Forest soil organic carbon (SOC) and forest floor carbon (FFC) stocks are highly variable. The sampling effort required to assess SOC and FFC stocks is therefore large, resulting in limited sampling and poor estimates of the size, spatial distribution, and changes in SOC and FFC stocks in many countries. Forest SOC and FFC stocks are influenced by tree species. Therefore, quantification of the effect of tree species on carbon stocks combined with spatial information on tree species distribution could improve insight into the spatial distribution of forest carbon stocks. We present a study on the effect of tree species on FFC and SOC stock for a forest in the Netherlands and evaluate how this information could be used for inventory improvement. We assessed FFC and SOC stocks in stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), oak (Quercus robur) and larch (Larix kaempferi). FFC and SOC stocks differed between a number of species. FFC stocks varied between 11.1 Mg C ha-1 (beech) and 29.6 Mg C ha-1 (larch). SOC stocks varied between 53.3 Mg C ha-1 (beech) and 97.1 Mg C ha-1 (larch). At managed locations, carbon stocks were lower than at unmanaged locations. The Dutch carbon inventory currently overestimates FFC stocks. Differences in carbon stocks between conifer and broadleaf forests were significant enough to consider them relevant for the Dutch system for carbon inventory.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "land-use history", "01 natural sciences", "mitigation", "greenhouse gases", "Carbon stock", "Forest floor", "forest ecology", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "forests", "decomposition", "species composition", "transformation", "carbon dioxide", "belgium", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Management", "impact", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "spatial variability", "europe", "Mineral soil", "management", "pine", "Tree species"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.007"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.024", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-11", "title": "Soil Carbon And Nitrogen Sequestration Over An Age Sequence Of Pinus Patula Plantations In Zimbabwean Eastern Highlands", "description": "Forests play a major role in regulating the rate of increase of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations creating a need to investigate the ability of exotic plantations to sequester atmospheric CO2. This study examined pine plantations located in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe relative to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage along an age series. Samples of stand characteristics, forest floor (L, F and H) and 0\u201310, 10\u201330 and 30\u201360 cm soil depth were randomly taken from replicated stands in Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe of 1, 10, 20, 25, and 30 years plus two natural forests. Sodium polytungstate (density 1.6 g cm\u22123) was used to isolate organic matter into free light fraction (fLF), occluded light fraction (oLF) and mineral associated heavy fraction (MaHF). In both natural and planted forests, above ground tree biomass was the major ecosystem C pool followed by forest floor\u2019s humus (H) layer in addition to the 45%, 31% and 24% of SOC contributed by the 0\u201310, 10\u201330 and 30\u201360 cm soil depths respectively. Stand age caused significant differences in total organic C and N stocks. Carbon and N declined initially soon after establishment but recovered rapidly at 10 years, after which it declined following silvicultural operations (thinning and pruning) and recovered again by 25 years. Soil C and N stocks were highest in moist forest (18.3 kg C m\u22122 and 0.66 kg of N m\u22122) and lowest in the miombo (8.5 kg m\u22122 of C and 0.22 kg of N m\u22122). Average soil C among Pinus stands was 11.4 kg of C m\u22122, being highest at 10 years (13.7 of C kg m\u22122) and lowest at 1 year (9.9 kg of C m\u22122). Some inputs of charcoal through bioturbation over the 25 year period contributed to stabilisation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its depth distribution compared to the one year old stands. Nitrogen was highest at 10 years (0.85 kg of N m\u22122) and least at 30 years (0.22 kg of N m\u22122). Carbon and N in density fractions showed the 20 year old stand having similar proportions of fLF and oLF while the rest had significantly higher fLF than oLF. The contribution of fLF C, oLF C and MaHF C to SOC was 8\u201313%, 1\u20137% and 90\u201391% respectively. Carbon and N in all fractions decreased with depth. The mineral associated C was significantly affected by stand age whilst the fLF and oLF were not. Conversion of depleted miombo woodlands to pine plantations yield better C gains in the short and long run whilst moist forest provide both carbon and biodiversity. Our results highlight the importance of considering forestry age based C pools in estimating C sink potential over a rotation and the possibility of considering conservation of existing natural forests as part of future REDD + projects.