{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:02:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: A tipping-point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen", "description": "unspecifiedTundra ecosystems are global belowground sinks for atmospheric CO2.  Ongoing warming-induced encroachment by shrubs and trees risks turning  this sink into a CO2 source, resulting in a positive feedback on climate  warming. To advance mechanistic understanding of how shifts in mycorrhizal  types affect long-term carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, we studied  small-scale soil depth profiles of fungal communities and C-N dynamics  across a subarctic-alpine forest-heath vegetation gradient. Belowground  organic stocks decreased abruptly at the transition from heath to forest,  linked to the presence of certain tree-associateds ectomycorrhizal fungi  that contribute to decomposition when mining N from organic matter. In  contrast, ericoid mycorrhizal plants and fungi were associated with  organic matter accumulation and slow decomposition. If climatic controls  on arctic-alpine forest lines are relaxed, increased decomposition will  likely outbalance increased plant productivity, decreasing the overall C  sink capacity of displaced tundra.", "keywords": ["C-N dynamics", "ectomycorrhizal exploration type", "functional genes", "ergosterol", "ITS2 meta-barcoding", "Fungal community", "Arctic greening", "Climate feedback", "15. Life on land", "litter saprotrophs", "mycorrhizal type", "litter bags", "13. Climate action", "soil solution", "FOS: Biological sciences", "soil carbon storage", "quantitative PCR", "soil profiles", "Ectomycorrhizal fungal community", "Ericoid Mycorrhiza", "treeline ecotone"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Clemmensen, Karina E, Durling, Mikael B, Michelsen, Anders, Hallin, Sara, Finlay, Roger D, Lindahl, Bj\u00f6rn D,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.fj6q57401", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "unspecified", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:02:16Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Pathways of glyphosate effects on litter decomposition in grasslands", "description": "unspecifiedStudy site and application of glyphosate The study site was a humid  mesophytic grassland in the Flooding Pampa, a vast region of around 9  million hectares in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The mean  annual temperature is around 15\u00b0C and the mean annual rainfall is 885 mm  (Soriano and Paruelo 1992). The landscape has a treeless physiognomy and  an extremely flat topography with periodic flooding during autumn\u2013spring  in lowland, except in ridge areas with well-drained sandy soils (Burkart  et al. 1998). The field experiment was carried out in a commercial  livestock farm (35\u00b0 01\u00b4S, 57\u00b0 50\u00b4 W). The plant community is dominated by  C3 and C4 grass species (see details in Druille et al. 2015). Soil is  classified as a typical Natracuol (US Soil Taxonomy), characterized by  having a nonsaline acid A1 horizon, and a highly alkaline saline B2  horizon (Lavado and Taboada 1988). Glyphosate was not applied at the study  site before, even though glyphosate application in the late summer is a  common practice in the region with a 3 l/ha dose (Rodriguez and Jacobo  2010). We applied this dose (1440 g of acid equivalent/ha) of a commercial  glyphosate formulation Glacoxan\u00ae in field and greenhouse experiments with  a 20 l backpack sprayer with a constant pressure of 3 bars. Pathways of  single-glyphosate application To evaluate pathways of single application  of glyphosate effects through living plants (1), leaf litter (2), and soil  (3), we set up a litter decomposition experiment in a greenhouse. For  these pathways, we used plant material that is naturally found in the  field at the end of the summer when glyphosate is applied in the Flooding  Pampa. At that time of the year, Paspalum dilatatum, the native dominant  perennial C4 grass, can be found as a living plant and as plant litter. In  turn, Lolium multiflorum, which is an introduced annual winter C3 forage  grass, is only found dead as plant litter. Considering that in this  grassland the vast majority of L. multiflorum plants are  endophyte-infected with Epichlo\u00eb occultans (Gundel et al. 2009), in this  experiment we used L. multiflorum plants associated with the endophyte.  Together, for the living plant pathway we used P. dilatatum (1) and for  the leaf litter pathway (2) we used litter produced by P. dilatatum and L.  multiflorum with endophyte plants. Paspalum dilatatum and Lolium  multiflorum plants were grown in 1 m x 1 m monoculture plots in the  experimental campus of the School of Agronomy at the University of Buenos  Aires. L. multiflorum plants grew from seeds with naturally high level  (82%) of endophyte association (E+), and from seeds without endophyte (E-)  obtained experimentally following Omacini et al. (2004). We collected  fresh senesced plant litter of both species and, in the lab, sorted leaf  litter from other plant organs. Then, in the P. dilatatum plots, we  removed all dead plant material to applied glyphosate on living plants.  After 15 days, we collected P. dilatatum plants killed by glyphosate and  separated the leaf litter from other organs. We determined the total  carbon (%C) and nitrogen (%N) content of all types of litter by Dumas  combustion with a TruSpec elemental analyzer (LECO, St. Joseph, MI, USA)  at the University of Buenos Aires. We prepared litterbags containing leaf  litter from P. dilatatum plants killed by glyphosate (Plant Gx) and from  naturally senesced P. dilatatum and L. multiflorum E+ plants. Litterbags  were made of fiberglass mesh, which is the most common used material for  litter decomposition studies (Harmon et al. 1999, Bradford et al. 2002),  and that we have successfully used before (Omacini et al. 2004, Vivanco  and Austin 2006, 2019).\u00a0 We used 0.5 g of each litter type in 11  cm x 9 cm litterbags with a 3 mm opening on the upper face and a 2 mm  opening on the lower face. We prepared plastic containers with 1.2 kg of  soil from the study site, which had not received prior glyphosate  treatment. Half of the litterbags containing naturally senesced leaves  were sprayed with glyphosate (Litter G+) and the other half was sprayed  with water (Litter G-). Half of the soil containers were sprayed with  glyphosate (Soil G+) and the other half was sprayed with water (Soil G-).  