The 2013/2014 summer in Southeast Brazil was marked by historical unprecedented compound dry and hot (CDH) conditions with profound socio-economic impacts. The synoptic drivers for this event have already been analyzed, and its occurrence within the context of the increasing trend of CDH conditions in the area evaluated. However, so far, the causes for these record temperatures remain poorly understood. Here, a detailed characterization of the 2013/2014 austral summer season over Southeast Brazil is proposed, emphasizing the role played by land\uffe2\uff80\uff93atmosphere interactions in temperature escalation. We demonstrate that a strong soil moisture\uffe2\uff80\uff93temperature coupling regime promoted record-breaking temperatures levels exceeding almost 5\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb0C over the previous highest record, and played a key role in triggering an outstanding \uffe2\uff80\uff98mega-heatwave\uffe2\uff80\uff99 that lasted for a period of around 20\uffc2\uffa0days. This pronounced soil desiccation occurred within a current climate change trend defined by drier and hotter conditions in the region. The soil dry-out, coupled with strong radiative processes and low entrainment of cooler air masses through mesoscale sea-breeze circulation processes, led to a water-limited regime and to an enhancement of sensible heat fluxes that, ultimately, resulted in a sharp increase of surface temperatures.
", "keywords": ["HEAT WAVES", "Hot Temperature", "DROUGHTS", "IMPACT", "Science", "0207 environmental engineering", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "Article", "Soil", "TEMPERATURE", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Atmosphere", "MORTALITY", "Q", "R", "PAULO", "15. Life on land", "EVAPORATION", "CLIMATE", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Medicine", "HEATWAVES", "Seasons", "Brazil"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-09515-z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Scientific%20Reports", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1038/s41598-022-09515-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-07T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-03-01", "title": "Elevated Atmospheric [Co2] Can Dramatically Increase Wheat Yields In Semi-Arid Environments And Buffer Against Heat Waves", "description": "AbstractWheat production will be impacted by increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 [CO2], which is expected to rise from about 400\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2015 to 550\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffc2\uffa0mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 by 2050. Changes to plant physiology and crop responses from elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) are well documented for some environments, but field\uffe2\uff80\uff90level responses in dryland Mediterranean environments with terminal drought and heat waves are scarce. The Australian Grains Free Air CO2 Enrichment facility was established to compare wheat (Triticum aestivum) growth and yield under ambient (~370\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 2007) and e[CO2] (550\uffc2\uffa0\uffce\uffbcmol\uffe2\uff88\uff921) in semi\uffe2\uff80\uff90arid environments. Experiments were undertaken at two dryland sites (Horsham and Walpeup) across three years with two cultivars, two sowing times and two irrigation treatments. Mean yield stimulation due to e[CO2] was 24% at Horsham and 53% at Walpeup, with some treatment responses greater than 70%, depending on environment. Under supplemental irrigation, e[CO2] stimulated yields at Horsham by 37% compared to 13% under rainfed conditions, showing that water limited growth and yield response to e[CO2]. Heat wave effects were ameliorated under e[CO2] as shown by reductions of 31% and 54% in screenings and 10% and 12% larger kernels (Horsham and Walpeup). Greatest yield stimulations occurred in the e[CO2] late sowing and heat stressed treatments, when supplied with more water. There were no clear differences in cultivar response due to e[CO2]. Multiple regression showed that yield response to e[CO2] depended on temperatures and water availability before and after anthesis. Thus, timing of temperature and water and the crop's ability to translocate carbohydrates to the grain postanthesis were all important in determining the e[CO2] response. The large responses to e[CO2] under dryland conditions have not been previously reported and underscore the need for field level research to provide mechanistic understanding for adapting crops to a changing climate.