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Technology", "Economics", "vertical-distribution", "organic-carbon", "Soil Science", "natural resources management", "01 natural sciences", "630", "agroforestry", "forest floor", "storage", "land-use", "climate", "agriculture", "tropical forests", "2. Zero hunger", "tree plantations", "biomass", "forestry", "Production", "sequestration", "Agriculture-Farming", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "matter", "soil organic carbon", "13. Climate action", "pinus patula", "ne germany", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.024"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.024", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.024", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.024"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118510", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-01", "title": "Tree species effects on topsoil carbon stock and concentration are mediated by tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability at the global scale", "description": "Open AccessSelection of appropriate tree species is an important forest management decision that may affect sequestration of carbon (C) in soil. However, information about tree species effects on soil C stocks at the global scale remains unclear. Here, we quantitatively synthesized 850 observations from field studies that were conducted in a common garden or monoculture plantations to assess how tree species type (broadleaf vs. conifer), mycorrhizal association (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vs. ectomycorrhizal (ECM)), and N-fixing ability (N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing), directly and indirectly, affect topsoil (with a median depth of 10 cm) C concentration and stock, and how such effects were influenced by environmental factors such as geographical location and climate. We found that (1) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability were all important factors affecting soil C, with lower forest floor C stocks under broadleaved (44%), AM (39%), or N-fixing (28%) trees respectively, but higher mineral soil C concentration (11%, 22%, and 156%) and stock (9%, 10%, and 6%) under broadleaved, AM, and N-fixing trees respectively; (2) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability affected forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock directly or indirectly through impacting soil properties such as microbial biomass C and nitrogen; (3) tree species effects on mineral soil C concentration and stock were mediated by latitude, MAT, MAP, and forest stand age. These results reveal how tree species and their specific traits influence forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock at a global scale. Insights into the underlying mechanisms of tree species effects found in our study would be useful to inform tree species selection in forest management or afforestation aiming to sequester more atmospheric C in soil for mitigation of climate change.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Linear mixed model", "Climate", "Soil property", "Global", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods", "Meta-analysis", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Forest floor", "Mineral soil", "Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118510"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118510", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118510", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118510"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115570", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:19Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-11-09", "title": "Litter quality, mycorrhizal association, and soil properties regulate effects of tree species on the soil fauna community", "description": "Abstract Forest management, including selection of appropriate tree species to mitigate climate change and sustain biodiversity, requires a better understanding of factors that affect the composition of soil fauna communities. These communities are an integral part of the soil ecosystem and play an essential role in forest ecosystem functioning related to carbon and nitrogen cycling. Here, by performing a field study across six common gardens in Denmark, we evaluated the effects of tree species identity and mycorrhizal association (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (ECM)) on soil fauna (meso- and macrofauna) taxonomic and functional community composition by using diversity, abundance, and biomass as proxies. We found that (1) tree species identity and mycorrhizal association both showed significant effects on soil fauna communities, but the separation between community characteristics in AM and ECM tree species was not entirely consistent; (2) total soil fauna abundance, biomass, as well as taxonomic and functional diversity were generally significantly higher under AM tree species, as well as lime, with higher litter quality (high N and base cation and low lignin:N ratio); (3) tree species significantly influenced the properties of litter, forest floor, and soil, among which litter and/or forest floor N, P, Ca, and Mg concentrations, soil pH, and soil moisture predominantly affected soil fauna abundance, biomass, and taxonomic and functional diversity. Our results from this multisite common garden experiment provide strong and consistent evidence of positive effects of tree species with higher litter quality on soil fauna communities in general, which helps to better understand the effects of tree species selection on soil biodiversity and its functions related to forest soil carbon sequestration.", "keywords": ["DECOMPOSITION", "EARTHWORMS", "Diversity", "PH", "FOREST FLOOR", "Common garden experiment", "Soil meso- and macrofauna", "DIVERSITY", "Biology and Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "NITROGEN", "CARBON", "Taxonomic group", "FUNCTIONAL TRAITS", "Abundance", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Functional group", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "BIODIVERSITY", "ABUNDANCE", "Biomass"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115570"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115570", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115570", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115570"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.008", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:16:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-26", "title": "Soil microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover in a long-term fertilization experiment