Increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to concerns regarding its potential effects on the terrestrial environment. Attempts to balance the atmospheric carbon (C) budget have met with a large shortfall in C accounting (\uffe2\uff89\uff881.4 \uffc3\uff97 1015 g C y\uffe2\uff80\uff931) and this has led to the hypothesis that C is being stored in the soil of terrestrial ecosystems. This study examined the effects of CO2 enrichment on soil C storage in C3 soybean (Glycine max L.) Merr. and C4 grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench. agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystems established on a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults). The study was a split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design replicated three times with two crop species (soybean and grain sorghum) as the main plots and two CO2 concentration (ambient and twice ambient) as subplots using open top field chambers. Carbon isotopic techniques using \uffce\uffb413C were used to track the input of new C into the soil system. At the end of two years, shifts in \uffce\uffb413C content of soil organic matter carbon were observed to a depth of 30 cm. Calculated new C in soil organic matter with grain sorghum was greater for elevated CO2 vs. ambient CO2 (162 and 29 g m\uffe2\uff80\uff932, respectively), but with soybean the new C in soil organic matter was less for elevated CO2 vs. ambient CO2 (120 and 291 g m\uffe2\uff80\uff932, respectively). A significant increase in mineral associated organic C was observed in 1993 which may result in increased soil C storage over the long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, however, little change in total soil organic C was observed under either plant species. These data indicate that elevated atmospheric CO2 resulted in changes in soil C dynamics in agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90ecosystems that are crop species dependent.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.d01-173.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.d01-173.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.d01-173.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1997.d01-173.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1997-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00130.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Carbon Cycling In Cultivated Land And Its Global Significance", "description": "AbstractLong\uffe2\uff80\uff90term data from Sanborn Field, one of the oldest experimental fields in the USA, were used to determine the direction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in cultivated\uffe2\uff80\uff83land. Changes in agriculture in the last 50\uffe2\uff80\uff83years including introduction of more productive varieties, wide scale use of mineral fertilizers and reduced tillage caused increases in total net annual production (TNAP), yields and SOC content. TNAP of winter wheat more than doubled during the last century, rising from 2.0\uffe2\uff80\uff932.5 to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff936\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 of carbon, TNAP of corn rose from 3\uffe2\uff80\uff934 to 9.5\uffe2\uff80\uff9311.0\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 of carbon. Amounts of carbon returned annually with crop residues increased even more drastically, from\uffe2\uff80\uff83less than 1\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 in the beginning of the century to 3\uffe2\uff80\uff933.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 for wheat and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff936\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff80\uff931 for corn in the 90s. These amounts increased in a higher proportion because in the early 50s removal of postharvest residues from the field was discontinued. SOC during the first half of the century, when carbon input was low, was mineralized at a high rate: 89 and 114 g m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 y\uffe2\uff80\uff931 under untreated wheat and corn, respectively. Application of manure decreased losses by half, but still the SOC balance remained negative. Since 1950, the direction of the carbon dynamics has reversed: soil under wheat monocrop (with mineral fertilizer) accumulated carbon at a rate about 50 g m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 y\uffe2\uff80\uff931, three year rotation (corn/wheat/clover) with manure and nitrogen applications sequestered 150 g m2 y\uffe2\uff80\uff931 of carbon. Applying conservative estimates of carbon sequestration documented on Sanborn Field to the wheat and corn production area in the USA, suggests that carbon losses to the atmosphere from these soils were decreased by at least 32 Tg annually during the last 40\uffe2\uff80\uff9350\uffe2\uff80\uff83years. Our computations prove that cultivated soils under proper management exercise a positive influence in the current imbalance in the global carbon budget.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gregory A. Buyanovsky, George H. Wagner,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00130.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00130.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00130.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00130.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00166.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 On Soil Microbiota In Calcareous Grassland", "description": "AbstractMicrobial responses to three years of CO2 enrichment (600\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff80\uff931) in the field were investigated in calcareous grassland. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and soil organic C and nitrogen (N) were not significantly influenced by elevated CO2. Microbial C:N ratios significantly decreased under elevated CO2 (\uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff8315%, P =\uffe2\uff80\uff830.01) and microbial N increased by +\uffe2\uff80\uff8318% (P =\uffe2\uff80\uff830.04). Soil basal respiration was significantly increased on one out of 7 sampling dates (+\uffe2\uff80\uff8314%, P =\uffe2\uff80\uff830.03; December of the third year of treatment), whereas the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2 = basal respiration/microbial C) did not exhibit any significant differences between CO2 treatments. Also no responses of microbial activity and biomass were found in a complementary greenhouse study where intact grassland turfs taken from the field site were factorially treated with elevated CO2 and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (1\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83P m\uffe2\uff80\uff932 y\uffe2\uff80\uff931). Previously reported C balance calculations showed that in the ecosystem investigated growing season soil C inputs were strongly enhanced under elevated CO2. It is hypothesized that the absence of microbial responses to these enhanced soil C fluxes originated from mineral nutrient limitations of microbial processes. Laboratory incubations showed that short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term microbial growth (one week) was strongly limited by N availability, whereas P was not limiting in this soil. The absence of large effects of elevated CO2 on microbial activity or biomass in such nutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor natural ecosystems is in marked contrast to previously published large and short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term microbial responses to CO2 enrichment which were found in fertilized or disturbed systems. It is speculated that the absence of such responses in undisturbed natural ecosystems in which mineral nutrient cycles have equilibrated over longer periods of time is caused by mineral nutrient limitations which are ineffective in disturbed or fertilized systems and that therefore microbial responses to elevated CO2 must be studied in natural, undisturbed systems.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pascal A. Niklaus", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00166.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00166.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00166.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00166.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Long-Term Growth At Elevated Carbon Dioxide Stimulates Methane Emission In Tropical Paddy Rice", "description": "AbstractRecent anthropogenic emissions of key atmospheric trace gases (e.g. CO2 and CH4) which absorb infra\uffe2\uff80\uff90red radiation may lead to an increase in mean surface temperatures and potential changes in climate. Although sources of each gas have been evaluated independently, little attention has focused on potential interactions between gases which could influence emission rates. In the current experiment, the effect of enhanced CO2 (300\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL L\uffe2\uff80\uff931 above ambient) and/or air temperature (4\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C above ambient) on methane generation and emission were determined for the irrigated tropical paddy rice system over 3 consecutive field seasons (1995 wet and dry seasons 1996 dry season). For all three seasons, elevated CO2 concentration resulted in a significant increase in dissolved soil methane relative to the ambient control. Consistent with the observed increases in soil methane, measurements of methane flux per unit surface area during the 1995 wet and 1996 dry seasons also showed a significant increase at elevated carbon dioxide concentration relative to the ambient CO2 condition (+49 and 60% for each season, respectively). Growth of rice at both increasing CO2 concentration and air temperature did not result in additional stimulation of either dissolved or emitted methane compared to growth at elevated CO2 alone. The observed increase in methane emissions were associated with a large, consistent, CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced stimulation of root growth. Results from this experiment suggest that as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, methane emissions from tropical paddy rice could increase above current projections.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "R. S. Lantin, T. B. Moya, Kevin F. Bronson, O.S. Namuco, Heinz-Ulrich Neue, J. B. Aduna, Lewis H. Ziska, Lewis H. Ziska, Reiner Wassmann, Reiner Wassmann, E. B. Abao, David M. Olszyk,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00186.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00169.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Experimental Soil Warming Effects On Co2 And Ch4 Flux From A Low Elevation Spruce-Fir Forest Soil In Maine, Usa", "description": "AbstractThe effect of soil warming on CO2 and CH4 flux from a spruce\uffe2\uff80\uff93fir forest soil was evaluated at the Howland Integrated Forest Study site in Maine, USA from 1993 to 1995. Elevated soil temperatures (\uffe2\uff88\uffbc5\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C) were maintained during the snow\uffe2\uff80\uff90free season (May \uffe2\uff80\uff93 November) in replicated 15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc3\uff97\uffe2\uff80\uff8315\uffe2\uff80\uff90m plots using electric cables buried 1\uffe2\uff80\uff932\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm below the soil surface; replicated unheated plots served as the control. CO2 evolution from the soil surface and soil air CO2 concentrations both showed clear seasonal trends and significant (P <\uffe2\uff80\uff830.0001) positive exponential relationships with soil temperature. Soil warming caused a 25\uffe2\uff80\uff9340% increase in CO2 flux from the heated plots compared to the controls. No significant differences were observed between heated and control plot soil air CO2 concentrations which we attribute to rapid equilibration with the atmosphere in the O horizon and minimal treatment effects in the B horizon. Methane fluxes were highly variable and showed no consistent trends with treatment.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00169.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00169.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00169.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00169.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Elevated Co2 And Temperature Impacts On Different Components Of Soil Co2 Efflux In Douglas-Fir Terracosms", "description": "AbstractAlthough numerous studies indicate that increasing atmospheric CO2 or temperature stimulate soil CO2 efflux, few data are available on the responses of three major components of soil respiration [i.e. rhizosphere respiration (root and root exudates), litter decomposition, and oxidation of soil organic matter] to different CO2 and temperature conditions. In this study, we applied a dual stable isotope approach to investigate the impact of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature on these components of soil CO2 efflux in Douglas\uffe2\uff80\uff90fir terracosms. We measured both soil CO2 efflux rates and the 13C and 18O isotopic compositions of soil CO2 efflux in 12 sun\uffe2\uff80\uff90lit and environmentally controlled terracosms with 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old Douglas fir seedlings and reconstructed forest soils under two CO2 concentrations (ambient and 200 ppmv above ambient) and two air temperature regimes (ambient and 4 \uffc2\uffb0C above ambient). The stable isotope data were used to estimate the relative contributions of different components to the overall soil CO2 efflux. In most cases, litter decomposition was the dominant component of soil CO2 efflux in this system, followed by rhizosphere respiration and soil organic matter oxidation. Both elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and elevated temperature stimulated rhizosphere respiration and litter decomposition. The oxidation of soil organic matter was stimulated only by increasing temperature. Release of newly fixed carbon as root respiration was the most responsive to elevated CO2, while soil organic matter decomposition was most responsive to increasing temperature. Although some assumptions associated with this new method need to be further validated, application of this dual\uffe2\uff80\uff90isotope approach can provide new insights into the responses of soil carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems to future climate changes.
", "keywords": ["elevated CO2", "13. Climate action", "stable isotopes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "forest ecosystem", "15. Life on land", "global warming", "soil respiration"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Guanghui Lin, Guanghui Lin, Mark Johnson, David T. Tingey, James R. Ehleringer, Paul T. Rygiewicz,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00211.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "The Effects Of Free-Air Co2 Enrichment And Soil Water Availability On Spatial And Seasonal Patterns Of Wheat Root Growth", "description": "AbstractSpring wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L). cv. Yecora Rojo] was grown from December 1992 to May 1993 under two atmospheric CO2 concentrations, 550\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 for high\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 plots, and 370\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff80\uff83mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 for control plots, using a Free\uffe2\uff80\uff90Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) apparatus. In addition to the two levels of atmospheric CO2, there were ample and limiting levels of water supply through a subsurface trip irrigation system in a strip, split\uffe2\uff80\uff90plot design. In order to examine the temporal and spatial root distribution, root cores were extracted at six growth stages during the season at in\uffe2\uff80\uff90row and inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90row positions using a soil core device (86\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm ID, 1.0\uffe2\uff80\uff83m length). Such information would help determine whether and to what extent root morphology is changed by alteration of two important factors, atmospheric CO2 and soil water, in this agricultural ecosystem.
