Soil carbon (C) is a critical component of Earth system models (ESMs), and its diverse representations are a major source of the large spread across models in the terrestrial C sink from the third to fifth assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Improving soil C projections is of a high priority for Earth system modeling in the future IPCC and other assessments. To achieve this goal, we suggest that (1) model structures should reflect real\uffe2\uff80\uff90world processes, (2) parameters should be calibrated to match model outputs with observations, and (3) external forcing variables should accurately prescribe the environmental conditions that soils experience. First, most soil C cycle models simulate C input from litter production and C release through decomposition. The latter process has traditionally been represented by first\uffe2\uff80\uff90order decay functions, regulated primarily by temperature, moisture, litter quality, and soil texture. While this formulation well captures macroscopic soil organic C (SOC) dynamics, better understanding is needed of their underlying mechanisms as related to microbial processes, depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent environmental controls, and other processes that strongly affect soil C dynamics. Second, incomplete use of observations in model parameterization is a major cause of bias in soil C projections from ESMs. Optimal parameter calibration with both pool\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and flux\uffe2\uff80\uff90based data sets through data assimilation is among the highest priorities for near\uffe2\uff80\uff90term research to reduce biases among ESMs. Third, external variables are represented inconsistently among ESMs, leading to differences in modeled soil C dynamics. We recommend the implementation of traceability analyses to identify how external variables and model parameterizations influence SOC dynamics in different ESMs. Overall, projections of the terrestrial C sink can be substantially improved when reliable data sets are available to select the most representative model structure, constrain parameters, and prescribe forcing fields.
", "keywords": ["550", "LAND MODELS", "Oceanography", "HETEROTROPHIC RESPIRATION", "01 natural sciences", "Atmospheric Sciences", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "ORGANIC-CARBON", "Geoinformatics", "GLOBAL CLIMATE-CHANGE", "DATA-ASSIMILATION", "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences", "TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY", "CMIP5", "MICROBIAL MODELS", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "500", "Earth system models", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "[SDU.ENVI] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", " environment", "6. Clean water", "TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS", "Climate Action", "Geochemistry", "Climate change impacts and adaptation", "realistic projections", "13. Climate action", "recommendations", "Earth Sciences", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "soil carbon dynamics", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment", "Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation", "Environmental Sciences", "PARAMETER-ESTIMATION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt1pw7g2r2/qt1pw7g2r2.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gb005239"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/2015gb005239", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/2015gb005239", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/2015gb005239"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.12338", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-07-29", "title": "Investigating The Long-Term Legacy Of Drought And Warming On The Soil Microbial Community Across Five European Shrubland Ecosystems", "description": "AbstractWe investigated how the legacy of warming and summer drought affected microbial communities in five different replicated long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term (>10\uffc2\uffa0years) field experiments across Europe (EU\uffe2\uff80\uff90FP7 INCREASE infrastructure). To focus explicitly on legacy effects (i.e., indirect rather than direct effects of the environmental factors), we measured microbial variables under the same moisture and temperature in a brief screening, and following a pre\uffe2\uff80\uff90incubation at stable conditions. Specifically, we investigated the size and composition of the soil microbial community (PLFA) alongside measurements of bacterial (leucine incorporation) and fungal (acetate in ergosterol incorporation) growth rates, previously shown to be highly responsive to changes in environmental factors, and microbial respiration. We found no legacy effects on the microbial community size, composition, growth rates, or basal respiration rates at the effect sizes used in our experimental setup (0.