{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Restricted", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:16:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-29", "title": "Exploring Variability In Methods And Data Sensitivity In Carbon Footprints Of Feed Ingredients", "description": "Production of feed is an important contributor to life cycle greenhouse gas emissions, or carbon footprints (CFPs), of livestock products. Consequences of methodological choices and data sensitivity on CFPs of feed ingredients were explored to improve comparison and interpretation of CFP studies. Methods and data for emissions from cultivation and processing, land use (LU), and land use change (LUC) were analyzed. For six ingredients (maize, wheat, palm kernel expeller, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, and beet pulp), CFPs resulting from a single change in methods and data were compared with a reference CFP, i.e., based on IPCC Tier 1 methods, and data from literature. Results show that using more detailed methods to compute N2O emissions from cultivation hardly affected reference CFPs, except for methods to determine leaching (contributing to indirect N2O emissions) in which the influence is about -7 to +12 %. Overall, CFPs appeared most sensitive to changes in crop yield and applied synthetic fertilizer N. The inclusion of LULUC emissions can change CFPs considerably, i.e., up to 877 %. The level of LUC emissions per feed ingredient highly depends on the method chosen, as well as on assumptions on area of LUC, C stock levels (mainly aboveground C and soil C), and amortization period. We concluded that variability in methods and data can significantly affect CFPs of feed ingredients and hence CFPs of livestock products. Transparency in methods and data is therefore required. For harmonization, focus should be on methods to calculate leaching and emissions from LULUC. It is important to consider LUC in CFP studies of food, feed, and bioenergy products.", "keywords": ["INDICATORS", "life-cycle assessment", "571", "egg-production systems", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "NETHERLANDS", "milk-production", "netherlands", "EGG-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS", "MITIGATION", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "land-use change", "mitigation", "Methods", "deforestation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Feed ingredients", "2. Zero hunger", "GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS", "Livestock products", "0402 animal and dairy science", "LAND-USE CHANGE", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Feed production", "15. Life on land", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "Carbon footprint", "indicators", "pig production", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT", "PIG PRODUCTION", "13. Climate action", "Inventory data", "DEFORESTATION", "MILK-PRODUCTION"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20International%20Journal%20of%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11367-012-0521-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-10-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.002", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:18:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-10-04", "title": "Harmonising Bioenergy Resource Potentials\u2014Methodological Lessons From Review Of State Of The Art Bioenergy Potential Assessments", "description": "Published estimates of the potential of bioenergy vary widely, mainly due to the heterogeneity of methodologies, assumptions and datasets employed. These discrepancies are confusing for policy and it is thus important to have scientific clarity on the basis of the assessment outcomes. Such clear insights can enable harmonisation of the different assessments. This review explores current state of the art approaches and methodologies used in bioenergy assessments, and identifies key elements that are critical determinants of bioenergy potentials. We apply the lessons learnt from the review exercise to compare and harmonise a selected set of country based bioenergy potential studies, and provide recommendations for conducting more comprehensive assessments. Depending on scenario assumptions, the harmonised technical biomass potential estimates up to 2030 in the selected countries range from 5.2 to 27.3 EJ in China, 1.1 to 18.8 EJ in India, 2.0 to 10.9 EJ in Indonesia, 1.6 to 7.0 EJ in Mozambique and 9.3 to 23.5 EJ in the US. From the review, we observed that generally, current studies do not cover all the basic (sustainability) elements expected in an ideal bioenergy assessment and there are marked differences in the level of parametric detail and methodological transparency between studies. Land availability and suitability lack spatial detail and especially degraded and marginal lands are poorly evaluated. Competition for water resources is hardly taken into account and biomass yields are based mostly on crude ecological zoning criteria. A few studies take into account improvements in management of agricultural and forestry production systems, but the underlying assumptions are hardly discussed. Competition for biomass resources among