Wheat root growth increased under elevated CO2 conditions during all observed developmental stages. A maximum of 37% increase in total root dry mass in the FACE vs. Control plots was observed during the period of stem elongation. Greater root growth rates were calculated due to CO2 enhancement until anthesis. During the early vegetative growth, root dry mass of the inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90row space was significantly higher for FACE than for Control treatments suggesting that elevated CO2 promoted the production of first\uffe2\uff80\uff90order lateral roots per main axis. Then, during the reproductive period of growth, more branching of lateral roots in the FACE treatment occurred due to water stress. Significant higher root dry mass was measured in the inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90row space of the FACE plots where soil water supply was limiting. These sequential responses in root growth and morphology to elevated CO2 and reduced soil water supports the hypothesis that plants grown in a high\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 environment may better compensate soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90water\uffe2\uff80\uff90stress conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Frank Wechsung, Bruce A. Kimball, R.L. Garcia, G. W. Wall, Robert L. LaMorte, G. Wechsung, Paul J. Pinter, F. J. Adamsen, Th. Kartschall,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00233.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Do Open-Top Chambers Overestimate The Effects Of Rising Co2 On Plants? An Analysis Using Spring Wheat", "description": "AbstractThe microclimate in facilities for studying effects of elevated CO2 on crops differs from ambient conditions. Open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers (OTCs) increase temperature by 1\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C. If temperature and CO2 interact in their effect on crops, this would limit the value of OTC experiments. Furthermore, interaction of CO2 and temperature deserves study because increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration are expected to cause global warming.
This paper describes two experiments in which a recently developed cooling system for OTCs was used to analyse the effects of temperature on photosynthesis, growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Minaret). Two levels of CO2 were used (350 and 700\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm), and two levels of temperature, with cooled OTCs being 1.6\uffe2\uff80\uff932.4 \uffc2\uffb0C colder than noncooled OTCs.
Photosynthetic rates were increased by elevated CO2, but no effect of temperature was found. Cross\uffe2\uff80\uff90switching CO2 concentrations as well as determination of A\uffe2\uff80\uff93Ci curves showed that plant photosynthetic capacity after anthesis acclimated to elevated CO2. The acclimation may be related to the effects of CO2 on tissue composition: elevated CO2 decreased leaf nitrogen concentrations and increased sugar content. Calculations of the seasonal mean crop light\uffe2\uff80\uff90use efficiency (LUE) were consistent with the photosynthesis data in that CO2 increased LUE by 20% on average whereas temperature had no effect. Both elevating CO2 and cooling increased grain yield, by an average of 11% and 23%, respectively. CO2 and temperature stimulated yield via different mechanisms: CO2 increased photosynthetic rate, but decreased crop light interception capacity (LAI), whereas cooling increased grain yield by increasing LAI and extending the growing season with 10 days. The effects of CO2 and temperature were not additive: the CO2 effect was about doubled in the noncooled open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers. In most cases, effects on yield were mediated through increased grain density rather than increased individual grain weights.
The higher growth response to elevated CO2 in noncooled vs. cooled OTCs shows that a cooling system may remove a bias towards overestimating crop growth response to CO2 in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Open-top chambers", "Spring wheat", "Temperature", "CO2", " grain yeild", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Photosynthesis", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00233.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00233.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00233.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00233.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00259.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Soil Carbon Dynamics In Regrowing Forest Of Eastern Amazonia", "description": "SummaryThe future flora of Amazonia will include significant areas of secondary forest as degraded pastures are abandoned and secondary succession proceeds. The rate at which secondary forests regain carbon (C) stocks and re\uffe2\uff80\uff90establish biogeochemical cycles that resemble those of primary forests will influence the biogeochemistry of the region. Most studies have focused on the effects of deforestation on biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we present data on the recuperation of carbon stocks and carbon fluxes within a secondary forest of the eastern Amazon, and we compare these measurements to those for primary forest, degraded pasture, and productive pasture. Along a transect from a 23\uffe2\uff80\uff90y\uffe2\uff80\uff90old degraded pasture, through a 7\uffe2\uff80\uff90y\uffe2\uff80\uff90old secondary forest, through a 16\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old secondary forest, and to a primary forest, the \uffce\uffb413C values of soil organic matter (SOM) in the top 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm of soil were \uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff8321.0, \uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff8326.5, \uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff8327.4, and \uffe2\uff80\uff93\uffe2\uff80\uff8327.9\uffe2\uff80\uffb0, respectively, indicating that the isotopic signature of SOM from C3 forest plants was rapidly re\uffe2\uff80\uff90established. The degraded pasture also had significant inputs of C from C3 plants. Radiocarbon data indicated that most of the C in the top 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm of soil had been fixed by plants during the last 30\uffe2\uff80\uff83years. Differences in soil C inventory among land use types were small compared to uncertainties in their measurement. Root inputs were nearly identical in primary and secondary forests, and litterfall in the secondary forest was 88% of the litterfall rate of the primary forest. In contrast, the secondary forest had only 17% of the above ground biomass. Because of rapid cycling rates of soil C and rapid recovery of C fluxes to and from the soil, the below ground C cycle in this secondary forest was nearly identical with those of the unaltered primary forest.
", "keywords": ["forest", "Amazonia", "Ecology", "Life on Land", "13. Climate action", "carbon-13", "carbon-14", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Environmental Sciences", "soil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt9dn6q5xv/qt9dn6q5xv.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00259.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00259.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00259.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00259.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00277.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Litter Quality And Decomposition In Danthonia Richardsonii Swards In Response To Co2 And Nitrogen Supply Over Four Years Of Growth", "description": "SummaryLitter quality parameters of Danthonia richardsonii grown under CO2 concentrations of \uffe2\uff89\uff88\uffe2\uff80\uff83359 & \uffe2\uff89\uff88\uffe2\uff80\uff83719\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL L\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1 at three mineral N supply rates (2.2, 6.7 & 19.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a2\uffe2\uff80\uff83y\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1) were determined. C:N ratio was increased in senesced leaf (enhancement ratios, Re/c, of 1.25\uffe2\uff80\uff931.67), surface litter (1.34\uffe2\uff80\uff931.64) and root (1.13\uffe2\uff80\uff931.30) by CO2 enrichment. After 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83years of growth, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations were reduced in senesced leaf lamina (avg. Re/c=\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff830.84) but not in root in response to CO2 enrichment. Cellulose concentrations increased slightly in senesced leaf (avg. Re/c=\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff831.07) but not in root in response to CO2 enrichment. Lignin and polyphenolic concentrations in senesced leaf and root were not changed by CO2 enrichment. Decomposition, measured as cumulative respiration in standard conditions in vitro, was reduced in leaf litter grown under CO2 enrichment. Root decomposition in vitro was lower in the material produced under CO2 enrichment at the two higher rates of mineral N supply. Significant correlations between decomposition of leaf litter and initial %N, C:N ratio and lignin:N ratio were found. Decomposition in vivo, measured as carbon disappearance from the surface litter was not affected by CO2 concentration. Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection was not changed by CO2 enrichment. Microbial carbon was higher under CO2 enrichment at the two higher rates of mineral N supply. Possible reasons for the lack of effect of changes in litter quality on in\uffe2\uff80\uff90sward decomposition rates are discussed.
", "keywords": ["decomposition", "grass", "Arbuscular mycorrhizae", "Microbial biomass", "carbon dioxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "nitrogen", "microcosm", "C3 plant", "litter", "Danthonia", "biochemical composition", "Long-term experiment", "Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nutrient availability", "Danthonia richardsonii C:N"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jason L. Lutze, Jason L. Lutze, Roger M. Gifford, Helen N. Adams,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00277.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00277.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00277.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00277.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Interactions Of Tropospheric Co2 And O3 Enrichments And Moisture Variations On Microbial Biomass And Respiration In Soil", "description": "SummarySoil microbial biomass C (Cmic) is a sensitive indicator of trends in organic matter dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the effects of tropospheric CO2 or O3 enrichments and moisture variations on total soil organic C (Corg), mineralizable C fraction (CMin), Cmic, maintenance respiratory (qCO2) or Cmic death (qD) quotients, and their relationship with basal respiration (BR) rates and field respiration (FR) fluxes in wheat\uffe2\uff80\uff90soybean agroecosystems. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max. L. Merr) plants were grown to maturity in 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90m dia open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top field chambers and exposed to charcoal\uffe2\uff80\uff90filtered (CF) air at 350\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL CO2 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921; CF air\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83150\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL CO2 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921; nonfiltered (NF) air\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff8335\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921; and NF air\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff8335\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83150\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL CO2 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at optimum (\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05\uffe2\uff80\uff83MPa) and restricted soil moisture (\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff831.0\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05\uffe2\uff80\uff83MPa) regimes. The\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83150\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL CO2 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 additions were 18\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff80\uff83d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and the\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff8335\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 treatments were 7\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff80\uff83d\uffe2\uff88\uff921 from April until late October. While Corg did not vary consistently, CMin, Cmic and Cmic fractions increased in soils under tropospheric CO2 enrichment (500\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL CO2 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and decreased under high O3 exposures (55\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff836\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for wheat; 60\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff835\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for soybean) compared to the CF treatments (25\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff835\uffe2\uff80\uff83nL O3 L\uffe2\uff88\uff921). The qCO2 or qD quotients of Cmic were also significantly decreased in soils under high CO2 but increased under high O3 exposures compared to the CF control. The BR rates did not vary consistently but they were higher in well\uffe2\uff80\uff90watered soils. The FR fluxes were lower under high O3 exposures compared to soils under the CF control. An increase in Cmic or Cmic fractions and decrease in qCO2 or qD observed under high CO2 treatment suggest that these soils were acting as C sinks whereas, reductions in Cmic or Cmic fractions and increase in qCO2 or qD in soils under elevated tropospheric O3 exposures suggest the soils were serving as a source of CO2.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00307.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Net Soil Carbon Input Under Ambient And Elevated Co2 Concentrations: Isotopic Evidence After 4 Years", "description": "SummaryElevation of atmospheric CO2 concentration is predicted to increase net primary production, which could lead to additional C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil C input was determined under ambient and Free Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) conditions for Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L. grown for four years in a sandy\uffe2\uff80\uff90loam soil. The 13C content of the soil organic matter C had been increased by 5\uffe2\uff80\uffb0 compared to the native soil by prior cropping to corn (Zea mays) for\uffe2\uff80\uff83>\uffe2\uff80\uff8320\uffe2\uff80\uff83years. Both species received low or high amounts of N fertilizer in separate plots. The total accumulated above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass produced by L. perenne during the 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period was strongly dependent on the amount of N fertilizer applied but did not respond to increased CO2. In contrast, the total accumulated above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass of T. repens doubled under elevated CO2 but remained independent of N fertilizer rate. The C:N ratio of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass for both species increased under elevated CO2 whereas only the C:N ratio of L. perenne roots increased under elevated CO2. Root biomass of L. perenne doubled under elevated CO2 and again under high N fertilization. Total soil C was unaffected by CO2 treatment but dependent on species. After 4 years and for both crops, the fraction of new C (F\uffe2\uff80\uff90value) under ambient conditions was higher (P=\uffe2\uff80\uff8a0.076) than under FACE conditions: 0.43 vs. 0.38. Soil under L. perenne showed an increase in total soil organic matter whereas N fertilization or elevated CO2 had no effect on total soil organic matter content for both systems. The net amount of C sequestered in 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83years was unaffected by the CO2 concentration (overall average of 8.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921 soil). There was a significant species effect and more new C was sequestered under highly fertilized L. perenne. The amount of new C sequestered in the soil was primarily dependent on plant species and the response of root biomass to CO2 and N fertilization. Therefore, in this FACE study net soil C sequestration was largely depended on how the species responded to N rather than to elevated CO2.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chris van Kessel, Ueli A. Hartwig, David J. Harris, Andreas L\u00fcscher, William R. Horwath,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00318.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00275.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Elevated Co2 Increases Nitrogen Fixation And Decreases Soil Nitrogen Mineralization In Florida Scrub Oak", "description": "SummaryWe report changes in nitrogen cycling in Florida scrub oak in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 during the first 14\uffe2\uff80\uff83months of experimental treatment. Elevated CO2 stimulated above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground growth, nitrogen mass, and root nodule production of the nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90fixing vine, Galactia elliottii Nuttall. During this period, elevated CO2 reduced rates of gross nitrogen mineralization in soil, and resulted in lower recovery of nitrate on resin lysimeters. Elevated CO2 did not alter nitrogen in the soil microbial biomass, but increased the specific rate of ammonium immobilization (NH4+ immobilized per unit microbial N) measured over a 24\uffe2\uff80\uff90h period. Increased carbon input to soil through greater root growth combined with a decrease in the quality of that carbon in elevated CO2 best explains these changes.