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C, about 30% precipitation reduction). Our findings support previous reports from single short\uffe2\uff80\uff90term ecosystem studies thereby providing a clear evidence base to allow long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term, broad\uffe2\uff80\uff90scale generalizations to be made. The implication of our study is that warming and summer drought will not result in legacy effects on the microbial community and their processes within the effect sizes here studied. While legacy effects on microbial processes during perturbation cycles, such as drying\uffe2\uff80\uff93rewetting, and on tolerance to drought and warming remain to be studied, our results suggest that any effects on overall ecosystem processes will be rather limited. Thus, the legacies of warming and drought should not be prioritized factors to consider when modeling contemporary rates of biogeochemical processes in soil.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "decomposition", "Hot Temperature", "Bacteria", "soil C cycle", "Climate Change", "global climate change", "warming adaptation", "Fungi", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "6. Clean water", "ecosystem service", "Droughts", "Europe", "Leucine", "13. Climate action", "temperature acclimation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mineralization", "Seasons", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Acetic Acid"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12338"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.12338", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.12338", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.12338"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.70486", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-09-12", "title": "Impacts of Climate, Organic Management, and Degradation Status on Soil Biodiversity in Agroecosystems Worldwide", "description": "ABSTRACTUnsustainable soil management, climate change, and land degradation jeopardize soil biodiversity and soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90mediated ecosystem functions. Although the transition from conventional to organic agriculture has been proposed as a potential solution to alleviate these pressures, there is limited evidence of its effectiveness in enhancing belowground biodiversity across different biogeographical regions, climates, and land degradation levels. In this study, we holistically assessed the status of soil biodiversity, from microorganisms to meso\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and macrofauna, in agroecosystems distributed across four continents. We identified the primary environmental community composition drivers and assessed the effects of the transition from conventional to organic management (no chemical inputs) on soil ecology. Our findings highlight the mean temperature and precipitation of the warmest and coldest quarters of the year, aridity, pH, and soil texture as the primary drivers of the different soil biodiversity components. Overall, organic farming has a significant but small impact on soil biodiversity compared to the other community drivers. On top of that, the results demonstrate the importance of a regional\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific context for a future generalized transition towards organic soil management. Specifically, under the most arid conditions in our study, organic management showed potential to buffer biodiversity loss in highly degraded soils, with a significant increase in diversity for prokaryotes and protists compared to conventionally managed soils. Therefore, the combination of a global and, simultaneously, regional\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific approach supports the hypothesis that a shift towards organic agriculture would maximize its beneficial impact on belowground diversity in highly degraded soils under arid conditions over the coming years, being a crucial tool to increase resilience and adaptation to global change for agriculture.Elevated atmospheric CO2 may alter decomposition rates through changes in plant material quality and through its impact on soil microbial activity. This study examines whether plant material produced under elevated CO2 decomposes differently from plant material produced under ambient CO2. Moreover, a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiment offered a unique opportunity to evaluate assumptions about C cycling under elevated CO2 made in coupled climate\uffe2\uff80\uff93soil organic matter (SOM) models. Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne plant materials, produced under elevated (60\uffe2\uff80\uff83Pa) and ambient CO2 at two levels of N fertilizer (140 vs. 560\uffe2\uff80\uff83kg\uffe2\uff80\uff83ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921\uffe2\uff80\uff83yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921), were incubated in soil for 90 days. Soils and plant materials used for the incubation had been exposed to ambient and elevated CO2 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment conditions and had received the N fertilizer for 9 years. The rate of decomposition of L. perenne and T. repens plant materials was unaffected by elevated atmospheric CO2 and rate of N fertilization. Increases in L. perenne plant material C\uffe2\uff80\uff83:\uffe2\uff80\uff83N ratio under elevated CO2 did not affect decomposition rates of the plant material. If under prolonged elevated CO2 changes in soil microbial dynamics had occurred, they were not reflected in the rate of decomposition of the plant material. Only soil respiration under L. perenne, with or without incorporation of plant material, from the low\uffe2\uff80\uff90N fertilization treatment was enhanced after exposure to elevated CO2. This increase in soil respiration was not reflected in an increase in the microbial biomass of the L. perenne soil. The contribution of old and newly sequestered C to soil respiration, as revealed by the 13C\uffe2\uff80\uff90CO2 signature, reflected the turnover times of SOM\uffe2\uff80\uff93C pools as described by multipool SOM models. The results do not confirm the assumption of a negative feedback induced in the C cycle following an increase in CO2, as used in coupled climate\uffe2\uff80\uff93SOM models. Moreover, this study showed no evidence for a positive feedback in the C cycle following additional N fertilization.