the various applications is crudely analysed in most studies and key assumptions such as demographic dynamics, biodiversity protection criteria, etc. are not explicitly discussed. To facilitate more comprehensive bioenergy assessments, we recommend an integrated analytical framework that includes all the key factors, employs high resolution geo-referenced datasets and accounts for potential feedback effects.", "keywords": ["greenhouse-gas", "spatial-distribution", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Review", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "12. Responsible consumption", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "Biomass", "SDG 15 - Life on Land", "2. Zero hunger", "Energy", "Milieukunde", "Methodology", "bio-energy", "Scheikunde", "15. Life on land", "plantation biomass resources", "carbon sequestration", "6. Clean water", "integrated approach", "sustainable bioenergy", "land-use scenarios", "13. Climate action", "climate-change", "water-use", "Potential"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.002"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Renewable%20and%20Sustainable%20Energy%20Reviews", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.002", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.002", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.002"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.still.2010.07.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:18:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-08-15", "title": "Impact Of Pasture, Agriculture And Crop-Livestock Systems On Soil C Stocks In Brazil", "description": "Abstract Changes in land use can result in either sources or sinks of atmospheric carbon (C), depending on management practices. In Brazil, significant changes in land use result from the conversion of native vegetation to pasture and agriculture, conversion of pasture to agriculture and, more recently, the conversion of pasture and agriculture to integrated crop-livestock systems (ICL). The ICL system proposes a diversity of activities that include the strategic incorporation of pastures to agriculture so as to benefit both. In agricultural areas, for example, the implementation of ICL requires the production of quality forage for animals between crops as well as the production of straw to facilitate the sustainability of the no-tillage (NT) management system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the modifications in soil C stocks resulting from the main processes involved in the changes of land use in Amazonia and Cerrado biomes. For comparison purposes, areas under native vegetation, pastures, crop succession and ICL under different edapho-climatic conditions in Amazonia and Cerrado biomes were evaluated. This study demonstrated that the conversion of native vegetation to pasture can cause the soil to function either as a source or a sink of atmospheric CO2, depending on the land management applied. Non-degraded pasture under fertile soil showed a mean accumulation rate of 0.46\u00a0g\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121. Carbon losses from pastures implemented in naturally low fertile soil ranged from 0.15 to 1.53\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121, respectively, for non-degraded and degraded pasture. The conversion of native vegetation to agriculture in areas under the ICL system, even when cultivated under NT, resulted in C losses of 1.31 in six years and of 0.69\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121 in 21 years. The conversion of a non-degraded pasture to cropland (soybean/sorghum) released, in average, 1.44 Mg of C ha\u22121year\u22121to the atmosphere. The ICL system in agricultural areas has shown evidences that it always functions as a sink of C with accumulation rates ranging from 0.82 to 2.58\u00a0Mg\u00a0ha\u22121\u00a0year\u22121. The ICL produces soil C accumulation and, as a consequence, reduces atmospheric CO2 in areas formerly cultivated under crop succession. However, the magnitude of C accumulation in soil depends on factors such as the types of crops, the edapho-climatic conditions and the amount of time the area is under ICL.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "550", "limiting water range", "01 natural sciences", "630", "atlantic forest", "Amazonia", "Crop-livestock systems", "Land use change", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "region", "Crop-livestock", "native cerrado", "organic-carbon sequestration", "grassland management", "nitrogen stocks", "Cerrado", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "matter", "6. Clean water", "brachiaria pastures", "Soil carbon stock", "13. Climate action", "tillage", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.07.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20and%20Tillage%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.still.2010.07.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.still.2010.07.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.still.2010.07.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.14878", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:37Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "Abstract