", "keywords": ["heat wave", "Yield", "Agricultural Irrigation", "Hot Temperature", "Victoria", "Rain", "070302 Agronomy", "dryland", "551", "Dryland", "Heat wave", "Biomass", "Triticum", "free air CO2 enrichment", "2. Zero hunger", "elevated CO2", "Atmosphere", "Australian grains free air CO2 enrichment", "Water", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "wheat; yield", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", ": Australian grains free air CO2 enrichment", "13. Climate action", "Free air CO2 enrichment", "Wheat", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Elevated CO2", "Edible Grain", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13263"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.13263", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.13263"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-03-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:18:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-10-04", "title": "Response Of Plant Species Richness And Primary Productivity In Shrublands Along A North-South Gradient In Europe To Seven Years Of Experimental Warming And Drought: Reductions In Primary Productivity In The Heat And Drought Year Of 2003", "description": "AbstractWe used a nonintrusive field experiment carried out at six sites \uffe2\uff80\uff93 Wales (UK), Denmark (DK), the Netherlands (NL), Hungary (HU), Sardinia (Italy \uffe2\uff80\uff93 IT), and Catalonia (Spain \uffe2\uff80\uff93 SP) \uffe2\uff80\uff93 along a climatic and latitudinal gradient to examine the response of plant species richness and primary productivity to warming and drought in shrubland ecosystems. The warming treatment raised the plot daily temperature by ca. 1 \uffc2\uffb0C, while the drought treatment led to a reduction in soil moisture at the peak of the growing season that ranged from 26% at the SP site to 82% in the NL site. During the 7 years the experiment lasted (1999\uffe2\uff80\uff932005), we used the pin\uffe2\uff80\uff90point method to measure the species composition of plant communities and plant biomass, litterfall, and shoot growth of the dominant plant species at each site. A significantly lower increase in the number of species pin\uffe2\uff80\uff90pointed per transect was found in the drought plots at the SP site, where the plant community was still in a process of recovering from a forest fire in 1994. No changes in species richness were found at the other sites, which were at a more mature and stable state of succession and, thus less liable to recruitment of new species. The relationship between annual biomass accumulation and temperature of the growing season was positive at the coldest site and negative at the warmest site. The warming treatment tended to increase the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) at the northern sites. The relationship between annual biomass accumulation and soil moisture during the growing season was not significant at the wettest sites, but was positive at the driest sites. The drought treatment tended to reduce the ANPP in the NL, HU, IT, and SP sites. The responses to warming were very strongly related to the Gaussen aridity index (stronger responses the lower the aridity), whereas the responses to drought were not. Changes in the annual aboveground biomass accumulation, litterfall, and, thus, the ANPP, mirrored the interannual variation in climate conditions: the most outstanding change was a decrease in biomass accumulation and an increase in litterfall at most sites during the abnormally hot year of 2003. Species richness also tended to decrease in 2003 at all sites except the cold and wet UK site. Species\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific responses to warming were found in shoot growth: at the SP site, Globularia alypum was not affected, while the other dominant species, Erica multiflora, grew 30% more; at the UK site, Calluna vulgaris tended to grow more in the warming plots, while Empetrum nigrum tended to grow less. Drought treatment decreased plant growth in several studied species, although there were some species such as Pinus halepensis at the SP site or C. vulgaris at the UK site that were not affected. The magnitude of responses to warming and drought thus depended greatly on the differences between sites, years, and species and these multiple plant responses may be expected to have consequences at ecosystem and community level. Decreases in biodiversity and the increase in E. multiflora growth at the SP site as a response to warming challenge the assumption that sensitivity to warming may be less well developed at more southerly latitudes; likewise, the fact that one of the studied shrublands presented negative ANPP as a response to the 2003 heat wave also challenges the hypothesis that future climate warming will lead to an enhancement of plant growth and carbon sequestration in temperate ecosystems. Extreme events may thus change the general trend of increased productivity in response to warming in the colder sites.
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Onada de calor", "arctic ecosystems", "Matorral", "drought", "Biomasa vegetal", "heathland", "global warming", "01 natural sciences", "Sequ\u00eda", "Productividad primaria neta", "Forest-steppe", "Gradiente Europea", "Climate change", "Canvi clim\u00e0tic", "Cambio clim\u00e1tico", "net primary productivity", "evergreen mediterranean forest", "species richness", "litterfall", "biodiversity", "European gradient", "Plant growth", "2. Zero hunger", "Global warming", "terrestrial ecosystems", "phillyrea-latifolia", "Biodiversity", "Sequera", "Crecimiento de las plantas", "6. Clean water", "Net primary productivity", "climate change", "Brezal", "Biomassa vegetal", "climate-change", "heat wave", "Bosc-estepa", "environmental-change", "Litterfall", "Shrubland", "Biodiversidad", "soil", "Riquesa d'esp\u00e8cies", "forest-steppe", "Heat wave", "Bruguerar", "carbon-cycle", "Riqueza de especies", "quercus-ilex", "14. Life underwater", "plant biomass", "Hojarasca", "Plant biomass", "Drought", "Escalfament global", "plant growth", "15. Life on land", "biodiversity; climate change; global warming; plant community; primary production; shrubland; species richness", " Benelux; Catalonia; Central Europe; Denmark; Eurasia; Europe; Hungary; Italy; Netherlands; Northern Europe; Sardinia; Scandinavia; Southern Europe; Spain; United Kingdom; Wales; Western Europe", " Calluna; Calluna vulgaris; Empetrum nigrum; Erica multiflora; Globularia alypum; Pinus