\uffe2\uff80\uff83These results demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 concentration influences both the internal cycling of nitrogen (mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification) as well as the processes that regulate total ecosystem nitrogen mass (nitrogen fixation and nitrate leaching) in Florida coastal scrub oak. If these changes in nitrogen cycling are sustained, they could cause long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term feedbacks to the growth responses of plants to elevated CO2. Greater nitrogen fixation and reduced leaching could stimulate nitrogen\uffe2\uff80\uff90limited plant growth by increasing the mass of labile nitrogen in the ecosystem. By contrast, reduced nitrogen mineralization and increased immobilization will restrict the supply rate of plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90available nitrogen, potentially reducing plant growth. Thus, the net feedback to plant growth will depend on the balance of these effects through time.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00275.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00275.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00275.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00275.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Carbon-13 Input And Turn-Over In A Pasture Soil Exposed To Long-Term Elevated Atmospheric Co2", "description": "SummaryThe impact of elevated CO2 and N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilization on soil C\uffe2\uff80\uff90cycling in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens pastures were investigated under Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) conditions. For six years, swards were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 (35 and 60\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pa pCO2) and received a low and high rate of N fertilizer. The CO2 added in the FACE plots was depleted in 13C compared to ambient (\uffce\uff94\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a\uffe2\uff80\uff8340\uffe2\uff80\uffb0) thus the C inputs could be quantified.
On average, 57% of the C associated with the sand fraction of the soil was \uffe2\uff80\uff98new\uffe2\uff80\uff99 C. Smaller proportions of the C associated with the silt (18%) and clay fractions (14%) were derived from FACE. Only a small fraction of the total C pool below 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth was sequestered during the FACE experiment.
The annual net input of C in the FACE soil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm) was estimated at 4.6\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff832.2 and 6.3\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff833.6 (95% confidence interval) Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1 for T. repens and L. perenne, respectively. The maximum amount of labile C in the T. repens sward was estimated at 8.3\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff831.6\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1 and 7.1\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff831.0\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff8a1 in the L. perenne sward. Mean residence time (MRT) for newly sequestered soil C was estimated at 1.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in the T. repens plots and 1.1\uffe2\uff80\uff83years for L. perenne. An average of 18% of total soil C in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth in the T. repens sward and 24% in the L. perenne sward was derived from FACE after 6\uffe2\uff80\uff83years exposure. The majority of the change in soil \uffce\uffb413C occurred in the first three years of the experiment. No treatment effects on total soil C were detected.
The fraction of FACE\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C in the L. perenne sward was larger than in the T. repens sward. This suggests a priming effect in the L. perenne sward which led to increased losses of the old C. Although the rate of C cycling was affected by species and elevated CO2, the soil in this intensively managed grassland ecosystem did not become a sink for additional new C.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ueli A. Hartwig, David J. Harris, F.L. Walley, Andreas L\u00fcscher, Jennifer Nitschelm, Chris van Kessel, William R. Horwath,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00287.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00317.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 Concentration On C And N Pools And Rhizosphere Processes In A Florida Scrub Oak Community", "description": "SummaryThe effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation and soil microbial biomass and activity in a native Florida scrub oak community was studied. The plant community, dominated by Quercus myrtifolia Willd. and Q. geminata Small, was exposed for 2 years to elevated Ca in open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers. Buried subsoil bags were retrieved after 1 year of exposure to elevated Ca. In addition, soil cores were taken twice from the chambers within two weeks in July 1998 (the first after a long dry spell and the second after 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm of rainfall) and divided into rhizosphere and bulk soil. Soil organic matter accumulation (excluding roots) into the buried subsoil bags was lower in elevated than in ambient Ca. Concentrations of soluble carbon and ninhydrin\uffe2\uff80\uff90reactive nitrogen (Nninh) in the rhizosphere soil were reduced by elevated Ca for the first sampling date and unaffected for the second sampling date. Microbial activity, measured as fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, decreased in elevated Ca for the first sampling date. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in the bulk soil were unaffected by elevated Ca. There was no effect of elevated Ca on bacterial numbers in the rhizosphere.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Schortemeyer, Marcus, Dijkstra, Paul, Johnson, Dale, Drake, Bert G.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00317.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00317.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00317.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00317.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00345.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Direct Evidence That Symbiotic N-2 Fixation In Fertile Grassland Is An Important Trait For A Strong Response Of Plants To Elevated Atmospheric Co2", "description": "SummaryAlthough legumes showed a clearly superior yield response to elevated atmospheric pCO2 compared to nonlegumes in a variety of field experiments, the extent to which this is due to symbiotic N2 fixation per se has yet to be determined. Thus, effectively and ineffectively nodulating lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) plants with a very similar genetic background were grown in competition with each other on fertile soil in the Swiss FACE experiment in order to monitor their CO2 response. Under elevated atmospheric pCO2, effectively nodulating lucerne, thus capable of symbiotically fixing N2, strongly increased the harvestable biomass and the N yield, independent of N fertilization. In contrast, the harvestable biomass and N yield of ineffectively nodulating plants were affected negatively by elevated atmospheric pCO2 when N fertilization was low. Large amounts of N fertilizer enabled the plants to respond more favourably to elevated atmospheric pCO2, although not as strongly as effectively nodulating plants. The CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increase in N yield of the effectively nodulating plants was attributed solely to an increase in symbiotic N2 fixation of 50\uffe2\uff80\uff93175%, depending on the N fertilization treatment. N yield derived from the uptake of mineral N from the soil was, however, not affected by elevated pCO2. This result demonstrates that, in fertile soil and under temperate climatic conditions, symbiotic N2 fixation per se is responsible for the considerably greater amount of above\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass and the higher N yield under elevated atmospheric pCO2. This supports the assumption that symbiotic N2 fixation plays a key role in maintaining the C/N balance in terrestrial ecosystems in a CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich world.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ueli A. Hartwig, D. Suter, Andreas L\u00fcscher, Josef N\u00f6sberger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00345.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00345.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00345.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00345.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00374.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2 On Fine Root Production And Activity In An Intact Temperate Forest Ecosystem", "description": "SummaryWe investigated the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ambient\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83200\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm) on fine root production and soil carbon dynamics in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest subject to free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2 enrichment (FACE) near Durham, NC (USA). Live fine root mass (LFR) showed less seasonal variation than dead fine root mass (DFR), which was correlated with seasonal changes in soil moisture and soil temperature. LFR mass increased significantly (by 86%) in the elevated CO2 treatment, with an increment of 37\uffe2\uff80\uff83g(dry weight)\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 above the control plots after two years of CO2 fumigation. There was no long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term increment in DFR associated with elevated CO2, but significant seasonal accumulations of DFR mass occurred during the summer of the second year of fumigation. Overall, root net primary production (RNPP) was not significantly different, but annual carbon inputs were 21.7\uffe2\uff80\uff83gC\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83y\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (68%) higher in the elevated CO2 treatment compared to controls. Specific root respiration was not altered by the CO2 treatment during most of the year; however, it was significantly higher by 21% and 13% in September 1997 and May 1998, respectively, in elevated CO2. We did not find statistically significant differences in the C/N ratio of the root tissue, root decomposition or phosphatase activity in soil and roots associated with the treatment. Our data show that the early response of a loblolly pine forest ecosystem subject to CO2 enrichment is an increase in its fine root population and a trend towards higher total RNPP after two years of CO2 fumigation.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "William H. Schlesinger, Roser Matamala,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00374.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00374.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00374.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00374.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00390.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Response Of Nitrogen Cycling To Simulated Climate Change: Differential Responses Along A Subalpine Ecotone", "description": "SummaryIn situnitrogen (N) transformations and N availability were examined over a four\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period in two soil microclimates (xeric and mesic) under a climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90warming treatment in a subalpine meadow/sagebrush scrub ecotone. Experimental plots that spanned the two soil microclimates were exposed to anin situinfrared (IR) climate change manipulation at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, near Crested Butte, Colorado. Although the two microclimates did not differ significantly in their rates of N transformations in the absence of heating, they differed significantly in their response to increased IR. Under a simulated warming in the sagebrush\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated xeric microclimate, gross N mineralization rates doubled and immobilization rates increased by up to 60% over the first 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83years of the study but declined to predisturbance rates by the fourth year. This temporal pattern of gross mineralization rates correlated with a decline in SOM. Concurrently, rates of net mineralization rates in the heated plots were 60% higher than the controls after the first year. There were no differences in gross or net nitrification rates with heating in the xeric soils. In contrast to the xeric microclimate, there were no significant effects of heating on any N transformation rates in the mesic microclimate. The differing responses in N cycling rates of the two microclimate to the increased IR is most certainly the result of differences in initial soil moisture conditions and vegetation type and cover.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "M. Rebecca Shaw, M. Rebecca Shaw, John Harte,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00390.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00390.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00390.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00390.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "The Influence Of Plants Grown Under Elevated Co2 And N Fertilization On Soil Nitrogen Dynamics", "description": "AbstractWe investigated the effects of spring barley growth on nitrogen (N) transformations and rhizosphere microbial processes in a controlled system under elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) at two levels of N fertilization (applied with15N labelling). After 25\uffe2\uff80\uff83d, elevated CO2(twice ambient) increased plant growth (dry weight, DW) by 141% at low\uffe2\uff80\uff90N fertilization and by 60% at high\uffe2\uff80\uff90N fertilization, but its positive effect on the root\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90shoot ratio was only significant at low\uffe2\uff80\uff90N input. As a result of this plant response, elevated CO2caused a greater soil CO2efflux, rhizosphere soil DW, and soil microbial biomass under N\uffe2\uff80\uff90limiting conditions than under high N availability. Elevated CO2also caused a significant (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.001) increase in the N recovered by the plant from both the labelled (Nf) and unlabelled (Ns\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83Nuf) N pools. The dynamics of N in the system as affected by elevated CO2were driven principally by mineralization\uffe2\uff80\uff93immobilization turnover, with little loss by denitrification. Under N\uffe2\uff80\uff90limiting conditions, there is evidence to suggest enhanced nutrient release from soil organic matter (SOM) pools\uffe2\uff80\uff94a process which could be defined as priming. The results of our experiment did not indicate a direct plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated effect of elevated CO2on nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes or denitrification activity.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00499.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-06-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Linking Sequestration Of 13c And 15n In Aggregates In A Pasture Soil Following 8 Years Of Elevated Atmospheric Co2", "description": "AbstractThe influence of N availability on C sequestration under prolonged elevated CO2 in terrestrial ecosystems remains unclear. We studied the relationships between C and N dynamics in a pasture seeded to Lolium perenne after 8 years of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (FACE) conditions. Fertilizer\uffe2\uff80\uff9015N was applied at a rate of 140 and 560\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha2\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83y2\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and depleted 13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 was used to increase the CO2 concentration to 60\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pa pCO2. The 13C\uffe2\uff80\uff9315N dual isotopic tracer enabled us to study the dynamics of newly sequestered C and N in the soil by aggregate size and fractions of particulate organic matter (POM), made up by intra\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregate POM (iPOM) and free light fraction (LF). Eight years of elevated CO2 did not increase total C content in any of the aggregate classes or POM fractions at both rates of N application. The fraction of new C in the POM fractions also remained largely unaffected by N fertilization. Changes in the fractions of new C and new N (fertilizer\uffe2\uff80\uff90N) under elevated CO2 were more pronounced between POM classes than between aggregate size classes. Hence, changes in the dynamics of soil C and N cycling are easier to detect in the POM fractions than in the whole aggregates. Within N treatments, fractions of new C and N in POM classes were highly correlated with more new C and N in large POM fractions and less in the smaller POM fractions. Isotopic data show that the microaggregates were derived from the macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregates and that the C and N associated with the microaggregates turned over slower than the C and N associated with the macroaggregates. There was also isotopic evidence that N immobilized by soil microorganisms was an important source of N in the iPOM fractions. Under low N availability, 3.04 units of new C per unit of fertilizer N were sequestered in the POM fractions. Under high N availability, the ratio of new C sequestered per unit of fertilizer N was reduced to 1.47. Elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations lead to similar 15N enrichments in the iPOM fractions under both low and high N additions, clearly showing that the SOM\uffe2\uff80\uff90N dynamics were unaffected by prolonged elevated CO2 concentrations.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00527.