in a temperate grassland", "description": "Soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), defined as the ratio of organic C allocated to growth over organic C taken up, strongly affects soil carbon (C) cycling. Despite the importance of the microbial CUE for the terrestrial C cycle, very little is known about how it is affected by nutrient availability. Therefore, we studied microbial CUE and microbial biomass turnover time in soils of a long-term fertilization experiment in a temperate grassland comprising five treatments (control, PK, NK, NP, NPK). Microbial CUE and the turnover of microbial biomass were determined using a novel substrate-independent method based on incorporation of 18O from labeled water into microbial DNA. Microbial respiration was 28-37% smaller in all three N treatments (NK, NP, and NPK) compared to the control, whereas the PK treatment did not affect microbial respiration. N-fertilization decreased microbial C uptake, while the microbial growth rate was not affected. Microbial CUE ranged between 0.31 and 0.45, and was 1.3- to 1.4-fold higher in the N-fertilized soils than in the control. The turnover time ranged between 80 and 113 days and was not significantly affected by fertilization. Net primary production (NPP) and the abundance of legumes differed strongly across the treatments, and the fungal:bacterial ratio was very low in all treatments. Structural equation modeling revealed that microbial CUE was exclusively controlled by N fertilization and that neither the abundance of legumes (as a proxy for the quality of the organic matter inputs) nor NPP (as a proxy for C inputs) had an effect on microbial CUE. Our results show that N fertilization did not only decrease microbial respiration, but also microbial C uptake, indicating that less C was intracellularly processed in the N fertilized soils. The reason for reduced C uptake and increased CUE in the N-fertilization treatments is likely an inhibition of oxidative enzymes involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds by N in combination with a reduced energy requirement for microbial N acquisition in the fertilized soils. In conclusion, the study shows that N availability can control soil C cycling by affecting microbial CUE, while plant community-mediated changes in organic matter inputs and P and K availability played no important role for C partitioning of the microbial community in this temperate grassland.
", "keywords": ["FUNGAL", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "Nitrogen addition", "BACTERIAL", "NITROGEN DEPOSITION", "GROWTH EFFICIENCY", "FOREST FLOOR", "Nutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Stoichiometry", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "RESPIRATION", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "13. Climate action", "Nutrient limitation", "Microbial growth yield", "106022 Microbiology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mean residence time", "STOICHIOMETRIC CONTROLS", "ENZYME-ACTIVITY", "106026 Ecosystem research", "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.008"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.008", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.008", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.008"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": 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\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "Microbial population biology", "Fagus sylvatica", "Soil Science", "Plant Science", "Plant litter", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Monoculture", "Forest floor", "Saproxylic Insect Ecology and Forest Management", "Biology", "Beech", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Picea abies", "Botany", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Agronomy", "Insect Science", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108754"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108754", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108754", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108754"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/srep19536", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:17:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-01-14", "title": "Soil Microbial Responses To Forest Floor Litter Manipulation And Nitrogen Addition In A Mixed-Wood Forest Of Northern China", "description": "AbstractChanges in litterfall dynamics and soil properties due to anthropogenic or natural perturbations have important implications to soil carbon (C) and nutrient cycling via microbial pathway. Here we determine soil microbial responses to contrasting types of litter inputs (leaf vs. fine woody litter) and nitrogen (N) deposition by conducting a multi-year litter manipulation and N addition experiment in a mixed-wood forest. We found significantly higher soil organic C, total N, microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), microbial activity (MR) and activities of four soil extracellular enzymes, including \uffce\uffb2-glucosidase (BG), N-acetyl-\uffce\uffb2-glucosaminidase (NAG), phenol oxidase (PO) and peroxidase (PER), as well as greater total bacteria biomass and relative abundance of gram-negative bacteria (G-) community, in top soils of plots with presence of leaf litter than of those without litter or with presence of only fine woody litter. No apparent additive or interactive effects of N addition were observed in this study. The occurrence of more labile leaf litter stimulated G-, which may facilitate microbial community growth and soil C stabilization as inferred by findings in literature. A continued treatment with contrasting types of litter inputs is likely to result in divergence in soil microbial community structure and function.
", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "China", "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems", "Microbial population biology", "Nitrogen", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Forests", "Nitrogen cycle", "Article", "Plant litter", "Nutrient cycle", "Environmental science", "Microbial Ecology", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Soil biology", "Litter", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Environmental Chemistry", "Biomass", "Forest floor", "Biology", "Soil Microbiology", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Marine Microbial Diversity and Biogeography", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Wood", "Soil carbon", "Carbon", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "3. Good health", "Chemistry", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19536"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/srep19536", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/srep19536", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/srep19536"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1139/x03-218", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-04-01", "title": "The Effects Of Gaps And Liming On Forest Floor Decomposition And Soil C And N Dynamics In Afagus Sylvaticaforest", "description": "Despite the importance of gaps in the dynamics and management of many forest types, very little is known about the medium- to long-term soil C and N dynamics associated with this disturbance. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that gap creation and lime application, a routine measure in many European forests to ameliorate soil acidity, lead to accelerated litter decomposition and thus a reduction in the forest floor and soil C and N pools. Four gaps were created in 1989 in a mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest on acid soil with a moder humus, and lime (3 t dolomite\uffc2\uffb7ha–1) was applied to two of these and surrounding areas. Litter and fine-root decomposition was measured in 1992–1993 and 1996–1998 using litterbags. Forest floor (L, F, and H layers) and mineral soil (0–40 cm) C and N pools were determined in 1989 and 1997. Eight years following silvicultural treatments, there was no change in C and N over the entire forest soil profile including forest floor. Reductions in the F and H layers in limed gaps were compensated for by increases in soil C and N in the surface (0–10 cm) mineral soil. Decomposition of F litter was significantly accelerated in limed gaps, leading to the development of a mull–moder, whereas gap creation alone had no effect on mass loss of F material in litterbags. Gap size disturbances in this acid beech forest appear to have minimal influences on soil C and N stocks. However, when combined with liming, changes in the humus form and vertical distribution of soil C and N may occur.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Decomposition", "soil nutrient", "550", "Nitrogen", "Fagus sylvatica", "forest management", "Forestry", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "910", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Humus", "gap dynamics", "forest floor", "Floor decomposition", "hypothesis testing", "Fagus", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Litterbags", "Keywords: Carbon", "Reduction", "Limed gaps", "nutrient dynamics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/88024/5/01_Cowling_The_effects_of_gaps_and_liming_2004.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-218"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Forest%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1139/x03-218", "name": "item", "description": "10.1139/x03-218", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1139/x03-218"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:10Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-06-04", "title": "There is a need to better take into account forest soils in the planned soil monitoring law of the European Union", "description": "Abstract Key messageA Soil Monitoring Law to improve soil health across all land uses has been proposed by the European Commission. As forests soils have different chemical and physical properties as well as biogeochemical dynamics compared to agricultural land, they also face different challenges in maintaining and restoring soil health. Examples are soil acidification, eutrophication by atmospheric deposition, responses to climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Therefore, we propose forest soil specific health descriptors and thresholds based on experience and knowledge from existing long-term monitoring programs.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "ICP Forests", "soil health", "tresholds", "Forestry", "ICP forests", "Forest soil monitoring", "SD1-669.5", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "indicators", "630", "forest floor", "forest soil monitoring", "13. Climate action", "Soil health", "11. Sustainability", "Indicators", "Thresholds", "Forest floor", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Annals%20of%20Forest%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s13595-024-01238-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1890/06-1819.1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-23", "title": "Atmospheric Co2 And O-3 Alter The Flow Of N-15 In Developing Forest Ecosystems", "description": "Anthropogenic O3 and CO2-induced declines in soil N availability could counteract greater plant growth in a CO2-enriched atmosphere, thereby reducing net primary productivity (NPP) and the potential of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester anthropogenic CO2. Presently, it is uncertain how increasing atmospheric CO2 and O3 will alter plant N demand and the acquisition of soil N by plants as well as the microbial supply of N from soil organic matter. To address this uncertainty, we initiated an ecosystem-level 15N tracer experiment at the Rhinelander (Wisconsin, USA) free air CO2-O3 enrichment (FACE) facility to understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and 03 alter the distribution and flow of N in developing northern temperate forests. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of developing Populus tremuloides and P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera communities that have been exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments for seven years. One year after isotope addition, both forest communities exposed to elevated CO2 obtained greater amounts of 15N (29%) and N (40%) from soil, despite no change in soil N availability or plant N-use efficiency. As such, elevated CO2 increased the ability of plants to exploit soil for N, through the development of a larger root system. Conversely, elevated O3 decreased the amount of 15N (-15%) and N (-29%) in both communities, a response resulting from lower rates of photosynthesis, decreases in growth, and smaller root systems that acquired less soil N. Neither CO2 nor 03 altered the amount of N or 15N recovery in the forest floor, microbial biomass, or soil organic matter. Moreover, we observed no interaction between CO2 and 03 on the amount of N or 15N in any ecosystem pool, suggesting that 03 could exert a negative effect regardless of CO2 concentration. In a CO2-enriched atmosphere, greater belowground growth and a more thorough exploitation of soil for growth-limiting N is an important mechanism sustaining the enhancement of NPP in developing forests (0-8 years following establishment). However, as CO2 accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere, future O3 concentrations threaten to diminish the enhancement of plant growth, decrease plant N acquisition, and lessen the storage of anthropogenic C in temperate forests.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Plant Roots", "01 natural sciences", "forest floor", "Soil", "developing forest", "Wisconsin", "atmospheric O3", "Ozone", "soil organic matter", "Populus tremuloides", "Biomass", "USA", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "atmospheric CO2", "Nitrogen Isotopes", "15N", "plant N uptake", "microbial immobilization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "root system size", "Populus", "N cycling", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Betula papyrifera"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1819.1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1890/06-1819.1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1890/06-1819.1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1890/06-1819.1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.60692/h5snt-86y57", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:55Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-06", "title": 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\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.", "keywords": ["Biomass (ecology)", "Microbial population biology", "Fagus sylvatica", "Soil Science", "Plant Science", "Plant litter", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Monoculture", "Forest floor", "Saproxylic Insect Ecology and Forest Management", "Biology", "Beech", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Picea abies", "Botany", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Agronomy", "Insect Science", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.60692/h5snt-86y57"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.60692/h5snt-86y57", "name": "item", "description": "10.60692/h5snt-86y57", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.60692/h5snt-86y57"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:20:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-04-09", "title": "Changes In Fungal Community Composition In Response To Elevated Atmospheric Co2 And Nitrogen Fertilization Varies With Soil Horizon", "description": "Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and rates of nitrogen (N)-deposition to forest ecosystems are predicted to alter the structure and function of soil fungal communities, but the spatially heterogeneous distribution of soil fungi has hampered investigations aimed at understanding such impacts. We hypothesized that soil physical and chemical properties and fungal community composition would be differentially impacted by elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) and N-fertilization in spatially separated field samples, in the forest floor, 0-2, 2-5, and 5-10\u2009cm depth intervals in a loblolly pine Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment. In all soils, quantitative PCR-based estimates of fungal biomass were highest in the forest floor. Fungal richness, based on pyrosequencing of the fungal ribosomal large subunit gene, increased in response to N-fertilization in 0-2\u2009cm and forest floor intervals. Composition shifted in forest floor, 0-2 and 2-5\u2009cm intervals in response to N-fertilization, but the shift was most distinct in the 0-2\u2009cm interval, in which the largest number of statistically significant changes in soil chemical parameters (i.e., phosphorus, organic matter, calcium, pH) was also observed. In the 0-2\u2009cm interval, increased recovery of sequences from the Thelephoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Hypocreaceae, Clavicipitaceae, and Herpotrichiellaceae families and decreased recovery of sequences from the Amanitaceae correlated with N-fertilization. In this same depth interval, Amanitaceae, Tricholomataceae, and Herpotriciellaceae sequences were recovered less frequently from soils exposed to eCO2 relative to ambient conditions. These results demonstrated that vertical stratification should be taken into consideration in future efforts to elucidate environmental impacts on fungal communities and their feedbacks on ecosystem processes.", "keywords": ["elevated CO2", "soil chemistry", "basidiomycota", "Basidiomycota", "nitrogen