halepensis; Biodiversity; Climate change; Drought; European gradient; Forest-steppe; Global warming; Heat wave; Heathland; Litterfall; Net primary productivity; Plant biomass; Plant growth; Shrubland; Species richness", "Gradient Europea", "Biodiversitat", "Creixement de les plantes", "Productivitat prim\u00e0ria neta", "13. Climate action", "cistus-albidus", "Calentamiento global", "Bosque-estepa", "shrubland", "Fullaraca", "Heathland", "Species richness", "Ola de calor"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01464.x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-10-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.14279/depositonce-15380", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:19:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-02-24", "title": "Decoupling between ecosystem photosynthesis and transpiration: a last resort against overheating", "description": "AbstractEcosystems are projected to face extreme high temperatures more frequently in the near future. Various biotic coping strategies exist to prevent heat stress. Controlled experiments have recently provided evidence for continued transpiration in woody plants during high air temperatures, even when photosynthesis is inhibited. Such a decoupling of photosynthesis and transpiration would represent an effective strategy (\uffe2\uff80\uff98known as leaf or canopy cooling\uffe2\uff80\uff99) to prevent lethal leaf temperatures. At the ecosystem scale, continued transpiration might dampen the development and propagation of heat extremes despite further desiccating soils. However, at the ecosystem scale, evidence for the occurrence of this decoupling is still limited. Here, we aim to investigate this mechanism using eddy-covariance data of thirteen woody ecosystems located in Australia and a causal graph discovery algorithm. Working at half-hourly time resolution, we find evidence for a decoupling of photosynthesis and transpiration in four ecosystems which can be classified as Mediterranean woodlands. The decoupling occurred at air temperatures above 35 \uffe2\uff88\uff98C. At the nine other investigated woody sites, we found that vegetation CO2 exchange remained coupled to transpiration at the observed high air temperatures. Ecosystem characteristics suggest that the canopy energy balance plays a crucial role in determining the occurrence of a decoupling. Our results highlight the value of causal-inference approaches for the analysis of complex physiological processes. With regard to projected increasing temperatures and especially extreme events in future climates, further vegetation types might be pushed to threatening canopy temperatures. Our findings suggest that the coupling of leaf-level photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, common in land surface schemes, may need be re-examined when applied to high-temperature events.
", "keywords": ["heat wave", "570", "AUSTRALIA", "Science", "QC1-999", "UNCERTAINTY", "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering", "01 natural sciences", "transpiration", "FLUX TOWER", "ddc:570", "GE1-350", "TOLERANCE", "TEMPERATURE", "TD1-1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "photosynthesis", "CONDUCTANCE", "Physics", "Q", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "WATER-USE", "MODEL", "Environmental sciences", "13. 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livelihoods; species or ecosystems; environmental functions, services, and resources; infrastructure; or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected by climate hazards, including flooding, wildfires and urban heat island effects.\nThe datasets are part of the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT) accessible here: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/", "keywords": ["Switzerland", "Norway", "EU27 (from 2020)", "Iceland", "United Kingdom", "France", "Slovakia", "Croatia", "Italy", "Lithuania", "Netherlands", "Austria", "Spain", "Luxembourg", "Sweden", "Portugal", "Belgium", "Czechia", "Bulgaria", "Hungary", "Romania", "Denmark", "Germany", "Finland", "Ireland", "Albania", "Montenegro", "Poland", "Serbia", "Slovenia", "North Macedonia", "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "Latvia", "Greece", "Estonia", "EU28 (2013-2020)", "Malta", "Cyprus", "EEA38 (from 2020)", "2021 6.4.3", "Climate adaptation", "Environmental health impacts", "Land use", "Buildings and construction", "Urban sustainability", "Extreme weather", "Environmental inequalities", "Climate change adaptation", "Water", "Climate mitigation", "climate", "climate change impact", "risk", "climate change adaptation", "flooding", "disaster", "city", "school", "educational institution", "education", "disasters", " accidents", " risk", "major risk", "flood hazard", "natural risk", "flood", "health care", "hospital", "human health", "heat wave", "meteorology", "forest fire", "fire", "urban population", "population distribution", "riparian zone", "climate change", "unemployment", "urban environment", " urban stress", "urban area", "land use", "sea level rise", "coastal flooding", "land cover", "green space", "soil", "Natural risk zones", "Statistical units", "Human health and safety", "Population distribution \u2014 demography", "Atmospheric conditions", "Meteorological geographical features", "Land cover", "European"], "contacts": [{"name": null, "organization": "European Environment Agency", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "sdi@eea.europa.eu"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Kongens Nytorv 6"], "city": "Copenhagen", "administrativeArea": "K", "postalCode": "1050", "country": "Denmark"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://sdi.eea.europa.eu/public/catalogue-graphic-overview/38a57932-c278-45fe-bf68-3b658e3c75b4.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f", "name": "item", "description": "3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3cba3946-2f1c-48eb-9ede-dfc476f0f17f"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1961-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1990-12-31T00:00:00Z"]}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=heat+wave&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=heat+wave&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=heat+wave&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=heat+wave&offset=6", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 6, "numberReturned": 6, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-07-26T14:05:59.152899Z"}