The tropical carbon balance dominates year-to-year variations in the CO 2 exchange with the atmosphere through photosynthesis, respiration and fires. Because of its high correlation with gross primary productivity (GPP), observations of sun-induced fluorescence (SIF) are of great interest. We developed a new remotely sensed SIF product with improved signal-to-noise in the tropics, and use it here to quantify the impact of the 2015/2016 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o\uffc2\uffa0Amazon drought. We find that SIF was strongly suppressed over areas with anomalously high temperatures and decreased levels of water in the soil. SIF went below its climatological range starting from the end of the 2015 dry season (October) and returned to normal levels by February 2016 when atmospheric conditions returned to normal, but well before the end of anomalously low precipitation that persisted through June 2016. Impacts were not uniform across the Amazon basin, with the eastern part experiencing much larger (10\uffe2\uff80\uff9315%) SIF reductions than the western part of the basin (2\uffe2\uff80\uff935%). We estimate the integrated loss of GPP relative to eight previous years to be 0.34\uffe2\uff80\uff930.48 PgC in the three-month period October\uffe2\uff80\uff93November\uffe2\uff80\uff93December 2015.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue \uffe2\uff80\uff98The impact of the 2015/2016 El Ni\uffc3\uffb1o on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications\uffe2\uff80\uff99.
", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "FLUXES", "El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation", "Amazon rainforest", "sun-induced fluorescence", "El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation", "drought response", "Forests", "SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION", "01 natural sciences", "Fluorescence", "Trees", "SCIAMACHY", "03 medical and health sciences", "GOME-2", "ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE", "SATELLITE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "El Nino-Southern Oscillation", "Amazone rainforest", "Articles", "15. Life on land", "tropical terrestrial carbon cycle", "gross primary production", "TERRESTRIAL CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE", "SIMULATIONS", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "BALANCE", "Remote Sensing Technology", "Sunlight", "Brazil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rstb.2017.0408"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0408"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0408", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2017.0408", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2017.0408"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-10-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:04Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-06-19", "title": "Global 3-D Simulations of the Triple Oxygen Isotope Signature \u0394 17 O in Atmospheric CO 2", "description": "AbstractThe triple oxygen isotope signature \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2, also known as its \uffe2\uff80\uff9c17O excess,\uffe2\uff80\uff9d has been proposed as a tracer for gross primary production (the gross uptake of CO2 by vegetation through photosynthesis). We present the first global 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model simulations for \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2 together with a detailed model description and sensitivity analyses. In our 3\uffe2\uff80\uff90D model framework we include the stratospheric source of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 and the surface sinks from vegetation, soils, ocean, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. The effect of oxidation of atmospheric CO on \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 is also included in our model. We estimate that the global mean \uffce\uff9417O (defined as with \uffce\uffbbRL = 0.5229) of CO2 in the lowest 500\uffc2\uffa0m of the atmosphere is 39.6\uffc2\uffa0per meg, which is \uffe2\uff88\uffbc20\uffc2\uffa0per meg lower than estimates from existing box models. We compare our model results with a measured stratospheric \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 profile from Sodankyl\uffc3\uffa4 (Finland), which shows good agreement. In addition, we compare our model results with tropospheric measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in CO2 from G\uffc3\uffb6ttingen (Germany) and Taipei (Taiwan), which shows some agreement but we also find substantial discrepancies that are subsequently discussed. Finally, we show model results for Zotino (Russia), Mauna Loa (United States), Manaus (Brazil), and South Pole, which we propose as possible locations for future measurements of \uffce\uff9417O in tropospheric CO2 that can help to further increase our understanding of the global budget of \uffce\uff9417O in atmospheric CO2.
