findings, including the IPCC reports, highlighted the increasing trend in drought over the decades and the need for a better understanding and assessment of this phenomenon. Continuous monitoring of the Earth\u2019s surface is an efficient method for predicting and identifying the early warnings of drought, which enables us to prepare and plan the mitigation procedures. Considering the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics, the freely available Sentinel-2 data products are a promising option in this area of research, compared to Landsat and MODIS. This paper evaluates the recent developments in this field induced by the launch of Sentinel-2, as well as the comparison with other existing data products. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential of Sentinel-2 in assessing drought through vegetation characteristics, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface water including wetland, and land use and land cover analysis. Furthermore, this review also addresses and compares various data fusion methods and downscaling methods applied to Sentinel-2 for retrieving the major bio-geophysical variables used in the analysis of drought. Additionally, the limitations of Sentinel-2 in its direct applicability to drought studies are also evaluated.</p></article>", "keywords": ["land use and land cover analysis", "vegetation response", "Sentinel-2; drought; soil moisture; evapotranspiration; vegetation response; surface water and wetland analysis; land use and land cover analysis", "Science", "Q", "evapotranspiration", "0207 environmental engineering", "drought", "02 engineering and technology", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "surface water and wetland analysis", "13. 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"administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Abdul-Fataw Alhassan", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "reena.macagga@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF);West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) and Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control, National Institute of Water, University of Abomey-Calavi;West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB) and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 2/9, table: Field ET flux measurements"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=a3752ecb-c5ea-4f1a-96ff-01a24180d3cb", "rel": "information"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/a3752ecb-c5ea-4f1a-96ff-01a24180d3cb", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "6b664e1e-15ff-4bcb-8cd6-fef048a653a6", "name": "item", "description": "6b664e1e-15ff-4bcb-8cd6-fef048a653a6", "href": 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-04-26", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-04-26", "language": "eng", "title": "Monitoring of tree growth, water relations and element budget of a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystem in Brandenburg, Germany - Soil hydrology", "description": "Soil water content and soil matric potential at different soil depths and stem distances using different sensor types and temporal resolution (hourly to fortnightly).\n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-s0sr-3c05); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["above ground tree biomass", "evapotranspiration", "Fagus sylvatica", "forest ecology", "forest ecosystems", "forest mensuration", "forest meteorology", "heavy metals", "leaf area index", "litter weight", "matric potential", "nutrients", "soil", "soil water", "temperate 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{"name": "Matthias Lemme", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "lemme@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Regina Richter", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "rrichter@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 5/9, table: Soil hydrology"}, "links": [{"href": 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-06-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-04-03", "language": "eng", "title": "Improving the water use efficiency of irrigated rice cultivation in Benin, West Africa - Yields", "description": "Grain and straw yield from the harvested area.\n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-yjjf-j357); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "nitrogen", "evapotranspiration", "rice", "opendata", "periodic drying", "water use efficiency", "Boden", "Africa", "Benin"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Geoffroy Sossa", "organization": "Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (USTTB), Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control (Benin)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sogeof1992@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mathias.hoffmann@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Jesse Naab", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jessenaab@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Souleymane Sanogo", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use-GRP Climate Change and Agriculture, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "soulysanogo@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Michael Asante", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mkasante08@yahoo.co.uk"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Yvonne Ayaribil", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Yvonne.Ayaribil@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0009-0000-7985-7725", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Luc Sintondji", "organization": "Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control (LHME), National Water Institute, University of Abomey-Calavi", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "o_sintondji@yahoo.fr"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "J\u00fcrgen