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "organic-matter dynamics", "atmospheric co2", "leaf-litter", "global climate-change", "fumigation-extraction", "microbial biomass-c", "litter decomposition", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "dioxide", "13. Climate action", "drying-rewetting frequency", "great-plains", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00862.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00862.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00862.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00862.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-10-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02643.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-10-09", "title": "Precipitation Timing And Magnitude Differentially Affect Aboveground Annual Net Primary Productivity In Three Perennial Species In A Chihuahuan Desert Grassland", "description": "DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02695.xCommentary p 5
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "aboveground annual net primary productivity (ANPP)", "desert grasslands", "Rain", "global climate change", "Chihuahuan desert", "Opuntia", "precipitation", "15. Life on land", "Poaceae", "Adaptation", " Physiological", "Texas", "01 natural sciences", "Soil", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "Liliaceae", "Biomass", "Desert Climate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02643.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02643.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02643.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02643.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-12-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1590/s0100-06832007000600037", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:20:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-02-28", "title": "Estoques De Carbono E Nitrog\u00eanio E Fra\u00e7\u00f5es Org\u00e2nicas De Latossolo Submetido A Diferentes Sistemas De Uso E Manejo", "description": "O avan\uffc3\uffa7o das fronteiras agr\uffc3\uffadcolas, caracterizado pela substitui\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de ecossistemas naturais por \uffc3\uffa1reas cultivadas, vem se intensificando nas \uffc3\uffbaltimas d\uffc3\uffa9cadas, acarretando altera\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es na qualidade do solo e na din\uffc3\uffa2mica da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica do solo (MOS). Assim, o estudo do impacto da ado\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de diferentes sistemas de manejo \uffc3\uffa9 essencial na defini\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de melhores estrat\uffc3\uffa9gias de uso do solo. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes fra\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es da MOS e os estoques de C e N de Latossolo Vermelho distrof\uffc3\uffa9rrico t\uffc3\uffadpico muito argiloso submetido a diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo: mata nativa (MTN), eucalipto (EUC), pinus (PIN), pastagem (PAS), milho no sistema de cultivo m\uffc3\uffadnimo (MCM) e milho no sistema plantio convencional (MPC). As amostras de solo foram coletadas em setembro de 2004, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, para avalia\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o dos estoques de carbono org\uffc3\uffa2nico (CO) e N total (NT); de 0-5 e 0-10 cm, para realiza\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o do fracionamento f\uffc3\uffadsico-densim\uffc3\uffa9trico da MO; e de 0-5 cm, para avalia\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o do C da biomassa microbiana (Cmic). O estoque de CO na \uffc3\uffa1rea de eucalipto foi maior do que o determinado na \uffc3\uffa1rea de mata. A propor\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o relativa do CO nas fra\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es da MOS aumentou na seguinte ordem: C-argila > C-silte > C-areia > C FL. A maior parte (> 90 %) do CO est\uffc3\uffa1 associada \uffc3\uffa0 fra\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o pesada da MOS, com valores pr\uffc3\uffb3ximos a 98 % nos sistemas cultivados com milho (MPC e MCM). Em rela\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o aos teores de CO, o Cmic e o C da fra\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o leve (C FL) s\uffc3\uffa3o indicadores mais sens\uffc3\uffadveis das altera\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffb5es decorrentes da ado\uffc3\uffa7\uffc3\uffa3o de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo sobre os compartimentos da mat\uffc3\uffa9ria org\uffc3\uffa2nica do Latossolo.