There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.Bioenergy crops are often classified (and subsequently regulated) according to species that have been evaluated as environmentally beneficial or detrimental, but in practice, management decisions rather than species per se can determine the overall environmental impact of a bioenergy production system. Here, we review the greenhouse gas balance and \uffe2\uff80\uff98management swing potential\uffe2\uff80\uff99 of seven different bioenergy cropping systems in temperate and tropical regions. Prior land use, harvesting techniques, harvest timing, and fertilization are among the key management considerations that can swing the greenhouse gas balance of bioenergy from positive to negative or the reverse. Although the management swing potential is substantial for many cropping systems, there are some species (e.g., soybean) that have such low bioenergy yield potentials that the environmental impact is unlikely to be reversed by management. High\uffe2\uff80\uff90yielding bioenergy crops (e.g., corn, sugarcane, Miscanthus, and fast\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing tree species), however, can be managed for environmental benefits or losses, suggesting that the bioenergy sector would be better informed by incorporating management\uffe2\uff80\uff90based evaluations into classifications of bioenergy feedstocks.

", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "life-cycle assessment", "palm oil", "mallee biomass", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "crops", "greenhouse-gas emissions", "oil production systems", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "land-use change", "mitigation options", "miscanthus x giganteus", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "western-australia", "soil organic-carbon", "agriculture", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12042"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/GCB%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcbb.12042", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcbb.12042", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcbb.12042"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1098/rsfs.2010.0023", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:15Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-12", "title": "How Can Land-Use Modelling Tools Inform Bioenergy Policies?", "description": "

Targets for bioenergy have been set worldwide to mitigate climate change. Although feedstock sources are often ambiguous, pledges in European nations, the United States and Brazil amount to more than 100 Mtoe of biorenewable fuel production by 2020. As a consequence, the biofuel sector is developing rapidly, and it is increasingly important to distinguish bioenergy options that can address energy security and greenhouse gas mitigation from those that cannot. This paper evaluates how bioenergy production affects land-use change (LUC), and to what extent land-use modelling can inform sound decision-making. We identified local and global internalities and externalities of biofuel development scenarios, reviewed relevant data sources and modelling approaches, identified sources of controversy about indirect LUC (iLUC) and then suggested a framework for comprehensive assessments of bioenergy. Ultimately, plant biomass must be managed to produce energy in a way that is consistent with the management of food, feed, fibre, timber and environmental services. Bioenergy production provides opportunities for improved energy security, climate mitigation and rural development, but the environmental and social consequences depend on feedstock choices and geographical location. The most desirable solutions for bioenergy production will include policies that incentivize regionally integrated management of diverse resources with low inputs, high yields, co-products, multiple benefits and minimal risks of iLUC. Many integrated assessment models include energy resources, trade, technological development and regional environmental conditions, but do not account for biodiversity and lack detailed data on the location of degraded and underproductive lands that would be ideal for bioenergy production. Specific practices that would maximize the benefits of bioenergy production regionally need to be identified before a global analysis of bioenergy-related LUC can be accomplished.

", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "MISCANTHUS", "330", "550", "AGRICULTURE", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "333", "12. Responsible consumption", "ENERGY", "03 medical and health sciences", "ORGANIC-CARBON", "BENEFITS", "11. Sustainability", "feedstocks", "SWITCHGRASS", "indirect land-use change", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "15. Life on land", "biofuels", "NITROGEN", "greenhouse gas", "13. Climate action", "BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK", "environmental economics", "ecosystem services"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2010.0023"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Interface%20Focus", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rsfs.2010.0023", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rsfs.2010.0023", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rsfs.2010.0023"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-02-02T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1108/00070700910992925", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-10-05", "title": "A meta-analysis of the differences in environmental impacts between organic and conventional farming", "description": "Purpose

This paper aims to perform a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis of the literature comparing the environmental impacts of organic and conventional farming and linking these to differences in management practises. The studied environmental impacts are related to land use efficiency, organic matter content in the soil, nitrate and phosphate leaching to the water system, greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretic framework uses the driver\uffe2\uff80\uff90state\uffe2\uff80\uff90response framework and literature data were analysed using meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis methodology. Meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis is the statistical analysis of multiple study results. Data were obtained by screening peer reviewed literature.

Findings

From the paper's meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis it can conclude that soils in organic farming systems have on average a higher content of organic matter. It can also conclude that organic farming contributes positively to agro\uffe2\uff80\uff90biodiversity (breeds used by the farmers) and natural biodiversity (wild life). Concerning the impact of the organic farming system on nitrate and phosphorous leaching and greenhouse gas emissions the result of the analysis is not that straightforward. When expressed per production area organic farming scores better than conventional farming for these items. However, given the lower land use efficiency of organic farming in developed countries, this positive effect expressed per unit product is less pronounced or not present at all.

Original value

Given the recent growth of organic farming and the general perception that organic farming is more environment friendly than its conventional counterpart, it is interesting to explore whether it meets the alleged benefits. By combining several studies in one analysis, the technique of meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis is powerful and may allow the generation of more nuanced findings and the generalisation of those findings.