Augustin", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jaug@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marren Dubbert", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Maren.Dubbert@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2352-8516", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mathias.hoffmann@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Severin Biaou", "organization": "University of Parakou, Benin", "position": null, "roles": ["dataCollector"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sogeof1992@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research;Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (USTTB), Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control (Benin);West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI);West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL);West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use-GRP Climate Change and Agriculture, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB);Laboratory of Hydraulic and Water Control (LHME), National Water Institute, University of Abomey-Calavi", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 6/7, table: Yields"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=cb4d8fea-3d77-4c03-8741-787339c5cdfb", "rel": "information"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/8b23b90c-1266-470f-96ac-252b6a5c2207", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "cb4d8fea-3d77-4c03-8741-787339c5cdfb", "name": "item", "description": "cb4d8fea-3d77-4c03-8741-787339c5cdfb", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/cb4d8fea-3d77-4c03-8741-787339c5cdfb"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC8721205", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:28:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-20", "title": "Phenotyping of Different Italian Durum Wheat Varieties in Early Growth Stage With the Addition of Pure or Digestate-Activated Biochars", "description": "<p>This study aims to highlight the major effects of biochar incorporation into potting soil substrate on plant growth and performance in early growth stages of five elite Italian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). The biochars used were obtained from two contrasting feedstocks, namely wood chips and wheat straw, by gasification under high temperature conditions, and were applied in a greenhouse experiment either as pure or as nutrient-activated biochar obtained by incubation with digestate. The results of the experiment showed that specific genotypes as well as different treatments with biochar have significant effects on plant response when looking at shoot traits related to growth. The evaluated genotypes could be clustered in two main distinct groups presenting, respectively, significantly increasing (Duilio, Iride, and Saragolla varieties) and decreasing (Marco Aurelio and Grecale varieties) values of projected shoot system area (PSSA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and plant water loss by evapotranspiration (ET). All these traits were correlated with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.98. Concerning the treatment effect, a significant alteration of the mentioned plant traits was observed when applying biochar from wheat straw, characterized by very high electrical conductivity (EC), resulting in a reduction of 34.6% PSSA, 43.2% FW, 66.9% DW, and 36.0% ET, when compared to the control. Interestingly, the application of the same biochar after nutrient spiking with digestate determined about a 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9330% relief from the abovementioned reduction induced by the application of the sole pure wheat straw biochar. Our results reinforce the current basic knowledge available on biological soil amendments as biochar and digestate.</p", "keywords": ["info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570", "2. Zero hunger", "early growth stage", "evapotranspiration", "Plant culture", "Plant Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "SB1-1110", "plant phenotyping", "Triticum durum", "digestate", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/PMC8721205"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Plant%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC8721205", "name": "item", "description": "PMC8721205", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC8721205"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "PMC11085199", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-01T16:28:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-29", "title": "Precision Estimation of Crop Coefficient for Maize Cultivation Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery to Enhance Evapotranspiration Assessment in Agriculture", "description": "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><article><p>The estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is crucial for irrigation water management, especially in arid regions. This can be particularly relevant in the Po Valley (Italy), where arable lands suffer from drought damages on an annual basis, causing drastic crop yield losses. This study presents a novel approach for vegetation-based estimation of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for maize. Three years of high-resolution multispectral satellite (Sentinel-2)-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE), and Leaf Area Index (LAI) time series data were used to derive crop coefficients of maize in nine plots at the Acqua Campus experimental farm of Irrigation Consortium for the Emilia Romagna Canal (CER), Italy. Since certain vegetation indices (VIs) (such as NDVI) have an exponential nature compared to the other indices, both linear and power regression models were evaluated to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc). In the context of linear regression, the correlations between Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-based Kc and NDWI, NDRE, NDVI, and LAI-based Kc were 0.833, 0.870, 0.886, and 0.771, respectively. Strong correlation values in the case of power regression (NDWI: 0.876, NDRE: 0.872, NDVI: 0.888, LAI: 0.746) indicated an alternative approach to provide crop coefficients for the vegetation period. The VI-based ETc values were calculated using reference evapotranspiration (ET0) and VI-based Kc. The weather station data of CER were used to calculate ET0 based on Penman-Monteith estimation. Out of the Vis, NDWI and NDVI-based ETc performed the best both in the cases of linear (NDWI RMSE: 0.43 \u00b1 0.12; NDVI RMSE: 0.43 \u00b1 0.095) and power (NDWI RMSE: 0.44 \u00b1 0.116; NDVI RMSE: 0.44 \u00b1 0.103) approaches. The findings affirm the efficacy of the developed methodology in accurately assessing the evapotranspiration rate. Consequently, it offers a more refined temporal estimation of water requirements for maize cultivation in the region.