fertilization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil Chemistry", "15. Life on land", "agaricales", "Microbiology", "QR1-502", "forest floor", "Ascomycota", "13. Climate action", "soil fungi", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Agaricales"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00078"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2309129852", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-26", "title": "Soil microbial carbon use efficiency and biomass turnover in a long-term fertilization experiment in a temperate grassland", "description": "Soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE), defined as the ratio of organic C allocated to growth over organic C taken up, strongly affects soil carbon (C) cycling. Despite the importance of the microbial CUE for the terrestrial C cycle, very little is known about how it is affected by nutrient availability. Therefore, we studied microbial CUE and microbial biomass turnover time in soils of a long-term fertilization experiment in a temperate grassland comprising five treatments (control, PK, NK, NP, NPK). Microbial CUE and the turnover of microbial biomass were determined using a novel substrate-independent method based on incorporation of 18O from labeled water into microbial DNA. Microbial respiration was 28-37% smaller in all three N treatments (NK, NP, and NPK) compared to the control, whereas the PK treatment did not affect microbial respiration. N-fertilization decreased microbial C uptake, while the microbial growth rate was not affected. Microbial CUE ranged between 0.31 and 0.45, and was 1.3- to 1.4-fold higher in the N-fertilized soils than in the control. The turnover time ranged between 80 and 113 days and was not significantly affected by fertilization. Net primary production (NPP) and the abundance of legumes differed strongly across the treatments, and the fungal:bacterial ratio was very low in all treatments. Structural equation modeling revealed that microbial CUE was exclusively controlled by N fertilization and that neither the abundance of legumes (as a proxy for the quality of the organic matter inputs) nor NPP (as a proxy for C inputs) had an effect on microbial CUE. Our results show that N fertilization did not only decrease microbial respiration, but also microbial C uptake, indicating that less C was intracellularly processed in the N fertilized soils. The reason for reduced C uptake and increased CUE in the N-fertilization treatments is likely an inhibition of oxidative enzymes involved in the degradation of aromatic compounds by N in combination with a reduced energy requirement for microbial N acquisition in the fertilized soils. In conclusion, the study shows that N availability can control soil C cycling by affecting microbial CUE, while plant community-mediated changes in organic matter inputs and P and K availability played no important role for C partitioning of the microbial community in this temperate grassland.
", "keywords": ["FUNGAL", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "Nitrogen addition", "BACTERIAL", "NITROGEN DEPOSITION", "GROWTH EFFICIENCY", "FOREST FLOOR", "Nutrients", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Stoichiometry", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "RESPIRATION", "106026 \u00d6kosystemforschung", "13. Climate action", "Nutrient limitation", "Microbial growth yield", "106022 Microbiology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Mean residence time", "STOICHIOMETRIC CONTROLS", "ENZYME-ACTIVITY", "106026 Ecosystem research", "COMMUNITY STRUCTURE"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2309129852"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2309129852", "name": "item", "description": "2309129852", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2309129852"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5424/fs/20112003-11074", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-12-21", "title": "Thinning Effects On Forest Productivity And Site Characteristics In Stands Of Pinus Sylvestris In The Czech Republic", "description": "A clear-cutting system with soil preparation before replanting is usual for Scots pine stands in many European countries. Additionally, thinning regimes are applied during the rotation. Thus, forest floor is recreated in each rotation and can be influenced by thinning regime. The present study aimed to determine possible effects of thinning on production (evaluated by basal area) and forest-floor status (evaluated by dry mass, carbon and nitrogen content) in pine stands. We used data from four experiments established in 1962 in 25- to 45-year-old pine stands. In 2008, we analysed forest-floor characteristics under the observed stands. The results from basal area evaluation showed different development in treatments on all experiments during and at the end of observation. We observed substantial, but statistically non-significant, differences between treatments in quantity of dry mass (and of carbon and nitrogen) accumulated in humus horizons under Scots pine stands more than 40 years after first thinning.
