{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:01Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-07-20", "title": "Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the hydrologically relevant porosity of willow biochar", "description": "Open AccessBiochar pore space consists of porosity of multiple length scales. In direct water holding applications like water storage for plant water uptake, the main interest is in micrometre-range porosity since these pores are able to store water that is easily available for plants. Gas adsorption measurements which are commonly used to characterize the physical pore structure of biochars are not able to quantify this pore-size range. While pyrogenetic porosity (i.e. pores formed during pyrolysis process) tends to increase with elevated process temperature, it is uncertain whether this change affects the pore space capable to store plant available water. In this study, we characterized biochar porosity with x-ray tomography which provides quantitative information on the micrometer-range porosity. We imaged willow dried at 60 $^ circ$C and biochar samples pyrolysed in three different temperatures (peak temperatures 308, 384, 489 $^ circ$C, heating rate 2 $^ circ$C min$^{-1}$). Samples were carefully prepared and traced through the experiments, which allowed investigation of porosity development in micrometre size range. Pore space was quantified with image analysis of x-ray tomography images and, in addition, nanoscale porosity was examined with helium ion microscopy. The image analysis results show that initial pore structure of the raw material determines the properties of micrometre-range porosity in the studied temperature range. Thus, considering the pore-size regime relevant to the storage of plant available water, pyrolysis temperature in the studied range does not provide means to optimize the biochar structure. However, these findings do not rule out that process temperature may affect the water retention properties of biochars by modifying the chemical properties of the pore surfaces.", "keywords": ["Fysiikka", "porosity", "FOS: Physical sciences", "Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)", "kuivatislaus", "01 natural sciences", "huokoisuus", "image analysis", "biochar", "ta216", "ta218", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "x-ray tomography", "biohiili", "Condensed Matter - Materials Science", "ta114", "Physics", "ta1182", "Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)", "Physics - Applied Physics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "slow pyrolysis", "6. Clean water", "kuvantaminen", "kuva-analyysi", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Analytical%20and%20Applied%20Pyrolysis", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s12649-017-9910-4", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-25", "title": "Possibilities of Using Liquids from Slow Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization in Acidification of Animal Slurry", "description": "Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are gaining increasing interest in the context of biomass valorization. However, these processes yield a liquid fraction with an acidic pH value challenging to productize. In this paper, the possibility of replacing concentrated acids in acidification of animal slurry with organic acids derived from thermochemical conversion of various biomasses was investigated. The acid composition of four pyrolysis and one HTC liquid fraction were characterized using capillary electrophoresis and their total acidity determined titrimetrically. The amount of each liquid needed to reduce the pH of pig and cattle slurries to 6.0 and 5.5 were recorded. The total acidity of pyrolysis liquids varied highly (850-2560 meq l<sup>-1</sup>) depending on the biomass. For HTC liquid the total acidity was low (220 meq l<sup>-1</sup>). The most concentrated liquid, which showed greatest potential for practical use, was derived from pyrolysis of willow wood. Its required application rate for decreasing the pH of the slurries from &gt;7.5 to 6.0 was 20-50 l t<sup>-1</sup>. This study suggests that there is a possibility of using liquids from pyrolysis process for acidification of animal slurries. Producing more concentrated liquids, further concentration of these acidiferous streams and the effects of the liquid addition on the properties of slurry are worth further studying.", "keywords": ["ta412", "600", "02 engineering and technology", "kuivatislaus", "pyrolysis", "01 natural sciences", "hydrothermal carbonization", "acidification", "13. 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