", "keywords": ["Agriculture and Food Sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS", "Environmental management", "NEW-ZEALAND", "CROPPING SYSTEMS", "NITROUS-OXIDE", "SOUTHERN GERMANY", "Agriculture", "SOIL QUALITY INDICATORS", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "MODELING APPROACH", "15. Life on land", "7. Clean energy", "Organic foods", "12. Responsible consumption", "Europe", "13. Climate action", "LEACHING LOSSES", "PHOSPHORUS P", "11. Sustainability", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "LONG-TERM CHANGES"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Mondelaers, Koen, Aertsens, Joris, Van Huylenbroeck, Guido,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700910992925"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/British%20Food%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1108/00070700910992925", "name": "item", "description": "10.1108/00070700910992925", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1108/00070700910992925"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-09-26T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:20:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-19", "title": "Ethiopian Agriculture Has Greater Potential For Carbon Sequestration Than Previously Estimated", "description": "Abstract

More than half of the cultivation\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced carbon loss from agricultural soils could be restored through improved management. To incentivise carbon sequestration, the potential of improved practices needs to be verified. To date, there is sparse empirical evidence of carbon sequestration through improved practices in East\uffe2\uff80\uff90Africa. Here, we show that agroforestry and restrained grazing had a greater stock of soil carbon than their bordering pair\uffe2\uff80\uff90matched controls, but the difference was less obvious with terracing. The controls were treeless cultivated fields for agroforestry, on slopes not terraced for terracing, and permanent pasture for restrained grazing, representing traditionally managed agricultural practices dominant in the case regions. The gain by the improved management depended on the carbon stocks in the control plots. Agroforestry for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff9320\uffc2\uffa0years led to 11.4 Mg\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 and restrained grazing for 6\uffe2\uff80\uff9317\uffc2\uffa0years to 9.6\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 greater median soil carbon stock compared with the traditional management. The empirical estimates are higher than previous process\uffe2\uff80\uff90model\uffe2\uff80\uff90based estimates and indicate that Ethiopian agriculture has greater potential to sequester carbon in soil than previously estimated.

", "keywords": ["AFRICA", "Carbon Sequestration", "ta1172", "agricultural practices", "GREENHOUSE-GAS MITIGATION", "East-Africa", "soil", "HIGHLANDS", "mitigation", "Soil", "NORTHERN ETHIOPIA", "SYSTEMS", "MANAGEMENT", "STOCKS", "2. Zero hunger", "SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "LAND-USE", "carbon stock", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "ta4111", "Models", " Theoretical", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Environmental sciences", "climate change", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13288"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13288", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13288"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-06-26T16:24:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "EC-Earth3-AerChem, a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6", "description": "

Abstract. This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average \uffe2\uff88\uff920.09\uffe2\uff80\uff89W\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25\uffe2\uff80\uff89W\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff922, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.005\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995\uffe2\uff80\uff932014 has an average bias of \uffe2\uff88\uff920.86\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb1\uffe2\uff80\uff890.02\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091\uffe2\uff80\uff932100) of 4.9\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffe2\uff88\uff98C.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric chemistry", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "MODIFIED BAND APPROACH", "7. Clean energy", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "SULFURIC-ACID", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "EC-EARTH", "ORGANIC AEROSOL", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental", "Aerosols", "QE1-996.5", "Escalfament global", "Global warming", "Geology", "Climatic changes", "16. Peace & justice", "Climate Science", "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE", "DUST AEROSOLS", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "GREENHOUSE-GAS CONCENTRATIONS", "BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS", "Geosciences", "Klimatvetenskap", "Canvis clim\u00e0tics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.polito.it/bitstream/11583/2959536/1/vannoije2021_gmd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5637/2021/gmd-14-5637-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-413"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2020-413", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2020-413"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:24:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6", "description": "

Abstract. This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average \u22120.09\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25\u2009W\u2009m\u22122, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08\u2009\u2218C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17\u2009\u2218C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015\u2009\u00b1\u20090.005\u2009\u2218C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9\u2009\u2218C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1\u2009\u2218C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995\u20132014 has an average bias of \u22120.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009\u2218C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35\u2009\u2218C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009\u2218C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05\u2009\u2218C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091\u20132100) of 4.9\u2009\u2218C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5\u2009\u2218C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5\u2009\u2218C.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric chemistry", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "MODIFIED BAND APPROACH", "7. Clean energy", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "SULFURIC-ACID", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "EC-EARTH", "ORGANIC AEROSOL", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental", "Aerosols", "QE1-996.5", "Escalfament global", "Global warming", "Geology", "Climatic changes", "16. Peace & justice", "Climate Science", "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE", "DUST AEROSOLS", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "GREENHOUSE-GAS CONCENTRATIONS", "BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS", "Geosciences", "Klimatvetenskap", "Canvis clim\u00e0tics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.polito.it/bitstream/11583/2959536/1/vannoije2021_gmd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5637/2021/gmd-14-5637-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-14-5637-2021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:24:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-08-30", "title": "CTDAS-Lagrange v1.0: A high-resolution data assimilation system for regional carbon dioxide observations", "description": "