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-09-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Site And Temporal Variation Of Soil Respiration In European Beech, Norway Spruce, And Scots Pine Forests", "description": "AbstractGlobal warming and changes in rainfall amount and distribution may affect soil respiration as a major carbon flux between the biosphere and the atmosphere. The objectives of this study were to investigate the site to site and interannual variation in soil respiration of six temperate forest sites. Soil respiration was measured using closed chambers over 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83years under mature beech, spruce and pine stands at both Solling and Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f, Germany, which have distinct climates and soils. Cumulative annual CO2fluxes varied from 4.9 to 5.4\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921at Solling with silty soils and from 4.0 to 5.9\uffe2\uff80\uff83Mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f with sandy soils. With one exception soil respiration rates were not significantly different among the six forest sites (site to site variation) and between the years within the same forest site (interannual variation). Only the respiration rate in the spruce stand at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f was significant lower than the beech stand at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f in both years. Soil respiration rates of the sandy sites at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f were limited by soil moisture during the rather dry and warm summer 1999 while soil respiration at the silty Solling site tended to increase. We found a threshold of \uffe2\uff88\uff9280\uffe2\uff80\uff83kPa at 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth below which soil respiration decreased with increasing drought. Subsequent wetting of sandy soils revealed high CO2effluxes in the stands at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f. However, dry periods were infrequent, and our results suggest that temporal variation in soil moisture generally had little effect on annual soil respiration rates. Soil temperature at 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth explained 83% of the temporal variation in soil respiration using the Arrhenius function. The correlations were weaker using temperature at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm (r2\uffe2\uff80\uff83=\uffe2\uff80\uff830.63) and 2.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth (r2\uffe2\uff80\uff83=\uffe2\uff80\uff830.81). MeanQ10values for the range from 5 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C increased asymptotically with soil depth from 1.87 at 0\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm to 3.46 at 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth, indicating a large uncertainty in the prediction of the temperature dependency of soil respiration. Comparing the fitted Arrhenius curves for same tree species from Solling and Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f revealed higher soil respiration rates for the stands at Solling than in the respective stands at Unterl\uffc3\uffbc\uffc3\uff9f at the same temperature. A\uffc2\uffa0significant positive correlation across all sites between predicted soil respiration rates at 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C and total phosphorus content and C\uffe2\uff80\uff90to\uffe2\uff80\uff90N ratio of the upper mineral soil indicate a possible effect of nutrients on soil respiration.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-10-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00493.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:08Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric Co2 In Open Top Chambers Increases Net Nitrification And Potential Denitrification", "description": "AbstractThe control of soil nitrogen (N) availability under elevated atmospheric CO2 is central to predicting changes in ecosystem carbon (C) storage and primary productivity. The effects of elevated CO2 on belowground processes have so far attracted limited research and they are assumed to be controlled by indirect effects through changes in plant physiology and chemistry. In this study, we investigated the effects of a 4\uffe2\uff80\uff90year exposure to elevated CO2 (ambient\uffe2\uff80\uff83+\uffe2\uff80\uff83400\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb5mol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in open top chambers under Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) seedlings on soil microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification. Potential denitrification (DP) and potential N2O emissions were significantly higher in soils from the elevated CO2 treatment, probably regulated indirectly by the changes in soil conditions (increased pH, C availability and NO3\uffe2\uff80\uff93 production). Net N mineralization was mainly accounted for by nitrate production. Nitrate production was significantly larger for soil from the elevated CO2 treatment in the field when incubated in the laboratory under elevated CO2 (increase of 100%), but there was no effect when incubated under ambient CO2. Net nitrate production of the soil originating from the ambient CO2 treatment in the field was not influenced by laboratory incubation conditions. These results indicate that a direct effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial processes might take place. We hypothesize that physiological adaptation or selection of nitrifiers could occur under elevated CO2 through higher soil CO2 concentrations. Alternatively, lower microbial NH4 assimilation under elevated CO2 might explain the higher net nitrification. We conclude that elevated atmospheric CO2 has a major direct effect on the soil microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification despite generally higher soil CO2 concentrations compared to atmospheric concentrations.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00493.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00493.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00493.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00493.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00514.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Root Production And Demography In A California Annual Grassland Under Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", "description": "AbstractThis study examined root production and turnover in a California grassland during the third year of a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiment with ambient (LO) and twice\uffe2\uff80\uff90ambient atmospheric CO2 (HI), using harvests, ingrowth cores, and minirhizotrons. Based on one\uffe2\uff80\uff90time harvest data, root biomass was 32% greater in the HI treatment, comparable to the stimulation of aboveground production during the study year. However, the 30\uffe2\uff80\uff9370% increase in photosynthesis under elevated CO2 for the dominant species in our system is considerably larger than the combined increase in above and belowground biomass. One possible explanation is, increased root turnover, which could be a sink for the additional fixed carbon. Cumulative root production in ingrowth cores from both treatments harvested at four dates was 2\uffe2\uff80\uff933 times that in the single harvested cores, suggesting substantial root turnover within the growing season. Minirhizotron data confirmed this result, demonstrating that production and mortality occurred simultaneously through much of the season. As a result, cumulative root production was 54%, 47% and 44% greater than peak standing root length for the no chamber (X), LO, and HI plots, respectively. Elevated CO2, however, had little effect on rates of turnover (i.e. rates of turnover were equal in the LO and HI plots throughout most of the year) and cumulative root production was unaffected by treatment. Elevated CO2 increased monthly production of new root length (59%) only at the end of the season (April\uffe2\uff80\uff93June) when root growth had largely ceased in the LO plots but continued in the HI plots. This end\uffe2\uff80\uff90of\uffe2\uff80\uff90season increase in production coincided with an 18% greater soil moisture content in the HI plots previously described. Total standing root length was not affected by CO2 treatment. Root mortality was unaffected by elevated CO2 in all months except April, in which plants grown in the HI plots had higher mortality rates. Together, these results demonstrate that root turnover is considerable in the grassland community and easily missed by destructive soil coring. However, increased fine root turnover under elevated CO2 is apparently not a major sink for extra photosynthate in this system.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00514.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00514.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00514.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00514.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-08-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00535.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Potassium Limits Potential Growth Of Bog Vegetation Under Elevated Atmospheric Co2 And N Deposition", "description": "AbstractThe free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition experiments on four ombrotrophic bogs in Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland, revealed that after three years of treatment: (1) elevated atmospheric CO2concentration had no significant effect on the biomass growth ofSphagnumand vascular species; and (2) increased N\uffc2\uffa0deposition reduced Sphagnum growth, because it increased the cover of vascular plants and the tall mossPolytrichum strictum, while vascular plant biomass growth was not affected. This paper focuses on water chemistry, plant nutrient content, and litter decomposition rates. Potassium limitation, or low supply of K\uffc2\uffa0and P, may have prevented a significant increase ofSphagnumgrowth under elevated CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition. Vascular plant growth under elevated CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition was also limited by K, or by K\uffc2\uffa0in combination with P\uffc2\uffa0or N\uffc2\uffa0(N in CO2experiment). Elevated CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition had no effect on decomposition rates ofSphagnumand vascular plant litter. Aside from a possible effect of N\uffc2\uffa0deposition on light competition between species, we expect that elevated atmospheric CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition concentrations will not affectSphagnumand vascular plant growth in bogs of north\uffe2\uff80\uff90west Europe due to K\uffe2\uff80\uff90, or K\uffc2\uffa0in combination with N\uffe2\uff80\uff90 or P\uffe2\uff80\uff90, limited growth. For the same reason we expect no effect of elevated CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition on litter decomposition. Net primary production of raised ombrotrophic bogs that are at or close to steady state, is regulated by input of nutrients through atmospheric deposition. Therefore, we hypothesize that the expected increase of plant growth under elevated CO2and N\uffc2\uffa0deposition is diminished by current levels of K\uffc2\uffa0(and to some extent P\uffc2\uffa0and N) in atmospheric deposition.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Sphagnum", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "Bog", "Litter decomposition", "Nutrient limited growth", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrogen deposition", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00535.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00535.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00535.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00535.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-09-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00562.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Options For Mitigating Methane Emission From A Permanently Flooded Rice Field", "description": "AbstractPermanently flooded rice fields, widely distributed in south and south\uffe2\uff80\uff90west China, emit more CH4 than those drained in the winter crop season. For understanding CH4 emissions from permanently flooded rice fields and developing mitigation options, CH4 emission was measured year\uffe2\uff80\uff90round for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff83years from 1995 to 2000, in a permanently flooded rice field in Chongqing, China, where two cultivations with four treatments were prepared as follows: plain\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation, summer rice crop and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (convention, Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90FF), and winter upland crop under drained conditions (Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90Wheat); ridge\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation without tillage, summer rice and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90FFR), and winter upland crop under drained conditions (Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90RW), respectively. On a 6\uffe2\uff80\uff90year average, compared to the treatments with floodwater in the winter crop season, the CH4 flux during rice\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing period from the treatments draining floodwater and planting winter crop was reduced by 42% in plain\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation and by 13% in ridge\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05), respectively. The reduction of annual CH4 emission reached 68 and 48%, respectively. Compared to plain\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation (Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90FF), ridge\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation (Ch\uffe2\uff80\uff90FFR) reduced annual CH4 emission by 33%, and which was mainly occurred in the winter crop season. These results indicate that draining floodwater layer for winter upland crop growth was not only able to prevent CH4 emission from permanently flooded paddy soils directly in the winter crop season, but also to reduce CH4 emission substantially during the following rice\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing period. As an alternative to the completely drainage of floodwater layer in the winter crop season, ridge\uffe2\uff80\uff90cultivation could also significantly mitigate CH4 emissions from permanently flooded rice fields.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hua Xu, Ming Gao, Chaofu Wei, Haruo Tsuruta, Zucong Cai,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00562.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00562.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00562.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00562.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00560.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "P Uptake By Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Hyphae: Effect Of Soil Temperature And Atmospheric Co2 Enrichment", "description": "AbstractMycorrhizas are ubiquitous symbioses that may have an important role in the movement of C from air to soil. Studies on the effects of climate change factors on mycorrhizas have been concentrated on the effects of atmospheric [CO2] whereas temperature effects have been neglected. Based on previous results showing no effect of varying atmospheric [CO2] on the development and P uptake of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonizing plants growing in controlled conditions, we hypothesized that soil temperature would have a higher impact on AMF development and nutrient uptake than the effects of [CO2] on the host plant. Pea plants were grown in association with either a single isolate of Glomus caledonium or AMF from field soil in factorial combination with the corresponding current (10\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C) or elevated (15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C) soil temperatures at current (350\uffe2\uff80\uff83p.p.m) or elevated (700\uffe2\uff80\uff83p.p.m) atmospheric [CO2]. 33P uptake by extraradical AMF hyphae was measured independently from root P uptake in a root exclusion compartment. Intraradical colonization developed well at both soil temperatures and almost duplicated from 10 to 15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C. Extraradical mycelium developed only at 15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C in the root exclusion compartment and hyphal P uptake could therefore be studied at 15\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C only. Hyphal P uptake differed markedly between inoculum types, but was not altered by growing the host plants at two atmospheric [CO2] levels. No significant [CO2]\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc3\uff97\uffe2\uff80\uff83soil temperature interactions were observed. The results suggested that, in the system tested, AMF development and function is likely more influenced by the temperature component of climate change than by its [CO2] component. We suggest that much more attention should be paid to temperature effects in future studies.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00560.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00560.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00560.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00560.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-13T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00576.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Effects Of N-Fertilisation On Ch4 Oxidation And Production, And Consequences For Ch4 Emissions From Microcosms And Rice Fields", "description": "AbstractThe world's growing human population causes an increasing demand for food, of which rice is one of the most important sources. In rice production nitrogen is often a limiting factor. As a consequence increasing amounts of fertiliser will have to be applied to maximise yields. There is an ongoing discussion on the possible effects of fertilisation on CH4 emissions. We therefore investigated the effects of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertiliser (urea) on CH4 emission, production and oxidation in rice microcosms and field experiments. In the microcosms, a substantial but short\uffe2\uff80\uff90lived reduction of CH4 emission was observed after N\uffe2\uff80\uff90addition to 43\uffe2\uff80\uff90d\uffe2\uff80\uff90old rice plants. Methane oxidation increased by 45%, demonstrated with inhibitor measurements and model calculations based on stable carbon isotope data (\uffce\uffb413CH4). A second fertilisation applied to 92\uffe2\uff80\uff90d\uffe2\uff80\uff90old plants had no effect on CH4 emission rates.