</p></article>", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Botany", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "vegetation index-based K<sub>c</sub>", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "6. Clean water", "maize water demand", "ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE", "QK1-989", "vegetation index-based crop evapotranspiration", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Sentinel-2", "ITC-GOLD", "SDG 2 - Zero Hunger", "SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/9/1212/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/PMC11085199"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plants", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "PMC11085199", "name": "item", "description": "PMC11085199", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PMC11085199"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-04-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "a159ce4c-48c2-49e8-b463-66a66cea5c58", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2026-01-20", "type": "Service", "created": "2025-04-30", "language": "eng", "title": "Web Map Service of the dataset 'Dataset: Wheat crop water use in semi-arid and Mediterranean environments'", "description": "This Web Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'Dataset: Wheat crop water use in semi-arid and Mediterranean environments'", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "wheat", "evapotranspiration"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Computation and Data Service Platform - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Diane Cooke", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "diane.cooke@posteo.net"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Jeffrey White", "organization": "University of Florida", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jeff.white.az@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2051-4645", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Andr\u00e9 Chanzy", "organization": "INRAE- Avignon Universit\u00e9", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "andre.chanzy@inrae.fr"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-7676-2376", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Steven Evett", "organization": "The Agricultural Research Service, US", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "steve.evett@usda.gov"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-3418-5771", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Heidi Webber", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "heidi.webber@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-8301-5424", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Terry A. Howel", "organization": "University of Arkansas", "position": null, "roles": ["researcher"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "no Email"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Heidi Webber", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "heidi.webber@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-8301-5424", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"organization": "INRAE- Avignon Universit\u00e9;Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research;The Agricultural Research Service, US;University of Florida", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "infoMapAccessService"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "wheat"}, {"id": "evapotranspiration"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [], "scheme": "individual"}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=a159ce4c-48c2-49e8-b463-66a66cea5c58", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/wss/service/ags-relay/ags/guest/arcgis/rest/services/Zalf/ID_6774_Wheat_water_use/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "a159ce4c-48c2-49e8-b463-66a66cea5c58", "name": "item", "description": "a159ce4c-48c2-49e8-b463-66a66cea5c58", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/a159ce4c-48c2-49e8-b463-66a66cea5c58"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2026-01-20T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "cde3fff9-70fd-49eb-b0af-db456e1069d2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2023-08-22T00:00:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "de", "title": "Effektive Wasserbilanz in der Hauptvegetationsperiode (Mai\u2013August) in Deutschland auf Basis von Klimaszenariendaten", "description": "Aus der Differenz von Wasserdargebot und potentieller Evapotranspiration w\u00e4hrend der Hauptvegetationsperiode (Mai\u2013August) ergibt sich die effektive Wasserbilanz. Das Wasserdargebot setzt sich aus den Niederschl\u00e4gen in diesem Zeitraum, den im Boden vorhandenen und entziehbaren Wassermengen (beschrieben durch die nutzbare Feldkapazit\u00e4t im effektiven Wurzelraum) sowie ggf. einem kapillaren Aufstieg zusammen. Der kapillare Aufstieg ist das Ergebnis aus der Aufstiegsrate pro Tag und der kulturabh\u00e4ngigen Dauer des Aufstiegs. Die Aufstiegsrate ist wesentlich abh\u00e4ngig von der Bodenart und dem Abstand der Untergrenze des effektiven