Abstract. We have implemented a regional carbon dioxide data assimilation system based on the CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS) and a high-resolution Lagrangian transport model, the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model driven by the Weather Forecast and Research meteorological fields (WRF-STILT). With this system, named CTDAS-Lagrange, we simultaneously optimize terrestrial biosphere fluxes and four parameters that adjust the lateral boundary conditions (BCs) against CO2 observations from the NOAA ESRL North America tall tower and aircraft programmable flask packages (PFPs) sampling program. Least-squares optimization is performed with a time-stepping ensemble Kalman smoother, over a time window of 10\uffc2\uffa0days and assimilating sequentially a time series of observations. Because the WRF-STILT footprints are pre-computed, it is computationally efficient to run the CTDAS-Lagrange system. To estimate the uncertainties in the optimized fluxes from the system, we performed sensitivity tests with various a\uffc2\uffa0priori biosphere fluxes (SiBCASA, SiB3, CT2013B) and BCs (optimized mole fraction fields from CT2013B and CTE2014, and an empirical dataset derived from aircraft observations), as well as with a variety of choices on the ways that fluxes are adjusted (additive or multiplicative), covariance length scales, biosphere flux covariances, BC parameter uncertainties, and model\uffe2\uff80\uff93data mismatches. In pseudo-data experiments, we show that in our implementation the additive flux adjustment method is more flexible in optimizing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) than the multiplicative flux adjustment method, and our sensitivity tests with real observations show that the CTDAS-Lagrange system has the ability to correct for the potential biases in the lateral BCs and to resolve large biases in the prior biosphere fluxes. Using real observations, we have derived a range of estimates for the optimized carbon fluxes from a series of sensitivity tests, which places the North American carbon sink for the year\uffc2\uffa02010 in a range from \uffe2\uff88\uff920.92 to \uffe2\uff88\uff921.26\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921. This is comparable to the TM5-based estimates of CarbonTracker (version CT2016, -0.91\uffc2\uffb11.10\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921) and CarbonTracker Europe (version CTE2016, -0.91\uffc2\uffb10.31\uffe2\uff80\uff89PgC\uffe2\uff80\uff89yr\uffe2\uff88\uff921). We conclude that CTDAS-Lagrange can offer a versatile and computationally attractive alternative to these global systems for regional estimates of carbon fluxes, which can take advantage of high-resolution Lagrangian footprints that are increasingly easy to obtain.

", "keywords": ["QE1-996.5", "SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS", "TECHNICAL NOTE", "Geology", "NORTH-AMERICA", "15. Life on land", "AIR-SAMPLING-NETWORK", "01 natural sciences", "MODEL", "13. Climate action", "ATMOSPHERIC CO2 INVERSIONS", "Life Science", "ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS", "GREENHOUSE-GAS MEASUREMENTS", "INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY", "EXCHANGE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.geosci-model-dev-discuss.net/gmd-2017-222/gmd-2017-222.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2017-222"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/gmd-2017-222", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/gmd-2017-222"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-12-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11583/2959536", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:28:46Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-13", "title": "EC-Earth3-AerChem: a global climate model with interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry participating in CMIP6", "description": "