The positive effect of additional N on methanotrophic bacteria was also found in vitro for potential CH4 oxidation rates in soil and root samples from the microcosm and field experiments, indicated by elevated initial oxidation rates and reduced lag\uffe2\uff80\uff90phases. Fertilisation did not affect methane production in the microcosms. In the field, the effects were diverse: methane production was inhibited in the topsoil, but stimulated instead in the bulk soil. Stimulation occurred probably in the anaerobic food chain at the level of hydrolytic or fermenting bacteria, because acetate, a methanogenic precursor, increased simultaneously.
Combining field, microcosm and laboratory experiments we conclude that any agricultural treatment improving the N\uffe2\uff80\uff90supply to the rice plants will also be favourable for the CH4 oxidising bacteria. However, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90fertilisation had only a transient influence and was counter\uffe2\uff80\uff90balanced in the field by an elevated CH4 production. A negative effect of the fertilisation was a transient increase of N2O emissions from the microcosms. However, integrating over the season the global warming potential (GWP) of N2O emitted after fertilisation was still negligible compared to the GWP of emitted CH4.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "6. Clean water"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Peter Frenzel, Martin Kr\u00fcger,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00576.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00576.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00576.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00576.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Nitrogen Oxide Gas Emissions From Temperate Forest Soils Receiving Long-Term Nitrogen Inputs", "description": "AbstractFrom spring 2000 through fall 2001, we measured nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in two temperate forest sites in Massachusetts, USA that have been treated since 1988 with different levels of nitrogen (N) to simulate elevated rates of atmospheric N deposition. Plots within a pine stand that were treated with either 50 or 150\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 above background displayed consistently elevated NO fluxes (100\uffe2\uff80\uff93200\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb5g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83h\uffe2\uff88\uff921) compared to control plots, while only the higher N treatment plot within a mixed hardwood stand displayed similarly elevated NO fluxes. Annual NO emissions estimated from monthly sampling accounted for 3.0\uffe2\uff80\uff933.7% of N inputs to the high\uffe2\uff80\uff90N plots and 8.3% of inputs to the Pine low\uffe2\uff80\uff90N plot. Nitrous oxide fluxes in the N\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated plots were generally <\uffe2\uff80\uff8310% of NO fluxes. Net nitrification rates (NRs) and NO production rates measured in the laboratory displayed patterns that were consistent with field NO fluxes. Total N oxide gas flux was positively correlated with contemporaneous measurements of NR and concentration. Acetylene inhibited both nitrification and NO production, indicating that autotrophic nitrification was responsible for the elevated NO production. Soil pH was negatively correlated with N deposition rate. Low levels (3\uffe2\uff80\uff9311\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb5g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921) of nitrite () were detected in mineral soils from both sites. Kinetic models describing NO production as a function of the protonated form of (nitrous acid [HNO2]) adequately described the mineral soil data. The results indicate that atmospheric deposition may generate losses of gaseous NO from forest soils by promoting nitrification, and that the response may vary significantly between forest types under similar climatic regimes. The lowering of pH resulting from nitrification and/or directly from deposition may also play a role by promoting reactions involving HNO2.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00591.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00601.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-11", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Co2, Nitrogen And Fungal Endophyte-Infection On Tall Fescue: Growth, Photosynthesis, Chemical Composition And Digestibility", "description": "AbstractRising global carbon dioxide levels may lead to profound changes in plant composition, regardless of the degree of global warming that may result from the accumulation of this greenhouse gas. We studied the interaction of a CO2 doubling and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and chemical composition of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber cv. KY\uffe2\uff80\uff9031) when infected and uninfected with the mutualistic fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum Morgan\uffe2\uff80\uff90Jones and Gams. Two\uffe2\uff80\uff90year\uffe2\uff80\uff90old plants were harvested to 5\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm every 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83weeks, and after 12\uffe2\uff80\uff83weeks of growth plants grown in twice ambient CO2 concentrations: photosynthesized 15% more; produced tillers at a faster rate; produced 53% more dry matter (DM) yield under low N conditions and 61% more DM under high N conditions; the % organic matter (OM) was little changed except under elevated CO2 and high N when %OM increased by 3%; lignin decreased by 14%; crude protein (CP) concentrations (as %DM) declined by 21%; the soluble CP fraction (as %CP) increased by 13%; the acid detergent insoluble CP fraction (as %CP) increased by 12%, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility declined by 5% under high N conditions but not under low N. Plants infected with the endophytic fungus: photosynthesized 16% faster in high N compared with under low N; flowered earlier than uninfected plants; had 28% less lignin in high N compared with under low N; and had much smaller reductions in CP concentration (as %DM) and smaller increases in the soluble CP fraction (as %CP) and the acid detergent insoluble CP fraction (as %CP) under elevated CO2. Such large and varied changes in plant quality are likely to have large and significant effects on the herbivore populations that feed from these plants.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00601.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00601.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00601.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00601.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00614.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Six Years Of In Situ Co2 Enrichment Evoke Changes In Soil Structure And Soil Biota Of Nutrient-Poor Grassland", "description": "AbstractNutrient\uffe2\uff80\uff90poor grassland on a silty clay loam overlying calcareous debris was exposed to elevated CO2 for six growing seasons. The CO2 exchange and productivity were persistently increased throughout the experiment, suggesting increases in soil C inputs. At the same time, elevated CO2 lead to increased soil moisture due to reduced evapotransporation. Measurements related to soil microflora did not indicate increased soil C fluxes under elevated CO2. Microbial biomass, soil basal respiration, and the metabolic quotient for CO2 (qCO2) were not altered significantly. PLFA analysis indicated no significant shift in the ratio of fungi to bacteria. 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83m KCl extractable organic C and N, indicators of changed DOC and DON concentrations, also remained unaltered. Microbial grazer populations (protozoa, bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes, acari and collembola) and root feeding nematodes were not affected by elevated CO2. However, total nematode numbers averaged slightly lower under elevated CO2 (\uffe2\uff88\uff9216%, ns) and nematode mass was significantly reduced (\uffe2\uff88\uff9243%, P\uffe2\uff80\uff83=\uffe2\uff80\uff830.06). This reduction reflected a reduction in large\uffe2\uff80\uff90diameter nematodes classified as omnivorous and predacious. Elevated CO2 resulted in a shift towards smaller aggregate sizes at both micro\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and macro\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregate scales; this was caused by higher soil moisture under elevated CO2. Reduced aggregate sizes result in reduced pore neck diameters. Locomotion of large\uffe2\uff80\uff90diameter nematodes depends on the presence of large enough pores; the reduction in aggregate sizes under elevated CO2 may therefore account for the decrease in large nematodes. These animals are relatively high up the soil food web; this decline could therefore trigger top\uffe2\uff80\uff90down effects on the soil food web. The CO2 enrichment also affected the nitrogen cycle. The N stocks in living plants and surface litter increased at elevated CO2, but N in soil organic matter and microbes remained unaltered. Nitrogen mineralization increased markedly, but microbial N did not differ between CO2 treatments, indicating that net N immobilization rates were unaltered. In summary, this study did not provide evidence that soils and soil microbial communities are affected by increased soil C inputs under elevated CO2. On the contrary, available data (13C tracer data, minirhizotron observations, root ingrowth cores) suggests that soil C inputs did not increase substantially. However, we provide first evidence that elevated CO2 can reduce soil aggregation at the scale from \uffc2\uffb5m to mm scale, and that this can affect soil microfaunal populations.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00614.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00614.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00614.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00614.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-29", "title": "Production, Turnover And Mycorrhizal Colonization Of Root Systems Of Three Populus Species Grown Under Elevated Co2 (Popface)", "description": "AbstractA fast growing high density Populus plantation located in central Italy was exposed to elevated carbon dioxide for a period of three years. An elevated CO2 treatment (550\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm), of 200\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm over ambient (350\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppm) was provided using a FACE technique. Standing root biomass, fine root turnover and mycorrhizal colonization of the following Populus species was examined: Populus alba L., Populus nigra L., Populus x euramericana Dode (Guinier). Elevated CO2 increased belowground allocation of biomass in all three species examined, standing root biomass increased by 47\uffe2\uff80\uff9376% as a result of FACE treatment. Similarly, fine root biomass present in the soil increased by 35\uffe2\uff80\uff9384%. The FACE treatment resulted in 55% faster fine root turnover in P. alba and a 27% increase in turnover of roots of P. nigra and P. x euramericana. P. alba and P. nigra invested more root biomass into deeper soil horizon under elevated CO2. Response of the mycorrhizal community to elevated CO2 was more varied, the rate of infection increased only in P. alba for both ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). The roots of P. nigra showed greater infection only by AM and the colonization of the root system of P. x euramericana was not affected by FACE treatment. The results suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 conditions induce greater belowground biomass investment, which could lead to accumulation of assimilated C in the soil profile. This may have implications for C sequestration and must be taken into account when considering long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term C storage in the soil.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00582.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Soil Organic Matter Biochemistry And Potential Susceptibility To Climatic Change Across The Forest-Tundra Ecotone In The Fennoscandian Mountains", "description": "AbstractWe studied soil organic carbon (C) chemistry at the mountain birch forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90tundra ecotone in three regions of the Fennoscandian mountain range with comparable vegetation cover but contrasting degrees of continentality and latitude. The aim of the study was to identify functional compound classes and their relationships to decomposition and spatial variation across the ecotone and latitudinal gradient. Solid\uffe2\uff80\uff90state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR) was used to identify seven functional groups of soil organic C: alkyls, N\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls, O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls, acetals, aromatics, phenolics and carboxyls. N\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls, O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls and acetals are generally considered labile substrates for a large number of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria, whilst phenolics and aromatics are mainly decomposed by lignolytic organisms and contribute to the formation of soil organic matter together with aliphatic alkyls and carboxyls. All soils contained a similar proportional distribution of functional groups, although relatively high amounts of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls, O\uffe2\uff80\uff90alkyls and acetals were present in comparison to earlier published studies, suggesting that large amounts of soil C were potentially vulnerable to microbial degradation. Soil organic matter composition was different at the most southerly site (Dovrefjell, Norway), compared with the two more northerly sites (Abisko, Sweden, and Joatka, Norway), with higher concentrations of aromatics and phenolics, as well as pronounced differences in alkyl concentrations between forest and tundra soils. Clear differences between mountain birch forest and tundra heath soil was noted, with generally higher concentrations of labile carbon present in tundra soils. We conclude that, although mesic soils around the forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90tundra ecotone in Fennoscandia are a potential source of C to the atmosphere in a changing environment, the response is likely to vary between comparable ecosystems in relation to latitude and continentality as well as soil properties especially soil nitrogen content and pH.