Wurzelraums zum Grund- bzw. zum Stauwasserk\u00f6rper. Als bodenkundliche Grundlage diente die nutzungsdifferenzierte Boden\u00fcbersichtskarte 1:1.000.000 (B\u00dcK1000N). F\u00fcr die Landbedeckung und Landnutzung wurden die Daten aus CORINE Land Cover (CLC2006) genutzt. Die Klimaszenariendaten (https://www.dwd.de/ref-ensemble) wurden vom Deutschen Wetterdienst (DWD) in einer Aufl\u00f6sung von 5 x 5 km zur Verf\u00fcgung gestellt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Ensemble aus 16 bias-korrigierten Fl\u00e4chendatens\u00e4tzen (Kombination von globalen und regionalen Klimamodellen), die das Szenario RCP8.5 (RCPs Representative Concentration Pathways) beschreiben und von einem zus\u00e4tzlichen Strahlungsantrieb von 8,5 W/m\u00b2 ausgehen. Die neun Rasterdatens\u00e4tze mit einer Aufl\u00f6sung von 5 x 5 km stellen jeweils die mittlere, das 15. und 85. Perzentil der effektiven Wasserbilanz in der Hauptvegetationsperiode in Deutschland f\u00fcr die Klimazeitr\u00e4ume 1971-2000, 2031-2060 und 2071-2099 dar.", "formats": [{"name": "GEOTIFF"}], "keywords": ["boden", "bodenwasserhaushalt", "de", "deutschland", "evapotranspiration", "folgen-des-klimawandels", "klima", "klimaa\u0308nderung", "klimaentwicklung", "klimamodellierung", "klimaszenario", "national", "opendata", "pflanzenverfu\u0308gbares-bodenwasser", "soil", "versickerung", "wasserbilanz"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://download.bgr.de/bgr/boden/BMVI_ExpN/WB5000_RCP85/geotiff/DWD_BMVI-ExpN_WBEFFMaiAugENS16.zip"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/cde3fff9-70fd-49eb-b0af-db456e1069d2~~1"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "cde3fff9-70fd-49eb-b0af-db456e1069d2", "name": "item", "description": "cde3fff9-70fd-49eb-b0af-db456e1069d2", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/cde3fff9-70fd-49eb-b0af-db456e1069d2"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "db2d636c-e51c-4db8-bff4-447dec69f908", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[12.99, 53.15], [12.99, 53.15], [12.99, 53.15], [12.99, 53.15], [12.99, 53.15]]]}, "properties": {"rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-05-02", "type": "Service", "created": "2022-04-26", "language": "eng", "title": "WMS Service of the dataset 'Monitoring of tree growth, water relations and element budget of a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystem in Brandenburg, Germany'", "description": "This AGIS Map Service includes spatial information used by datasets 'AGIS Map Service of the dataset 'Monitoring of tree growth, water relations and element budget of a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystem in Brandenburg, Germany''", "keywords": ["infoMapAccessService", "above ground tree biomass", "leaf area", "weather data", "water balance", "evapotranspiration", "transpiration", "soil water", "matric potential", "heavy metals", "litter weight", "leaf area index", "Fagus sylvatica", "forest ecology", "forest ecosystems", "forest mensuration", "forest meteorology", "nutrients", "soil", "temperate forests", "trees", "tree and stand measurement"], "contacts": [{"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - 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INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Intensive forest monitoring"}, {"id": "dendrometry"}, {"id": "deposition"}, {"id": "tential nutrients"}, {"id": "tree biomass"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Beerenbusch"}, {"id": "Rheinsberg"}, {"id": "Brandenburg"}, {"id": "Germany"}], "scheme": "Individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data. The access to this data is restricted during embargo time. If prior access is requested, contact the data owner / author.", "updated": "2023-04-27", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-04-26", "language": "eng", "title": "Monitoring of tree growth, water relations and element budget of a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystem in Brandenburg, Germany", "description": "The water and element budgets and the vegetation of a mature beech forest stand (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Brandenburg, Germany were investigated over 19 years from 2001 to 2019. \nThe dataset contains data on open land and forest stand internal meteorology including soil moisture, soil matric potential, soil temperature, concentrations of macro elements and heavy metals in bulk precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and soil solution. Data on stem growth and litterfall describe the development of the forest stand.\nThe experimental approach is similar to that of the ICP Forest level II plots (http://icp-forests.net), but additionally considers the spatial variability in the stem distance gradient for throughfall and soil solution.\nThis table contains the index of all tables forming this data collection.\n\nRelated datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["above ground tree biomass", "evapotranspiration", "Fagus sylvatica", "forest ecology", "forest ecosystems", "forest mensuration", "forest meteorology", "heavy metals", "leaf area index", "litter weight", "matric potential", "nutrients", "soil", "soil water", "temperate forests", "transpiration", "trees", "tree and stand measurement", "water balance", "weather data", "Boden", "Lebensr\u00e4ume und Biotope", "opendata", "Intensive forest monitoring", "dendrometry", "deposition", "tential nutrients", "tree biomass", "Beerenbusch", "Rheinsberg", "Brandenburg", "Germany"], "contacts": [{"name": "BonaRes Data Centre", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - WG Geodata", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 171"}], "emails": [{"value": "bonares-datenzentrum@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Hubert Jochheim", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "hubert.jochheim@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-8047-4553", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Hubert