", "keywords": ["CARBONIC-ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY", "550", "STRATOSPHERIC CO2", "STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE", "TRACER", "stable isotopes", "MASS", "carbon dioxide (CO)", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "DIOXIDE EXCHANGE", "O excess (\u0394O)", "3-DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS", "carbon dioxide (CO2)", "carbon cycle", "O-17 excess (Delta O-17)", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "SDG 14 - Life Below Water", "Research Articles", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "O-18 CONTENT", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "mass-independent fractionation (MIF)", "ddc:550", "gross primary production (GPP)", "15. Life on land", "Earth sciences", "13. Climate action", "MODEL TM5", "17O excess (\u039417O)", "FIRE EMISSIONS"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2019JD030387"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Atmospheres", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "name": "item", "description": "10.1029/2019jd030387", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1029/2019jd030387"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-08-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:18:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-11", "title": "Drought impacts on terrestrial primary production underestimated by satellite monitoring", "description": "Satellite retrievals of information about the Earth's surface are widely used to monitor global terrestrial photosynthesis and primary production and to examine the ecological impacts of droughts. Methods for estimating photosynthesis from space commonly combine information on vegetation greenness, incoming radiation, temperature and atmospheric demand for water (vapour-pressure deficit), but do not account for the direct effects of low soil moisture. They instead rely on vapour-pressure deficit as a proxy for dryness, despite widespread evidence that soil moisture deficits have a direct impact on vegetation, independent of vapour-pressure deficit. Here, we use a globally distributed measurement network to assess the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis, and identify a common bias in an ensemble of satellite-based estimates of photosynthesis that is governed by the magnitude of soil moisture effects on photosynthetic light-use efficiency. We develop methods to account for the influence of soil moisture and estimate that soil moisture effects reduce global annual photosynthesis by ~15%, increase interannual variability by more than 100% across 25% of the global vegetated land surface, and amplify the impacts of extreme events on primary production. These results demonstrate the importance of soil moisture effects for monitoring carbon-cycle variability and drought impacts on vegetation productivity from space.", "keywords": ["550", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "USE EFFICIENCY", "NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "WATER-STRESS", "Physical geography and environmental geoscience", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Ecology", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "Geology", "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "Carbon cycle", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "6. Clean water", "ATMOSPHERIC DEMAND", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "RADIATION", "CARBON UPTAKE", "Geosciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0318-6.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt2hr7r7gk/qt2hr7r7gk.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41561-019-0318-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02121.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:19:34Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-12-22", "title": "Functional Changes In The Control Of Carbon Fluxes After 3 Years Of Increased Drought In A Mediterranean Evergreen Forest?", "description": "AbstractOur objective was to test how a long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term increased water limitation affects structural and functional properties of a Mediterranean ecosystem, and how these changes modify the response of the main carbon fluxes to climatic controls. In 2003, a 27% throughfall exclusion experiment was installed in a Quercus ilex L. forest in France. Gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RECO) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were estimated in a control and a dry treatment. Decreasing throughfall decreased GPP by 14% and had a smaller effect on RECO (\uffe2\uff88\uff9212%), especially soil respiration RS (\uffe2\uff88\uff9211%). Interannual variability of GPP (29%) was higher than for RECO (12%). Error propagation was used to estimates uncertainties in the NEE fluxes, which ranged from 3% to 10% in the control treatment but up to 167% for NEE in the dry treatment because more steps and data types were involved in the scaling. After 3 years of throughfall exclusion, we found no acclimation of RS to climatic drivers. Functional properties of the response of RS to soil water, temperature and rain pulse remained similar in the control and the dry treatments. A diurnal clockwise hysteresis in RS was probably controlled by canopy photosynthesis with a 3\uffe2\uff80\uff83h lag. The proportion of diurnal variation of respiration due to photosynthesis was similar in all treatments (4\uffe2\uff80\uff935%). Because of the characteristic of rain in Mediterranean climates, a continuous decrease of water input in these environments have an effect on topsoil water and consequently on RS only during short periods when rainfall is characterized by infrequent and small events that does not allow the topsoil to reach field capacity and does not allow to dry completely. However, in the longer term, we expect a stronger decrease in RS in the dry treatment driven by the decrease in GPP.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "550", "15. Life on land", "gross primary production", "soil respiration", "01 natural sciences", "630", "6. Clean water", "Quercus ilex", "throughfall exclusion", "13. Climate action", "rain pulse", "eddy-covariance", "Q(10)", "error propagation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02121.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02121.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02121.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02121.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-06-18", "title": "Reviews and syntheses: Carbonyl sulfide as a\u00a0multi-scale tracer for carbon and water cycles", "description": "Abstract. For the past decade, observations of carbonyl sulfide (OCS or COS) have been investigated as a\uffc2\uffa0proxy for carbon uptake by plants. OCS is destroyed by enzymes that interact with CO2 during photosynthesis, namely carbonic anhydrase (CA) and RuBisCO, where CA is the more important one. The majority of sources of OCS to the atmosphere are geographically separated from this large plant sink, whereas the sources and sinks of CO2 are co-located in ecosystems. The drawdown of OCS can therefore be related to the uptake of CO2 without the added complication of co-located emissions comparable in magnitude. Here we review the state of our understanding of the global OCS cycle and its applications to ecosystem carbon cycle science. OCS uptake is correlated well to plant carbon uptake, especially at the regional scale. OCS can be used in conjunction with other independent measures of ecosystem function, like solar-induced fluorescence and carbon and water isotope studies. More work needs to be done to generate global coverage for OCS observations and to link this powerful atmospheric tracer to systems where fundamental questions concerning the carbon and water cycle remain.