", "keywords": ["570", "decomposition", "550", "Fennoscandia", "Mass Import - autoclassified (may be erroneous)", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910", "15. Life on land", "Chemistry", "Soil", "ecotone", "13. Climate action", "soil organic matter", "CPMAS 13C NMR", "Climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00598.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Effects Of Elevated Carbon Dioxide On Green Leaf Tissue And Leaf Litter Quality In An Intact Mojave Desert Ecosystem", "description": "AbstractThe effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on plant litter are critical determinants of ecosystem feedback to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We measured concentrations of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and calculated C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios of green leaves of two desert perennial shrubs, and the same quality parameters plus lignin and cellulose content of leaf litter from four shrub species exposed to elevated CO2 (FACE technology; Hendrey & Kimball, 1994) for 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem. Shrubs tested were Larrea tridentata, Lycium pallidum, Lycium andersonii and Ambrosia dumosa. We calculated resorption efficiency from green tissue and leaf litter N data and measured lignin and cellulose content in litter in the last year study. Green leaves of L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83tridentata grown under elevated CO2 had significantly lower N concentrations and higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios than shrubs grown in ambient conditions in 1999 (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05). Lycium pallidum green leaves grown under elevated CO2 had significantly lower N concentrations and higher C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios than shrubs grown under ambient conditions in 2000 (P\uffe2\uff80\uff83<\uffe2\uff80\uff830.05). There was no CO2 effect on C content of either species. We found no effect of CO2 on N or C content, C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratios, or lignin or cellulose concentrations in leaf litter of L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83tridentata, L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83pallidum, L.\uffe2\uff80\uff83andersonii, or A.\uffe2\uff80\uff83dumosa. There was no significant effect of CO2 on estimates of shrub resorption efficiency. There was a seasonal effect on green tissue and litter tissue quality for L. tridentata, with lower tissue N content in summer than in spring or winter months. These data suggest that any productivity increases with elevated CO2 in desert ecosystems may not be limited by lower leaf litter quality and that resorption efficiency calculations are best performed on an individual leaf basis.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00608.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-06", "title": "Environmental Control Of Fine Root Dynamics In A Northern Hardwood Forest", "description": "AbstractUnderstanding how exogenous and endogenous factors control the distribution, production and mortality of fine roots is fundamental to assessing the implications of global change, yet our knowledge of control over fine root dynamics remains rudimentary. To improve understanding of these processes, the present study developed regression relationships between environmental variables and fine root dynamics within a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA, which was experimentally manipulated with a snow removal treatment. Fine roots (<\uffe2\uff80\uff831\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm diameter) were observed using minirhizotrons for 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83years in sugar maple and yellow birch stands and analyzed in relation to temperature, water and nutrient availability. Fine root dynamics at this site fluctuated seasonally, with growth and mortality peaking during warmer months. Monthly fine root production was strongly associated with mean monthly air temperature and neither soil moisture nor nutrient availability added additional predictive power to this relationship. This relationship exhibited a seasonal temperature hysteresis, which was altered by snow removal treatment. These results suggest that both exogenous and endogenous cues may be important in controlling fine root growth in this system. Proportional fine root mortality was directly associated with mean monthly soil temperature, and proportional fine root mortality during the over\uffe2\uff80\uff90winter interval was strongly related to whether the soil froze. The strong relationship between fine root production and air temperature reported herein contrasts with findings from some hardwood forest sites and indicates that controls on fine root dynamics vary geographically. Future research must more clearly distinguish between endogenous and exogenous control over fine root dynamics in various ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-29", "title": "Accumulation Of Carbon And Nitrogen By Old Arable Land Reverting To Woodland", "description": "AbstractThe accumulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) was measured on two sites on Rothamsted Farm that had been fenced off some 120\uffe2\uff80\uff83years ago and allowed to revert naturally to woodland. The sites had previously been arable for centuries. One had been chalked and was still calcareous; the other had never been chalked and the pH fell from 7.1 in 1883 to 4.4 in 1999. The acidic site (Geescroft wilderness) is now a deciduous wood, dominated by oak (Quercus robor); the calcareous site (Broadbalk wilderness) is now dominated by ash (Fraxinus excelsior), with sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and hawthorn (Craetagus monogyna) as major contributors. The acidic site gained 2.00\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 over the 118\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period (0.38\uffe2\uff80\uff83t in litter and soil to a depth of 69\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm, plus an estimated 1.62\uffe2\uff80\uff83t in trees and their roots); the corresponding gains of N were 22.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (15.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg in the soil, plus 6.9\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg in trees and their roots). The calcareous site gained 3.39\uffe2\uff80\uff83t\uffe2\uff80\uff83C\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83year\uffe2\uff88\uff921 over the 120\uffe2\uff80\uff90year period (0.54\uffe2\uff80\uff83t in the soil, plus an estimated 2.85\uffe2\uff80\uff83t in trees and roots); for N the gains were 49.6\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (36.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg in the soil, plus 12.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg in trees and roots). Trees have not been allowed to grow on an adjacent part of the calcareous site. There is now a little more C and N in the soil from this part than in the corresponding soil under woodland. We argue from our results that N was the primary factor limiting plant growth and hence accumulation of C during the early stages of regeneration in these woodlands. As soil organic N accumulates and the sites move towards N saturation, other factors become limiting. Per unit area of woodland, narrow strips; that is, wide hedges with trees, are the most efficient way of sequestering C \uffe2\uff80\uff93 provided that they are not short of N.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Biodiversity conservation", "Environmental Sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Poulton, P. R., Pye, E., Hargreaves, P. R., Jenkinson, D. S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00633.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00638.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-05-29", "title": "The Input And Fate Of New C In Two Forest Soils Under Elevated Co2", "description": "AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate (i) the influence of different soil types on the net input of new C into soils under CO2 enrichment and (ii) the stability and fate of these new C inputs in soils. We exposed young beech\uffe2\uff80\uff93spruce model ecosystems on an acidic loam and calcareous sand for 4\uffe2\uff80\uff83years to elevated CO2. The added CO2 was depleted in 13C, allowing to trace new C inputs in the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil system. We measured CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived new C in soil C pools fractionated into particle sizes and monitored respiration as well as leaching of this new C during incubation for 1\uffe2\uff80\uff83year. Soil type played a crucial role in the partitioning of C. The net input of new C into soils under elevated CO2 was about 75% greater in the acidic loam than in the calcareous sand, despite a 100% and a 45% greater above\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground biomass on the calcareous sand. This was most likely caused by a higher turnover of C in the calcareous sand as indicated by 30% higher losses of new C from the calcareous sand than from the acidic loam during incubation. Therefore, soil properties determining stabilization of soil C were apparently more important for the accumulation of C in soils than tree productivity. Soil fractionation revealed that about 60% of the CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived new soil C was incorporated into sand fractions. Low natural 13C abundance and wide C/N ratios show that sand fractions comprise little decomposed organic matter. Consistently, incubation indicated that new soil C was preferentially respired as CO2. During the first month, evolved CO2 consisted to 40\uffe2\uff80\uff9355% of new C, whereas the fraction of new C in bulk soil C was 15\uffe2\uff80\uff9323% only. Leaching of DOC accounted for 8\uffe2\uff80\uff9323% of the total losses of new soil C. The overall effects of CO2 enrichment on soil C were small in both soils, although tree growth increased significantly on the calcareous sand. Our results suggest that the potential of soils for C sequestration is limited, because only a small fraction of new C inputs into soils will become long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term soil C.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00638.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00638.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00638.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00638.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-05-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00654.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-07-30", "title": "Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Grass Swards During The Eighth Year Of Elevated Atmospheric Pco(2) (Swiss Face)", "description": "AbstractEmissions of N2O were measured during the growth season over a year from grass swards under ambient (360\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and elevated (600\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcL\uffe2\uff80\uff83L\uffe2\uff88\uff921) CO2 partial pressures at the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment, Eschikon, Switzerland. Measurements were made following high (56\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and low (14\uffe2\uff80\uff83g\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) rates of fertilizer application, split over 5 re\uffe2\uff80\uff90growth periods, to Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens and mixed Lolium/Trifolium swards. Elevated pCO2 increased annual emissions of N2O from the high fertilized Lolium and mixed Lolium/Trifolium swards resulting in increases in GWP (N2O emissions) of 179 and 111\uffe2\uff80\uff83g CO2 equivalents m\uffe2\uff88\uff922, respectively, compared with the GWP of ambient pCO2 swards, but had no significant effect on annual emissions from Trifolium monoculture swards. The greater emissions from the high fertilized elevated pCO2Lolium swards were attributed to greater below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground C allocation under elevated pCO2 providing the energy for denitrification in the presence of excess mineral N. An annual emission of 959\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg N2O\uffe2\uff80\uff90N\uffe2\uff80\uff83m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (1.7% of fertilizer N applied) was measured from the high fertilized Lolium sward under elevated pCO2. The magnitude of emissions varied throughout the year with 84% of the total emission from the elevated pCO2Lolium swards measured during the first two re\uffe2\uff80\uff90growths (April\uffe2\uff80\uff93June 2001). This was associated with higher rainfall and soil water contents at this time of year. Trends in emissions varied between the first two re\uffe2\uff80\uff90growths (April\uffe2\uff80\uff93June 2001) and the third, fourth and fifth re\uffe2\uff80\uff90growths (late June\uffe2\uff80\uff93October 2000), with available soil NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 and rainfall explaining 70%, and soil water content explaining 72% of the variability in N2O in these periods, respectively. Caution is therefore required when extrapolating from short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term measurements to predict long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term responses to global climate change. Our findings are of global significance as increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may, depending on sward composition and fertilizer management, increase greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, thereby exacerbating the forcing effect of elevated CO2 on global climate. Our results suggest that when applying high rates of N fertilizer to grassland systems, Trifolium repens swards, or a greater component of Trifolium in mixed swards, may minimize the negative effect of continued increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on global warming.
", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Ueli A. Hartwig, Georg Cadisch, Elizabeth M. Baggs, M. Richter,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00654.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00654.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00654.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00654.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-07-30", "title": "Assessing The Impact Of Land-Use Change On Soil C Sequestration In Agricultural Soils By Means Of Organic Matter Fractionation And Stable C Isotopes", "description": "AbstractWithin the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, the potential mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by terrestrial ecosystems has placed focus on carbon sequestration following afforestation of former arable land. Central to this soil C sequestration are the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). In North Eastern Italy, a mixed deciduous forest was planted on continuous maize field soil with a strong C4 isotopic C signature 20 years ago. In addition, a continuous maize field and a relic of the original permanent grassland were maintained at the site, thus offering the opportunity to compare the impacts on soil C dynamics by conventional agriculture, afforestation and permanent grassland. Soil samples from the afforested, grassland and agricultured systems were separated in three aggregate size classes, and inter\uffe2\uff80\uff90 vs. intra\uffe2\uff80\uff90aggregate particulate organic matter was isolated. All fractions were analyzed for their C content and isotopic signature. The distinct 13C signature of the C derived from maize vegetation allowed the calculation of proportions of old vs. forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C of the physically defined fractions of the afforested soil. Long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term agricultural use significantly decreased soil C content (\uffe2\uff88\uff9248%), in the top 10\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm, but not SOM aggregation, as compared to permanent grassland. After 20 years, afforestation increased the total amount of soil C by 23% and 6% in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and in the 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depth layer, respectively. Forest\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived carbon contributed 43% and 31% to the total soil C storage in the afforested systems in the 0\uffe2\uff80\uff9310 and 10\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff83cm depths, respectively. Furthermore, afforestation resulted in significant sequestration of new C and stabilization of old C in physically protected SOM fractions, associated with microaggregates (53\uffe2\uff80\uff93250\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcm) and silt&clay (<53\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcm).
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://air.uniud.it/bitstream/11390/668662/1/Del%20Galdo_et_al_2003.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00657.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00705.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-12-24", "title": "Soil Nitrogen Transformations Under Populus Tremuloides, Betula Papyrifera And Acer Saccharum Following 3 Years Exposure To Elevated Co2 And O3", "description": "AbstractIncreases in atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 may affect forest N cycling by altering plant litter production and the availability of substrates for microbial metabolism. Three years following the establishment of our free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2\uffe2\uff80\uff93O3 enrichment experiment, plant growth has been stimulated by elevated CO2 resulting in greater substrate input to soil; elevated O3 has counteracted this effect. We hypothesized that rates of soil N cycling would be enhanced by greater plant productivity under elevated CO2, and that CO2 effects would be dampened by O3. We found that elevated CO2 did not alter gross N transformation rates. Elevated O3 significantly reduced gross N mineralization and microbial biomass N, and effects were consistent among species. We also observed significant interactions between CO2 and O3: (i) gross N mineralization was greater under elevated CO2 (1.0\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than in the presence of both CO2 and O3 (0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and (ii) gross NH4+ immobilization was also greater under elevated CO2 (0.8\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921) than under CO2 plus O3 (0.4\uffe2\uff80\uff83mg\uffe2\uff80\uff83N\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921). We used a laboratory 15N tracer method to quantify transfer of inorganic N to organic pools. Elevated CO2 led to greater recovery of NH4+\uffe2\uff80\uff9015N in microbial biomass and corresponding lower recovery in the extractable NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92 pool. Elevated CO2 resulted in a substantial increase in NO3\uffe2\uff88\uff92\uffe2\uff80\uff9015N recovery in soil organic matter. We observed no O3 main effect and no CO2 by O3 interaction effect on 15N recovery in any soil pool. All of the above responses were most pronounced beneath Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides, which have grown more rapidly than Acer saccharum. Although elevated CO2 has increased plant productivity, the resulting increase in plant litter production has yet to overcome the influence of the pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90existing pool of soil organic matter on soil microbial activity and rates of N cycling. Ozone reduces plant litter inputs and also appears to affect the composition of plant litter in a way that reduces microbial biomass and activity.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00705.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00705.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00705.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00705.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00656.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-07-30", "title": "Substantial Labile Carbon Stocks And Microbial Activity In Deeply Weathered Soils Below A Tropical Wet Forest", "description": "AbstractContrary to large areas in Amazonia of tropical moist forests with a pronounced dry season, tropical wet forests in Costa Rica do not depend on deep roots to maintain an evergreen forest canopy through the year. At our Costa Rican tropical wet forest sites, we found a large carbon stock in the subsoil of deeply weathered Oxisols, even though only 0.04\uffe2\uff80\uff930.2% of the measured root biomass (>2\uffe2\uff80\uff83mm diameter) to 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83m depth was below 2\uffe2\uff80\uff83m. In addition, we demonstrate that 20% or more of this deep soil carbon (depending on soil type) can be mobilized after forest clearing for pasture establishment. Microbial activity between 0.3 and 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83m depth contributed about 50% to the microbial activity in these soils, confirming the importance of the subsoil in C cycling. Depending on soil type, forest clearing for pasture establishment led from no change to a slight addition of carbon in the topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff930.3\uffe2\uff80\uff83m depth). However, this effect was countered by a substantial loss of C stocks in the subsoil (1\uffe2\uff80\uff933\uffe2\uff80\uff83m depth). Our results show that large stocks of relatively labile carbon are not limited to areas with a prolonged dry season, but can also be found in deeply weathered soils below tropical wet forests. Forest clearing in such areas may produce unexpectedly high C losses from the subsoil.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Costa Rica; deforestation; land-use change; microbial activity; pasture; soil organic carbon; tropical rain forest", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00656.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00656.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00656.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00656.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-07-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00665.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-10-16", "title": "Effects Of Free-Air Co2 Enrichment (Face) On Ch4 Emission From A Rice Paddy Field", "description": "AbstractMethane (CH4) is a particularly potent greenhouse gas with a radiative forcing 23 times that of CO2on a per mass basis. Flooded rice paddies are a major source of CH4emissions to the Earth's atmosphere. A free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted to evaluate changes in crop productivity and the crop ecosystem under enriched CO2conditions during three rice growth seasons from 1998 to 2000 in a rice paddy at Shizukuishi, Iwate, Japan. To understand the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2concentrations on CH4emission, we measured methane flux from FACE rice fields and rice fields with ambient levels of CO2during the 1999 and 2000 growing seasons. Methane production and oxidation potentials of soil samples collected when the rice was at the tillering and flowering stages in 2000 were measured in the laboratory by the anaerobic incubation and alternative propylene substrates methods, respectively. The average tiller number and root dry biomass were clearly larger in the plots with elevated CO2during all rice growth stages. No difference in methane oxidation potential between FACE and ambient treatments was found, but the methane production potential of soils during the flowering stage was significantly greater under FACE than under ambient conditions. When free\uffe2\uff80\uff90air CO2was enriched to 550\uffe2\uff80\uff83ppmv, the CH4emissions from the rice paddy field increased significantly, by 38% in 1999 and 51% in 2000. The increased CH4emissions were attributed to accelerated CH4production potential as a result of more root exudates and root autolysis products and to increased plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated CH4emissions because of the larger rice tiller numbers under FACE conditions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00665.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00665.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00665.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00665.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2003-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Direct And Indirect Ecosystem Consequences Of An Invasive Pest On Forests Dominated By Eastern Hemlock", "description": "AbstractAim\uffe2\uff80\uff82 This study compares the magnitude and trajectory of vegetation and ecosystem function dynamics associated with the direct impact of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand; HWA) infestation vs. the indirect consequences of HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced damage in the form of salvage and pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emptive logging of hemlock [Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere] forests.
Location\uffe2\uff80\uff82 The study was conducted within an area extending from southern Connecticut up to and including the Connecticut River lowlands west to the Berkshire Plateau in central Massaschusetts, USA.
Methods\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Overstorey and understorey vegetation and ecosystem function parameters such as decomposition and nitrogen cycling were examined in logged and unlogged portions of ten hemlock stands varying in HWA damage intensity.
Results\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Intensive hemlock logging generated more rapid and pronounced microenvironment and vegetation changes than chronic HWA damage. Black birch (Betula lenta L.) seedling densities and percent cover of brambles (Rubus L. spp.), sedges (Carex L. spp.) and hay\uffe2\uff80\uff90scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula Michx.) were significantly higher in recent harvests vs. HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged and undamaged sites. High black birch sapling densities (>7000\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921) were common in the older harvests but not in adjacent, HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged portions of these sites.
Undamaged sites had 20% more forest floor mass than HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged sites and double the mass of older cuts. Mass loss rates of cellulose paper suggest that conditions were more favourable for decomposition in the damaged and older logged sites. Recently cut sites had significantly larger inorganic N pools than undamaged forests, although total net nitrogen (N) mineralization rates were not significantly different among treatments. Nitrification rates of 0.2\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83day\uffe2\uff88\uff921 measured in the oldest cuts were three times greater than in HWA\uffe2\uff80\uff90damaged sites and over 200 times greater than in undamaged hemlock sites. However, resin bag capture in the older cuts was similar to amounts captured in undamaged and damaged forests, suggesting that excess nitrogen was being utilized in vegetative uptake. In contrast, relatively large amounts of ammonium and nitrate captured in recent harvests indicate higher N availability, less vegetative uptake, and a greater potential for N leaching.