Jochheim", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "hubert.jochheim@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0001-8047-4553", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Dietmar L\u00fcttschwager", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["researcher"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": 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"https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "nitrogen"}, {"id": "evapotranspiration"}, {"id": "rice"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "periodic drying"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}, {"id": "Benin"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-06-17", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-04-03", "language": "eng", "title": "Improving the water use efficiency of irrigated rice cultivation in Benin, West Africa", "description": "Sustaining, or even increasing yields while improving the Water use efficiency (WUE) of irrigated rice is vital to cope with both the increasing risks of water scarcity and the feeding of the growing population in sub-Saharan Africa This study aims to improve the WUE for irrigated rice cultivation in central Benin. A field experiment was established and measurements performed from November 2022 to March 2023 at Koussin l\u00e9l\u00e9, Cove district, using a split-plot experimental design. The main plot was assigned to water management technologies that included continuous flooding and two thresholds of periodic drying irrigation to 15 cm and 25 cm soil depth. The subplot was assigned to the nitrogen fertilizer regime which includes 90 kg ha-1 (farmer\u2019s practice) and 120 kg ha-1 (enhanced amount of fertilizer). Based on biweekly conducted manual closed chamber (A: 0.16m2; V:0.16m3) measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) and CO2 exchange (ecosystem respiration (Reco) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE)), the seasonal dynamics in WUE were assessed as canopy (cWUE) and ecosystem water use efficiency (eWUE), respectively. Canopy gas exchange measurements were performed using a novel, low-cost ET and CO2 flux logger system (Macagga et al. 2024; RelatedIdentifier TAB1). Measured CO2 and ET fluxes were calculated using a modular R script described in detail by Hoffmann et al. (2015; Reco/NEE; RelatedIdentifier TAB2) and Dahlmann et al. (2022; ET; RelatedIdentifier TAB3). In addition to cWUE and eWUE, the crop season WUE was calculated as grain (gWUE) and biomass water use efficiency (bWUE). Results showed that the maximum grain yield (6.19 Mg ha-1) was observed for the continuous flooding rice cultivation receiving 120 Kg N ha-1 even though it was only 6.9 % higher than the yield recorded for the periodic drying at -15cm. The cWUE and eWUE followed the same pattern but were generally higher for periodic drying at -15cm under N90 with 2.63 g C (Kg H2O)-1 d-1 and 1.25 g C (Kg H2O)-1 d-1 respectively. Furthermore, this particular treatment also recorded the highest values for all the cumulative WUE parameters. Our findings emphasize the adoption of the periodic drying irrigation regime with an application rate of N90 Kg. ha-1 for more sustainable irrigated rice production. This table contains the index of all tables forming this data collection.\n\nRelated datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "nitrogen", "evapotranspiration", "rice", "opendata", "periodic drying", "water use efficiency", "Boden", "Africa", "Benin"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": 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"name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Jesse Naab", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jessenaab@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Souleymane Sanogo", "organization": "West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use-GRP Climate Change and Agriculture, Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB)", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "soulysanogo@gmail.com"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-01-15", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-03-30", "language": "eng", "title": "Validation and field application of a low-cost device to measure CO2 and ET fluxes", "description": "Mitigating the global climate crisis and its consequences, such as more frequent and severe droughts, is one of the major challenges for future agriculture. Therefore, identifying land use systems and management practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and promote water use efficiency (WUE) is crucial. This however, requires accurate and precise measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and evapotranspiration (ET). Despite that, commercial systems to measure CO2 and ET fluxes are expensive and thus, often exclude research in ecosystems within the Global South. This is especially true for research and data of agroecosystems in these areas, which are to date still widely underrepresented. Here, we present a newly developed, low-cost, non-dispersive infrared (NDIR)-based, CO2 and ET flux measurement device (~ 200 Euro) that provides reliable, accurate and precise CO2 and ET flux measurements in conjunction with manual closed chambers. To validate the system, laboratory and field validation experiments were performed, testing multiple different low-cost sensors. We demonstrate that the system delivers accurate and precise CO2 and ET flux measurements using the K30 FR NDIR (CO2) and SHT31 (RH) sensor. An additional field trial application demonstrated its longer-term stability ( 3 months) and ability to obtain valid net ecosystem C balances (NECB) and WUE. This was the case, even though environmental conditions at the field trial application site in Sub-Saharan Africa were rather challenging (e.g., extremely high temperatures, humidity and intense rainfall). 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