", "keywords": ["mudan\u00e7as no uso do solo e reflorestamento", "biomassa microbiana", "uso do solo", "microbial biomass", "land-use change and forestry (LULUCF)", "global climate change", "land use", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "densimetric fractionation", "mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas globais", "fracionamento f\u00edsico-densim\u00e9trico"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832007000600037"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Revista%20Brasileira%20de%20Ci%C3%AAncia%20do%20Solo", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1590/s0100-06832007000600037", "name": "item", "description": "10.1590/s0100-06832007000600037", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1590/s0100-06832007000600037"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2307/2640985", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:21:26Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-04-17", "description": "Elevated atmospheric CO2 has the potential to increase the production and alter the chemistry of organic substrates entering soil from plant production, the magnitude of which is constrained by soil-N availability. Because microbial growth in soil is limited by substrate inputs from plant production, we reasoned that changes in the amount and chemistry of these organic substrates could affect the composition of soil microbial com- munities and the cycling of N in soil. We studied microbial community composition and soil-N transformations beneath Populus tremuloides Michx. growing under experimental atmospheric CO2 (35.7 and 70.7 Pa) and soil-N-availability (low N 5 61 ng N\u00b7g 21 \u00b7d 21 and high N 5 319 ng N\u00b7g 21 \u00b7d 21 ) treatments. Atmospheric CO2 concentration was modified in large, open-top chambers, and we altered soil-N availability in open-bottom root boxes by mixing different proportions of A and C horizon material. We used phospholipid fatty-acid analysis to gain insight into microbial community composition and coupled this analysis to measurements of soil-N transformations using 15 N-pool dilution techniques. The infor- mation presented here is part of an integrated experiment designed to elucidate the phys- iological mechanisms controlling the flow of C and N in the plant-soil system. Our ob- jectives were (1) to determine whether changes in plant growth and tissue chemistry alter microbial community composition and soil-N cycling in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 and soil-N availability and (2) to integrate the results of our experiment into a synthesis of elevated atmospheric CO2 and the cycling of C and N in terrestrial ecosystems. After 2.5 growing seasons, microbial biomass, gross N mineralization, microbial im- mobilization, and nitrification (gross and net) were equivalent at ambient and elevated CO2, suggesting that increases in fine-root production and declines in fine-root N concentration were insufficient to alter the influence of native soil organic matter on microbial physiology; this was the case in both low- and high-N soil. Similarly, elevated CO2 did not alter the proportion of bacterial, actinomycetal, or fungal phospholipid fatty acids in low-N or high-N soil, indicating that changes in substrate input from greater plant growth under elevated CO2 did not alter microbial community composition. Our results differ from a substantial number of studies reporting increases and decreases in soil-N cycling under elevated CO 2. From our analysis, it appears that soil-N cycling responds to elevated atmospheric CO 2 in experimental situations where plant roots have fully colonized the soil and root-associated C inputs are sufficient to modify the influence of native soil organic matter on microbial physiology. In young developing ecosystems where plant roots have not fully exploited the soil, microbial metabolism appears to be regulated by relatively large pools of soil organic matter, rather than by the additional input of organic substrates under elevated CO 2.", "keywords": ["measurement-", "soil microorganisms", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "nitrogen-: cycling-", "feedback", "microbial community composition", "techniques-", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "litter-plant", "biomass-", "gross and net", "124-38-9: CARBON DIOXIDE", "Spermatophytes-", "cycling-", "soil-organic-matter", "mineralization", "Spermatophyta-", "responses-", "phospholipid-fatty-acids", "2. Zero hunger", "Climatology- (Environmental-Sciences)", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "global climate change", "microbial immobilization", "nutrient-", "Soil-Science", "6. Clean water", "metabolism-", "soil-N transformations", "transformation-", "substrates-", "7727-37-9: NITROGEN", "atmosphere-", "elevated atmospheric", "570", "nitrification-", "nitrogen immobilization", "Science", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "phospholipid fatty acids (PFLAs)", "carbon-dioxide", "growth-", "soil-microbial-community-composition", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "microbial-flora", "Populus tremuloides", "Plantae-", "organic-matter", "consortia-", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "communities-", "ecosystem", "analysis-", "atmospheric CO2 and soil-N availability", "soil-availability", "mineralization-", "carbon dioxide", "fatty-acids", "15. Life on land", "substrate-input", "Populus-tremuloides (Salicaceae-)", "13. Climate action", "roots-", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "composition-", "Dicots-", "immobilization-", "seasons-", "ecosystems-"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zak, Donald R., Pregitzer, Kurt S., Curtis, Peter S., Holmes, William E.