Abstract. This paper documents the global climate model EC-Earth3-AerChem, one of the members of the EC-Earth3 family of models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). EC-Earth3-AerChem has interactive aerosols and atmospheric chemistry and contributes to the Aerosols and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In this paper, we give an overview of the model, describe in detail how it differs from the other EC-Earth3 configurations, and outline the new features compared with the previously documented version of the model (EC-Earth 2.4). We explain how the model was tuned and spun up under preindustrial conditions and characterize the model's general performance on the basis of a selection of coupled simulations conducted for CMIP6. The net energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere in the preindustrial control simulation is on average \u22120.09\u2009W\u2009m\u22122 with a standard deviation due to interannual variability of 0.25\u2009W\u2009m\u22122, showing no significant drift. The global surface air temperature in the simulation is on average 14.08\u2009\u2218C with an interannual standard deviation of 0.17\u2009\u2218C, exhibiting a small drift of 0.015\u2009\u00b1\u20090.005\u2009\u2218C per century. The model's effective equilibrium climate sensitivity is estimated at 3.9\u2009\u2218C, and its transient climate response is estimated at 2.1\u2009\u2218C. The CMIP6 historical simulation displays spurious interdecadal variability in Northern Hemisphere temperatures, resulting in a large spread across ensemble members and a tendency to underestimate observed annual surface temperature anomalies from the early 20th century onwards. The observed warming of the Southern Hemisphere is well reproduced by the model. Compared with the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), the surface air temperature climatology for 1995\u20132014 has an average bias of \u22120.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05\u2009\u2218C with a standard deviation across ensemble members of 0.35\u2009\u2218C in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02\u2009\u2218C with a corresponding standard deviation of 0.05\u2009\u2218C in the Southern Hemisphere. The Southern Hemisphere warm bias is largely caused by errors in shortwave cloud radiative effects over the Southern Ocean, a deficiency of many climate models. Changes in the emissions of near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) have significant effects on the global climate from the second half of the 20th century onwards. For the SSP3-7.0 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway, the model gives a global warming at the end of the 21st century (2091\u20132100) of 4.9\u2009\u2218C above the preindustrial mean. A 0.5\u2009\u2218C stronger warming is obtained for the AerChemMIP scenario with reduced emissions of NTCFs. With concurrent reductions of future methane concentrations, the warming is projected to be reduced by 0.5\u2009\u2218C.

", "keywords": ["Atmospheric chemistry", ":Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "EARTH SYSTEM MODELS", "MINERAL-COMPOSITION", "MODIFIED BAND APPROACH", "7. Clean energy", ":Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica [\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC]", "SULFURIC-ACID", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Enginyeria qu\u00edmica::Qu\u00edmica del medi ambient::Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "EC-EARTH", "ORGANIC AEROSOL", "\u00c0rees tem\u00e0tiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament hum\u00e0 i sostenible::Degradaci\u00f3 ambiental", "Aerosols", "QE1-996.5", "Escalfament global", "Global warming", "Geology", "Climatic changes", "16. Peace & justice", "Climate Science", "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE", "DUST AEROSOLS", "Qu\u00edmica atmosf\u00e8rica", "13. Climate action", "GREENHOUSE-GAS CONCENTRATIONS", "BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS", "Geosciences", "Klimatvetenskap", "Canvis clim\u00e0tics"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.polito.it/bitstream/11583/2959536/1/vannoije2021_gmd.pdf"}, {"href": "https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5637/2021/gmd-14-5637-2021.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/11583/2959536"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoscientific%20Model%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11583/2959536", "name": "item", "description": "11583/2959536", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11583/2959536"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-12-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1983/ab17d5ff-3657-42df-84a6-4ab038c16f20", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-06-26T16:29:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-10-22", "title": "Which practices co\u2010deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?", "description": "Abstract

There is a clear need for transformative change in the land management and food production sectors to address the global land challenges of climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation, combatting land degradation and desertification, and delivering food security (referred to hereafter as \uffe2\uff80\uff9cland challenges\uffe2\uff80\uff9d). We assess the potential for 40 practices to address these land challenges and find that: Nine options deliver medium to large benefits for all four land challenges. A further two options have no global estimates for adaptation, but have medium to large benefits for all other land challenges. Five options have large mitigation potential (>3\uffc2\uffa0Gt CO2eq/year) without adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Five options have moderate mitigation potential, with no adverse impacts on the other land challenges. Sixteen practices have large adaptation potential (>25 million people benefit), without adverse side effects on other land challenges. Most practices can be applied without competing for available land. However, seven options could result in competition for land. A large number of practices do not require dedicated land, including several land management options, all value chain options, and all risk management options. Four options could greatly increase competition for land if applied at a large scale, though the impact is scale and context specific, highlighting the need for safeguards to ensure that expansion of land for mitigation does not impact natural systems and food security. A number of practices, such as increased food productivity, dietary change and reduced food loss and waste, can reduce demand for land conversion, thereby potentially freeing\uffe2\uff80\uff90up land and creating opportunities for enhanced implementation of other practices, making them important components of portfolios of practices to address the combined land challenges.