", "keywords": ["clara; suelo forestal; carbono; nitr\u00f3geno; Pino sivestre.", "carbon", "thinning", "Scots pine.", "thinning; forest floor; carbon; nitrogen; Scots pine.", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbono", "clara", "suelo forestal", "nitrogen", "forest floor", "Pino sivestre.", "nitr\u00f3geno", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5424/fs/20112003-11074"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5424/fs/20112003-11074", "name": "item", "description": "10.5424/fs/20112003-11074", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5424/fs/20112003-11074"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-12-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2011.03767", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-01", "title": "Tree species effects on topsoil carbon stock and concentration are mediated by tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability at the global scale", "description": "Open AccessSelection of appropriate tree species is an important forest management decision that may affect sequestration of carbon (C) in soil. However, information about tree species effects on soil C stocks at the global scale remains unclear. Here, we quantitatively synthesized 850 observations from field studies that were conducted in a common garden or monoculture plantations to assess how tree species type (broadleaf vs. conifer), mycorrhizal association (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vs. ectomycorrhizal (ECM)), and N-fixing ability (N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing), directly and indirectly, affect topsoil (with a median depth of 10 cm) C concentration and stock, and how such effects were influenced by environmental factors such as geographical location and climate. We found that (1) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability were all important factors affecting soil C, with lower forest floor C stocks under broadleaved (44%), AM (39%), or N-fixing (28%) trees respectively, but higher mineral soil C concentration (11%, 22%, and 156%) and stock (9%, 10%, and 6%) under broadleaved, AM, and N-fixing trees respectively; (2) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability affected forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock directly or indirectly through impacting soil properties such as microbial biomass C and nitrogen; (3) tree species effects on mineral soil C concentration and stock were mediated by latitude, MAT, MAP, and forest stand age. These results reveal how tree species and their specific traits influence forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock at a global scale. Insights into the underlying mechanisms of tree species effects found in our study would be useful to inform tree species selection in forest management or afforestation aiming to sequester more atmospheric C in soil for mitigation of climate change.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Linear mixed model", "Climate", "Soil property", "Global", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods", "Meta-analysis", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Forest floor", "Mineral soil", "Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2011.03767"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2011.03767", "name": "item", "description": "2011.03767", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2011.03767"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3082094593", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-09-01", "title": "Tree species effects on topsoil carbon stock and concentration are mediated by tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability at the global scale", "description": "Open AccessSelection of appropriate tree species is an important forest management decision that may affect sequestration of carbon (C) in soil. However, information about tree species effects on soil C stocks at the global scale remains unclear. Here, we quantitatively synthesized 850 observations from field studies that were conducted in a common garden or monoculture plantations to assess how tree species type (broadleaf vs. conifer), mycorrhizal association (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vs. ectomycorrhizal (ECM)), and N-fixing ability (N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing), directly and indirectly, affect topsoil (with a median depth of 10 cm) C concentration and stock, and how such effects were influenced by environmental factors such as geographical location and climate. We found that (1) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability were all important factors affecting soil C, with lower forest floor C stocks under broadleaved (44%), AM (39%), or N-fixing (28%) trees respectively, but higher mineral soil C concentration (11%, 22%, and 156%) and stock (9%, 10%, and 6%) under broadleaved, AM, and N-fixing trees respectively; (2) tree species type, mycorrhizal association, and N-fixing ability affected forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock directly or indirectly through impacting soil properties such as microbial biomass C and nitrogen; (3) tree species effects on mineral soil C concentration and stock were mediated by latitude, MAT, MAP, and forest stand age. These results reveal how tree species and their specific traits influence forest floor C stock and mineral soil C concentration and stock at a global scale. Insights into the underlying mechanisms of tree species effects found in our study would be useful to inform tree species selection in forest management or afforestation aiming to sequester more atmospheric C in soil for mitigation of climate change.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Linear mixed model", "Climate", "Soil property", "Global", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods", "Meta-analysis", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Forest floor", "Mineral soil", "Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/3082094593"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3082094593", "name": "item", "description": "3082094593", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3082094593"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=forest+floor&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=forest+floor&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=forest+floor&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=forest+floor&offset=20", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 20, "numberReturned": 20, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-25T15:14:32.112377Z"}