", "keywords": ["570", "550", "GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE", "isotope du carbone", "01 natural sciences", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]", "ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS INVENTORY", "Life", "[SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "QH501-531", "[SDU.STU.GC] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry", "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences", "REDUCED SULFUR GASES", "OH-INITIATED OXIDATION", "photosynth\u00e8se", "anhydrase carbonique", "QUANTUM CASCADE LASER", "SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS", "ORGANIC VOLATILE SULFUR", "QH540-549.5", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]", "QE1-996.5", "Ecology", "FT-IR PRODUCT", "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "Geology", "Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "Climate Action", "Environmental sciences", "atmosph\u00e8re", "absorption racinaire", "sulfure de carbonyle", "13. Climate action", "NORTHEAST ATLANTIC-OCEAN", "Earth Sciences", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://oro.open.ac.uk/56080/1/Whelan%20etal%20%2718%20bgs_COS%20review.pdf"}, {"href": "http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43577/1/bg-15-3625-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/3625/2018/bg-15-3625-2018.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt5ft9v0bw/qt5ft9v0bw.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt7b184769/qt7b184769.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-15-3625-2018"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5194/bg-3-571-2006", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:22:47Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-04-29", "description": "Abstract. Eddy covariance technique to measure CO2, water and energy fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere is widely spread and used in various regional networks. Currently more than 250 eddy covariance sites are active around the world measuring carbon exchange at high temporal resolution for different biomes and climatic conditions. In this paper a new standardized set of corrections is introduced and the uncertainties associated with these corrections are assessed for eight different forest sites in Europe with a total of 12 yearly datasets. The uncertainties introduced on the two components GPP (Gross Primary Production) and TER (Terrestrial Ecosystem Respiration) are also discussed and a quantitative analysis presented. Through a factorial analysis we find that generally, uncertainties by different corrections are additive without interactions and that the heuristic u*-correction introduces the largest uncertainty. The results show that a standardized data processing is needed for an effective comparison across biomes and for underpinning inter-annual variability. The methodology presented in this paper has also been integrated in the European database of the eddy covariance measurements.
", "keywords": ["european database of the eddy covariance measurements", "550", "net ecosystem exchange", "Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM]", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "[SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO]", "Life", "QH501-531", "[SDV.BBM.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry", " Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM]", "QH540-549.5", "eddy covariance technique", "[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", "QE1-996.5", "algorithm", "[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]", "Ecology", "Atmosphere", "[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean", " Atmosphere", "500", "Geology", "15. 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Climate action", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "co2", "measurement", "[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces", "environment"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeosciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5194/bg-3-571-2006", "name": "item", "description": "10.5194/bg-3-571-2006", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-11-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10044/1/67327", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:25:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-03-11", "title": "Drought impacts on terrestrial primary production underestimated by satellite monitoring", "description": "Satellite retrievals of information about the Earth's surface are widely used to monitor global terrestrial photosynthesis and primary production and to examine the ecological impacts of droughts. Methods for estimating photosynthesis from space commonly combine information on vegetation greenness, incoming radiation, temperature and atmospheric demand for water (vapour-pressure deficit), but do not account for the direct effects of low soil moisture. They instead rely on vapour-pressure deficit as a proxy for dryness, despite widespread evidence that soil moisture deficits have a direct impact on vegetation, independent of vapour-pressure deficit. Here, we use a globally distributed measurement network to assess the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis, and identify a common bias in an ensemble of satellite-based estimates of photosynthesis that is governed by the magnitude of soil moisture effects on photosynthetic light-use efficiency. We develop methods to account for the influence of soil moisture and estimate that soil moisture effects reduce global annual photosynthesis by ~15%, increase interannual variability by more than 100% across 25% of the global vegetated land surface, and amplify the impacts of extreme events on primary production. These results demonstrate the importance of soil moisture effects for monitoring carbon-cycle variability and drought impacts on vegetation productivity from space.", "keywords": ["550", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "USE EFFICIENCY", "NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences", "Geosciences", " Multidisciplinary", "WATER-STRESS", "Physical geography and environmental geoscience", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Multidisciplinary", "Science & Technology", "CLIMATE-CHANGE", "Ecology", "PHOTOSYNTHESIS", "Geology", "GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTION", "Carbon cycle", "Biogeochemistry", "15. Life on land", "FOREST", "6. Clean water", "ATMOSPHERIC DEMAND", "13. Climate action", "Physical Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "RADIATION", "CARBON UPTAKE", "Geosciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0318-6.pdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt2hr7r7gk/qt2hr7r7gk.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10044/1/67327"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nature%20Geoscience", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10044/1/67327", "name": "item", "description": "10044/1/67327", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10044/1/67327"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-03-11T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=gross+primary+production&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=gross+primary+production&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=gross+primary+production&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=gross+primary+production&offset=7", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 7, "numberReturned": 7, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-04-14T23:21:56.034485Z"}