We assigned litterbags (Plant Gx, Litter G+, Litter G-) to soil containers  (Soil G+, Soil G-) in a factorial design and kept them moistened with  regular watering (n=5). We assessed litter decomposition as litter mass  loss over time. We collected litterbags after 140 and 270 days of  incubation. Litterbags were dried for 48 h at 65\u00b0C; soil and debris were  removed from litter and were oven-dried again for determination of dry  mass. We estimated the decomposition constant k using a single exponential  decay model by regressing the log of the fraction of mass remaining  against time. The decomposition constant integrates the dynamics of litter  mass loss over time and it is a useful parameter to compare between litter  types and treatments (Wieder and Lang 1982). We used ln (Mt/Mo) = \u2013kt,  where Mo is the initial dry mass, Mt is the dry mass at time t, and k is  the decomposition constant (Swift et al. 1979). Linear regressions were  performed by setting the intercept to zero. In the few cases when samples  did not fit a significant regression, values were considered outliers and  were replaced by the mean of the treatment, following the missing value  procedure (Steel and Torrie 1980, Vivanco and Austin 2008). Pathways of  repeated annual application of glyphosate in natural grasslands We  evaluated pathways of repeated annual application of glyphosate through  legacies in ecosystem properties (4) and through the enhancement of  endophytic grass (5) (Fig. 1) on decomposition of leaf litter and roots in  a field experiment in the Flooding Pampa. In this field experiment, we  previously studied the impacts of glyphosate application on beneficial  soil microorganisms (Druille et al. 2013, 2015, 2016). We established 10  plots (1.5m x 1.5 m) in an area of similar floristic composition and  randomly assigned them to control (Ecosystem G-) or glyphosate application  (Ecosystem G+) treatments. Every April (late summer in the southern  hemisphere) for three consecutive years, we applied 3 l / ha of water to  Ecosystem G- plots and 3 l / ha (1440 g acid equivalent / ha) of  commercial glyphosate formulation (Glacoxan\u00ae) to Ecosystem G+ plots. We  applied these treatments using a 20 l backpack sprayer with a constant  pressure of 3 bars. Cattle grazing was avoided during the experiment by  keeping an electric wire around the experimental area. To avoid biomass  accumulation and the consequent aging of grasslands, we made a harvest of  plant biomass using a lawn mower set to leave 10 cm stubble every year  before application of the treatment. To evaluate pathways of repeated  annual application of glyphosate, we used litter produced by plants of L.  multiflorum with (E+) and without (E-) endophyte that was accumulated  above and below ground (leaf and root litter). We prepared 14 cm x 14 cm  litterbags made of 2 mm fiberglass mesh. We placed leaf litterbags on the  ground and root litterbags buried 5 cm belowground. Considering that the  place where the litter was deposited (above and belowground) can interact  with the type of litter (leaf and root litter), we placed a common  substrate (stem litter) litterbags on the ground and buried at 5 cm to  assess the effects of the above and belowground environment. The  experiment started 15 days after the third year of application of  glyphosate (n = 4) and we collected litterbags at 30, 140 and 260 days. We  assessed ash-free dry mass (500\u00b0C oven for 4 h) to estimate the  decomposition constant k as described in Section 2.3. Together, this  experiment evaluated the relative importance of pathways 4 and 5 and  provides information about the effect of an aerial symbiosis on root  decomposition of the host, which has not been evaluated previously. We  assessed above and belowground ecosystem properties in Ecosystem G- and  Ecosystem G+ plots. We measured plant cover in December (when the last  litterbag pickup occurred) in 10 plots of each level of glyphosate  application. For estimation of plant cover, we used the line intercept  method proposed by Canfield (1941). We determined potential water  evaporation at ground level by measuring the water loss of wet filter  papers. We used preweighted oven-dried filter papers and wet them in the  field to full water-holding capacity. Filter papers were weighed  immediately before and after incubation on the ground for 1 hour at midday  in May to calculate water loss. We measured two filter papers per plot in  5 replicates for each level of glyphosate application. We determined soil  gravimetric water content from 10 cm depth soil cores taken in August and  December (second and third litterbag harvest dates, respectively). We also  determined soil organic matter content and soil potential respiration from  soil cores taken in May, approximately one year after the decomposition  experiment was installed in the field. Soil organic matter content was  determined by total combustion in an oven at 500\u00b0C for 4 hours. We  determined soil potential respiration by incubating a 15-g sample at 25\u00b0C,  in a 200-ml vial with gastight septum caps. The soil was pre-incubated at  water field capacity for 48 h without seedlings or any plants. CO2  production was measured 2, 4 and 7 days after a 24-h incubation period  with an infrared gas analyzer (PP Systems EGM-4, Amesbury, Massachusetts,  USA). We used five replicates per level of glyphosate application for soil  measurements.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Glyphosate", "litter C/N", "Pampa Grasslands", "FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences", "litter decomposition", "fungal symbiont", "15. Life on land", "carbon loss", "Endophyte", "forage management", "litter bags", "13. Climate action", "root litter", "herbicide", "soil organic matter", "Epichl\u00f6e occultans", "livestock production"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Vivanco, Luc\u00eda, S\u00e1nchez, Mar\u00eda, Druille, Magdalena, Omacini, Marina,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fj6q57401"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.fj6q57401", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.fj6q57401", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.fj6q57401"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=litter+bags&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=litter+bags&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=litter+bags&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=litter+bags&offset=2", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 2, "numberReturned": 2, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-31T13:57:54.200572Z"}