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.2307/2640985"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecological%20Applications", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2307/2640985", "name": "item", "description": "10.2307/2640985", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2307/2640985"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2000-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10447/637856", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:26:06Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Warmer seawater affects the immune activities of thermophilic coral Astroides calycularis under LPS challenge", "description": "A worldwide increase in coral diseases and mortality has been linked to anthropogenic ocean warming due to changes in pathogen virulence and coral immune functions. The anomalous temperature pattern has particularly worried the Mediterranean region over the last 30 years, where intense warming has caused recurring mass-mortality events. To evaluate how warmer seawater conditions influence the immune responses of an endemic coral species, colonies of Astroides calycularis were exposed to environmental (23\u00b0C) or elevated (28\u00b0C) temperatures, and subsequently challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Several enzyme activities, which included phenoloxidase-like, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme-like, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase, were measured after 6 hours of LPS balneation and over time (0-, 12-, 48-, and 120-h). The five enzyme trends showed upregulation immediately after the LPS balneation under environmental conditions, demonstrating an immune response, while warmer seawater impaired the enzyme activities, delaying it over time. Furthermore, through immunolabeling with specific antibodies, was also detected the regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) activity. The activity of this markers after the LPS stimulation revealed a modulation at environmental temperature. Elevated temperature and LPS-challenge almost suppressed TLR4-NF-kB activity, while HSP70 up-regulation appeared in both treatments under warmer conditions. Such an approach is useful for understanding the pathogen-defence mechanisms in corals in order to disentangle the complex interactive effects related to global climate change.", "keywords": ["Global climate change; coral disease; immune response", "coral disease", "Global climate change", "immune response"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unipa.it/bitstream/10447/637856/2/825-Article%20Text-2789-1-10-20240429.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10447/637856"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10447/637856", "name": "item", "description": "10447/637856", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10447/637856"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-04-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|od______2649::2ce3b2d7ce57e9f562d988a1d30aac0a", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:28:23Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Warmer seawater affects the immune activities of thermophilic coral Astroides calycularis under LPS challenge", "description": "A worldwide increase in coral diseases and mortality has been linked to anthropogenic ocean warming due to changes in pathogen virulence and coral immune functions. The anomalous temperature pattern has particularly worried the Mediterranean region over the last 30 years, where intense warming has caused recurring mass-mortality events. To evaluate how warmer seawater conditions influence the immune responses of an endemic coral species, colonies of Astroides calycularis were exposed to environmental (23\u00b0C) or elevated (28\u00b0C) temperatures, and subsequently challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Several enzyme activities, which included phenoloxidase-like, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme-like, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase, were measured after 6 hours of LPS balneation and over time (0-, 12-, 48-, and 120-h). The five enzyme trends showed upregulation immediately after the LPS balneation under environmental conditions, demonstrating an immune response, while warmer seawater impaired the enzyme activities, delaying it over time. Furthermore, through immunolabeling with specific antibodies, was also detected the regulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) activity. The activity of this markers after the LPS stimulation revealed a modulation at environmental temperature. Elevated temperature and LPS-challenge almost suppressed TLR4-NF-kB activity, while HSP70 up-regulation appeared in both treatments under warmer conditions. 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