Main conclusions\uffe2\uff80\uff82 Results suggest that both the decline associated with HWA infestation and the indirect effects of HWA in the form of logging are generating profound changes in structure, composition, and ecosystem function in these forests, although at different spatial and temporal scales. Hemlock harvesting imposed more abrupt microenvironmental changes, and rapidly reduced vegetative cover while chronic HWA infestation led to gradually thinning canopies. Both disturbances led to black birch dominated forests, although logging resulted in greater amounts of shade\uffe2\uff80\uff90intolerant regeneration, higher soil pH and nitrification rates, and reduced forest floor mass. Pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90emptive cutting of undamaged forests may lead to greater N losses than those associated with HWA infestation or logging of deteriorated hemlock forests, because of reduced vegetative uptake. Silvicultural methods that allow for vegetation establishment prior to harvesting will probably lessen the ecological impacts of hemlock removal.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Biogeography", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00766.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Response Of Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) Yield And Biochemical Composition To Elevated Co2 And Temperature At Two Nitrogen Applications", "description": "Effects on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) of current and elevated CO2 and temperature alone and in combination and their interactions with abundant and deficient nitrogen supply (HN and LN, respectively) have been studied in three experiments in 1993, 1994 and 1995. Averaged over all experiments, elevated CO2 (600 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 in 1993 and 700 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff80\uff931 in 1994 and 1995) increased total dry mass at final harvest by 21% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 21, 22) and 11% (CI = 6, 15) and root dry mass by 26% (CI = 19, 32) and 12% (CI = 6, 18) for HN and LN plants, respectively. Warmer temperature decreased total dry mass by 11% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 15, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 7) and 9% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 15, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) and root dry mass by 7% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 12, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 2) and 7% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 10, 0) for HN and LN plants, respectively. There was no significant interaction between temperature and CO2 on total or root dry mass. Neither elevated CO2 nor temperature significantly affected sucrose concentration per unit root dry mass. Concentrations of glycinebetaine and of amino acids, measured as \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, decreased in elevated CO2 in both N applications; glycinebetaine by 13% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 21, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) and 16% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 24, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 8) and \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N by 24% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 36, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 11) and 16% (CI = \uffe2\uff80\uff93 26, \uffe2\uff80\uff93 5) for HN and LN, respectively. Warmer temperature increased \uffce\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff90amino\uffe2\uff80\uff90N, by 76% (CI = 50, 107) for HN and 21% (CI = 7, 36) for LN plants, but not glycinebetaine.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0106 biological sciences", "Plant Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00327.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Elevated Co2 Stimulates Associative N-2 Fixation In A C-3 Plant Of The Chesapeake Bay Wetland", "description": "ABSTRACTIn this study, the response of N2 fixation to elevated CO2 was measured in Scirpus olneyi, a C3 sedge, and Spartina patens, a C4 grass, using acetylene reduction assay and 15N2 gas feeding. Field plants grown in PVC tubes (25 cm long, 10 cm internal diameter) were used. Exposure to elevated CO2 significantly (P< 0\uffc2\uffb705) caused a 35% increase in nitrogenase activity and 73% increase in 15N incorporated by Scirpus olneyi. In Spartina patens, elevated CO2 (660 \uffc2\uffb1 1 \uffce\uffbcmol mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) increased nitrogenase activity and 15N incorporation by 13 and 23%, respectively. Estimates showed that the rate of N2 fixation in Scirpus olneyi under elevated CO2 was 611 \uffc2\uffb1 75 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 compared with 367 \uffc2\uffb1 46 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in ambient CO2 plants. In Spartina patens, however, the rate of N2 fixation was 12\uffc2\uffb75 \uffc2\uffb1 1\uffc2\uffb71 versus 9\uffc2\uffb78 \uffc2\uffb1 1\uffc2\uffb73 ng 15N fixed plant\uffe2\uff88\uff921 h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for elevated and ambient CO2, respectively. Heterotrophic non\uffe2\uff80\uff90symbiotic N2 fixation in plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90free marsh sediment also increased significantly (P< 0\uffc2\uffb705) with elevated CO2. The proportional increase in 15N2 fixation correlated with the relative stimulation of photosynthesis, in that N2 fixation was high in the C3 plant in which photosynthesis was also high, and lower in the C4 plant in which photosynthesis was relatively less stimulated by growth in elevated CO2. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that carbon fixation in C3 species, stimulated by rising CO2, is likely to provide additional carbon to endophytic and below\uffe2\uff80\uff90ground microbial processes.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%2C%20Cell%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00610.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00352.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Organic Recycling For Soil Quality Conservation In A Sub-Tropical Plateau Region", "description": "The long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term effect of organic recycling on some aspects of quality in a lowland rice soil of an Indian plateau region was studied. The experiment was set up at the agricultural experimental farm of the Indian Statistical Institute, Giridih, Bihar, India. Two rice cultivars, and treatments with four organic supplements (cowdung manure, Leuceana leaves, decomposed farm residue and Sesbania), chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash) and no input were arranged in a factorial randomized block design. Organic supplements improved soil quality parameters such as water holding capacity, total organic C, microbial biomass C, urease and acid phosphatase activities of soils in comparison to chemical fertilizers and no input. Among the organic supplements, cowdung manure gave significantly higher organic C (1.39%), microbial biomass C (276.46\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcg g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 dry soil), urease activity (32.79 and 21.22\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffce\uffbcg urea hydrolized g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 dry soil h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at 37\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C by the buffer and non\uffe2\uff80\uff90buffer method, respectively) and acid phosphatase activity (1.99 \uffce\uffbcmol p\uffe2\uff80\uff90nitrophenol released g\uffe2\uff88\uff921 dry soil h\uffe2\uff88\uff921 at 37\uffe2\uff80\uff83\uffc2\uffb0C) than the others. The conversion of organic C into biomass C (2.46%) was highest in Leuceana\uffe2\uff80\uff90treated soil.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pabitra Banik, Kalyan Chakrabarti, Babusona Sarkar, Asish Chakraborty, D. K. Bagchi,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00352.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00352.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00352.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00352.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00452.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Long-Term Effects Of Fertilizers On The Soil Fertility And Productivity Of A Rice-Wheat System", "description": "Rice\uffe2\uff80\uff93wheat cropping system to which graded levels of NPK fertilizers had been applied for 20\uffe2\uff80\uff83years were compared for yield trends, and changes in response function, soil organic\uffe2\uff80\uff90C and available N, P, K and S status. This study of system in which only chemical fertilizers had been used over a long period enabled long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term yield declines of rice and wheat at different levels and combinations of NPK fertilizers to be evaluated. The highest rate of yield decline in both rice and wheat was found when 120\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 N was applied alone. The lowest rate of decline was observed when all three nutrients (N, P and K) were applied, at 40, 35 and 33\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 for N, P and K, respectively, followed by 120, 35 and 33\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 (currently recommended levels). The yield response of rice and wheat to N fertilizer declined over the 20\uffe2\uff80\uff83years, with a higher rate of decline in wheat. In contrast, the response to applied P and K increased with time in both crops, with a higher response rate in wheat. With continuous application of N and P fertilizers, there was a marginal change in available N and K in the soil over time, but an approximately 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold increase in available P and an approximately 2\uffe2\uff80\uff90fold increase in available S were obtained by regular dressing of P fertilizer (SSP: 7\uffe2\uff80\uff83% P, 12\uffe2\uff80\uff83% S) over 20\uffe2\uff80\uff83years. The results revealed that balanced, high doses of NPK fertilizers are required to maintain soil fertility and raise grain yields.
", "keywords": ["0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D. S. Yadav, A. Kumar,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00452.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00452.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00452.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2001.00452.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2001-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Effect Of Striga Hermonthica On The Growth Characteristics Of Sorghum Intercropped With Groundnut Varieties", "description": "AbstractField experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 on a Striga\uffe2\uff80\uff90infested field to determine the effect of Striga on the growth characteristics of sorghum intercropped with groundnut varieties (RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012, Yarkasa and Ex\uffe2\uff80\uff90Dakar). The performance of the intercropped sorghum was significantly better than that of the monoculture in terms of plant height, dry matter, leaf number and leaf area index. Intercropping of sorghum with RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012 resulted in a significant suppression of Striga compared to other groundnut varieties. The dry matter yield of sorghum intercropped with groundnut was significantly higher than that of the sorghum monocrop. The dry matter yield resulting from intercropping of sorghum with the RMP\uffe2\uff80\uff9012 groundnut variety was significantly higher than that of sorghum intercropped with all other varieties of groundnut.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "V. A. Tenebe, H. M. Kamara,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00557.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Agronomic Performance Of Sorghum And Groundnut Cultivars In Sole And Intercrop Cultivation Under Semiarid Conditions", "description": "The performance of sorghum and groundnut cultivars was studied in sole cropping and intercropping systems at Babile in the semiarid area of eastern Ethiopia in 1996, 1997 and 1999. On average, late\uffe2\uff80\uff90maturing cultivars of groundnut and sorghum gave higher dry pod yield and grain yield, respectively, when intercropped with early\uffe2\uff80\uff90maturing cultivars of the associated crops. The significant variation among groundnut cultivars in yield and yield components under intercropping with sorghum cultivars revealed that sole cropping may not provide the appropriate environment for selecting varieties intended for use in intercropping. The productivity of intercropped groundnut and sorghum cultivars, as determined by total land equivalent ratios (LER), was higher than sole cropping, indicating the presence of temporal complementarity in the use of growth resources. A mean yield advantage of 32\uffe2\uff80\uff83% was obtained under intercropping.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Tadele Tefera, Tadele Tefera, T. Tana,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2002.00553.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2002-05-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "The Effect Of Intercropping Lablab Purpureus L. With Sorghum On Yield And Chemical Composition Of Fodder", "description": "In two years the growth and composition of mixtures of sorghum with Lablab purpureus as strips, paired rows and alternate rows were compared with those of sorghum and lablab monocrops. In the first year, when sowing did not occur until 7 August, the sorghum yields were low in the monocrop and even less in the mixed crops. Lablab yield was also reduced in mixtures compared with the monocrop, but total forage yield was greater for the mixed crops compared with sorghum alone. Of the mixed cropping systems, a reduction in the yield of lablab plants and in the phosphorus and potassium content of shed lablab leaves in paired rows suggested that there was more competition for nutrients between lablab plants grown in this treatment. In the second year, earlier sowing increased sorghum growth at the expense of lablab yield in the mixed cropping systems, with the result that total forage yield was not increased when sorghum was intercropped with lablab. However, the crude protein content of sorghum stems and leaf yield were increased in mixed crops, particularly in paired and alternate rows rather than strips, demonstrating that close configuration of the legume and cereal are necessary for the cereal to obtain most benefit from nitrogen fixed by the legume. It is concluded that, when conditions are favourable for rapid sorghum and lablab growth, the sorghum will benefit more when it is grown in paired rows with lablab rather than in strips. However, the close spacing normally adopted for paired rows may encourage competition between lablab plants and increase the requirements for phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "C. J. C. Phillips, Y. Shehu, U. R. Pal, W. S. Alhassan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00338.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:18:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2003-03-12", "title": "Crop Rotation To Improve Agricultural Production In Sub-Saharan Africa", "description": "A three years' trial was conducted in a farmers' field in northern Ghana to evaluate the effect of sole crops (cotton, cowpea, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower) planted once or twice on yield of the staple foods of the region, maize and sorghum. Sole cropping for only one year already resulted in significant yield increases for maize and partly for sorghum compared to the conventional cropping of mixed stands of maize\u2013sorghum or maize\u2013groundnut and natural fallow. Lowest yield of maize and sorghum was obtained where these cereals followed maize\u2013sorghum (monoculture). Intercropping of maize with groundnut led to subsequent maize and sorghum yields which were similar to those obtained after maize\u2013sorghum. After growing legumes and sunflower for one year the grain and straw yield of maize and sorghum was significantly higher in the two consecutive years than after cereal (maize\u2013sorghum) monoculture. In this trial maize and sorghum were found to be not as tolerant to the disadvantages of monoculture or preceding cereals\u2013legumes mixture. The results suggest that continuous intercropping with cereals under the given conditions has negative effects on soil fertility and can lead to an increase in soil-borne pests and troublesome weeds like Striga comparable to monocropped cereals.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "J. Sauerborn, H. Sprich, H. Mercer-Quarshie,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Agronomy%20and%20Crop%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1046/j.1439-037x.2000.00368.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=fish&offset=4400&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=fish&offset=4400&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "prev", "title": "items (prev)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=fish&offset=4350", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=fish&offset=4450", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 8178, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-05T03:33:58.422559Z"}