{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.02.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-09", "title": "Origins Of The Debate On The Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Energy Consumption Of First-Generation Biofuels \u2013 A Sensitivity Analysis Approach", "description": "Available results about energy and GreenHouse Gases (GHG) balances of biofuels from Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) or life-cycle based studies present large discrepancies and thus, may lead to contradictory policy-making measures. This work reviewed seven important European LCA studies in a sensitivity analysis approach in order to get a better understanding of the roots of such a debate for three major biofuels in European production: rape methyl ester and ethanol from wheat and sugar beet. Global trends and variability of energy and GHG balances were depicted and completed with a sensitivity analysis carried out for each methodological and data parameter, which allowed making recommendations on the carrying out of LCA in a policy-making or a biofuels comparison context. Methodological choices, and especially allocation rule, appeared as key elements for results variation with influences on balances up to 149%; system expansion approach was identified as the most relevant rule since it integrates the market potential and the environmental interest of by-products promotion, which was pointed out as a crucial point for biofuels sustainability. The influence of local specificity for cultivation data was evaluated up to 167%, which puts too large geographical coverage in question. Modelling uncertainties due to N2O emissions from soils showed influences from 17 to 46%, which represents a crucial challenge for research and for LCA results accuracy. Approximations evaluation pointed out the need to integrate agricultural machinery into the assessment. Finally, land-use issue revealed its dramatic importance for LCA results and the need to define explicit scenarios for land-use alternatives.", "keywords": ["[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology", "330", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "P06 - Sources d'\u00e9nergie renouvelable", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37938", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_890", "\u00e9thanol", "02 engineering and technology", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "630", "12. Responsible consumption", "11. Sustainability", "0202 electrical engineering", " electronic engineering", " information engineering", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_10677", "gaz \u00e0 effet de serre", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34841", "[INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology", "Triticum", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2671", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1066", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_27465", "Ethanol", "Sugar beet", "Brassica napus", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2724", "Life cycle analysis LCA", "15. Life on land", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000056", "biocarburant", "13. Climate action", "Rapeseed methyl ester", "Wheat", "mod\u00e9lisation environnementale", "ester", "P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources fonci\u00e8res", "impact sur l'environnement", "Beta vulgaris", "Sensitivity analysis", "P02 - Pollution", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7950", "\u00e9valuation de l'impact"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.02.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomass%20and%20Bioenergy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.02.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.02.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.02.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.spc.2024.04.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:17:11Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-08", "title": "Unravelling life cycle impacts of coffee: Why do results differ so much among studies?", "description": "Coffee beans are a major agricultural product and coffee is one of the most widely traded commodities and consumed beverages globally. Supply chains and cropping systems are very diverse, with contrasted potentials and performance, as well as environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies are needed to inform on reduction in impacts, but there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the variability of existing LCA results and impacts of the cropping systems and their trade-offs along the supply chains. In an attempt to address this knowledge gap, the paper presents a systematic literature review of coffee LCA, considering a total of 34 studies covering 234 coffee systems. Global warming potential (GWP) was the impact category most reported in the literature, but the results varied greatly at both the farm and drink levels. For the former, the GWP values ranged from 0.15 to 14.5 (median: 3.6) kg CO 2 eq./kg green coffee beans and for the latter the values ranged from 2 to 23 (median: 8.8) kg CO 2 eq./kg consumed coffee in drinks. Main contributors to the GWP of production of green coffee beans were land use change (LUC), fertilisers and wet processing. However, there were great inconsistencies across studies in terms of LUC accounting, field emissions and wet process modelling. Green coffee beans production was also the main contributor to the GWP of coffee consumed, followed by brewing and coffee cup washing. Some studies covered other impacts, in addition to GWP. At both the farm and drink levels, fertilisers and pesticides were the main contributors to eutrophication and acidification, and to ecotoxicity, respectively. Brewing was the second main contributor at the drink level, in some cases the top contributor for energy -related indicators. Assumptions on packaging, cup washing and waste disposal were highly variable across studies. Water impact indicators were hardly comparable due to the system variability and method inconsistencies. Given the large diversity of coffee cropping systems worldwide, but also the diversity of possible coffee drinks, we recommend that LCA studies be standardised with respect to the definition of the functional unit, including consistent quality aspects for both green coffee beans (moisture) and coffee drinks (organoleptic properties). They should also be more thorough in detailing processes at all stages. More attention should be paid to the farming system complexity and a mass balance should be ensured when assessing biomass flows concerning LUC, co -products and residue emissions. Finally, more primary data would be needed to decipher the cropping system diversity, as well as to characterise emissions from all inputs to the field and bean processing, notably for wet and semi -wet processing.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "traitement des d\u00e9chets", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24420", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_37938", "F08 - Syst\u00e8mes et modes de culture", "Coffea", "Coffee", "7. Clean energy", "630", "333", "irrigation", "12. Responsible consumption", "Life cycle assessment", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9000105", "11. Sustainability", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_35352", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1720", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1721", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_2018", "syst\u00e8me de culture", "pratique culturale", "analyse du cycle de vie", "agroforesterie", "2. 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