{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:14:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-12-29", "title": "Cocoa Intensification Scenarios And Their Predicted Impact On Co2 Emissions, Biodiversity Conservation, And Rural Livelihoods In The Guinea Rain Forest Of West Africa", "description": "The Guinean rain forest (GRF) of West Africa, identified over 20 years ago as a global biodiversity hotspot, had reduced to 113,000 km2 at the start of the new millennium which was 18% of its original area. The principal driver of this environmental change has been the expansion of extensive smallholder agriculture. From 1988 to 2007, the area harvested in the GRF by smallholders of cocoa, cassava, and oil palm increased by 68,000 km2. Field results suggest a high potential for significantly increasing crop yields through increased application of seed-fertilizer technologies. Analyzing land-use change scenarios, it was estimated that had intensified cocoa technology, already developed in the 1960s, been pursued in Cote d\u2019Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon that over 21,000 km2 of deforestation and forest degradation could have been avoided along with the emission of nearly 1.4 billion t of CO2. Addressing the low productivity of agriculture in the GRF should be one of the principal objectives of REDD climate mitigation programs.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "fertilizers", "poverty", "1. No poverty", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "livelihoods", "15. Life on land", "redd-plus", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "mitigation", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "deforestation", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "intensification", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gockowski, J., Sonwa, D.J.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-12-30T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10533-008-9222-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2008-07-31", "title": "Fluxes Of Greenhouse Gases From Andosols Under Coffee In Monoculture Or Shaded By Inga Densiflora In Costa Rica", "description": "The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization and the presence of N2 fixing leguminous trees on soil fluxes of greenhouse gases. For a one year period, we measured soil fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), related soil parameters (temperature, water-filled pore space, mineral nitrogen content, N mineralization potential) and litterfall in two highly fertilized (250 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121) coffee cultivation: a monoculture (CM) and a culture shaded by the N2 fixing legume species Inga densiflora (CIn). Nitrogen fertilizer addition significantly influenced N2O emissions with 84% of the annual N2O emitted during the post fertilization periods, and temporarily increased soil respiration and decreased CH4 uptakes. The higher annual N2O emissions from the shaded plantation (5.8 \u00b1 0.3 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121) when compared to that from the monoculture (4.3 \u00b1 0.1 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121) was related to the higher N input through litterfall (246 \u00b1 16 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121) and higher potential soil N mineralization rate (3.7 \u00b1 0.2 mg N kg\u22121 d.w. d\u22121) in the shaded cultivation when compared to the monoculture (153 \u00b1 6.8 kg N ha\u22121 year\u22121 and 2.2 \u00b1 0.2 mg N kg\u22121 d.w. d\u22121). This confirms that the presence of N2 fixing shade trees can increase N2O emissions. Annual CO2 and CH4 fluxes of both systems were similar (8.4 \u00b1 2.6 and 7.5 \u00b1 2.3 t C-CO2 ha\u22121 year\u22121, \u22121.1 \u00b1 1.5 and 3.3 \u00b1 1.1 kg C-CH4 ha\u22121 year\u22121, respectively in the CIn and CM plantations) but, unexpectedly increased during the dry season.", "keywords": ["OXYDE NITREUX", "570", "571", "[SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology", "forest management", "livelihoods", "01 natural sciences", "logging", "METHANE", "policies", "MINERALIZATION", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "tropical forests", "CH4", "N2O", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "RELATION SOL-PLANTE-ATMOSPHERE", "AGROFORESTRY", "[SDV.BIO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology", "WATER-FILLED PORE SPACE(WFPS)", "climate change", "governance", "13. Climate action", "small enterprises", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "CO2", "ecosystems"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9222-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biogeochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10533-008-9222-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10533-008-9222-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10533-008-9222-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2008-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-03-27", "title": "Carbon Sequestration Potential Of Parkland Agroforestry In The Sahel", "description": "Abstract           <p>Establishing parkland agroforestry on currently treeless cropland in the West African Sahel may help mitigate climate change. To evaluate its potential, we used climatically suitable ranges for parklands for 19 climate scenarios, derived by ecological niche modeling, for estimating potential carbon stocks in parkland and treeless cropland. A biocarbon business model was used to evaluate profitability of hypothetical Terrestrial Carbon Projects (TCPs), across a range of farm sizes, farm numbers, carbon prices and benefit sharing mechanisms. Using climate analogues, we explored potential climate change trajectories for selected locations. If mature parklands covered their maximum range, carbon stocks in Sahelian productive land would be about 1,284\uffc2\uffa0Tg, compared to 725\uffc2\uffa0Tg in a treeless scenario. Due to slow increase rates of total system carbon by 0.4\uffc2\uffa0Mg\uffc2\uffa0C\uffc2\uffa0ha\uffe2\uff88\uff921 a\uffe2\uff88\uff921, most TCPs at carbon prices that seem realistic today were not feasible, or required the participation of large numbers of farmers. For small farms, few TCP scenarios were feasible, and low Net Present Values for farmers made it unlikely that carbon payments would motivate many to participate in TCPs, unless additional benefits were provided. Climate analogue locations indicated an uncertain climate trajectory for the Sahel, but most scenarios projected increasing aridity and reduced suitability for parklands. The potentially severe impacts of climate change on Sahelian ecosystems and the uncertain profitability of TCPs make the Sahel highly risky for carbon investments. Given the likelihood of degrading environmental conditions, the search for appropriate adaptation strategies should take precedence over promoting mitigation activities.</p>", "keywords": ["Carbon sequestration", "Carbon accounting", "Atmospheric Science", "Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture", "Economics", "Profitability index", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "agroforestry", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Climate change mitigation", "Range (aeronautics)", "Rangeland Degradation", "Natural resource economics", "Soil water", "11. Sustainability", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "Carbon fibers", "Climate change", "Business", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Composite number", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil carbon", "Physical Sciences", "Composite material", "Atmospheric carbon cycle", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "Greenhouse gas", "Environmental science", "Global Forest Transition", "Agroforestry", "climate", "Biology", "Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "Ecosystem", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "Soil science", "15. Life on land", "carbon sequestration", "Materials science", "Carbon dioxide", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "Finance"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Climatic%20Change", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10584-012-0438-0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-03-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10745-009-9241-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:21Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-05-27", "title": "Swidden Transformations And Rural Livelihoods In Southeast Asia", "description": "This paper explores the major interactions between the transformation of swidden farming and the pursuit of rural livelihoods in the uplands of Southeast Asia. The paper draws on selected literature, workshop reflections, and six case studies to describe the causal processes and livelihood consequences of swidden change. Household-level livelihood responses have included both the intensification and \u2018dis-intensification\u2019 of swidden land-use, the insertion of cash crops, the redeployment of household labour, and the taking on of broader (often non-rural) livelihood aspirations and strategies. At the community level there have been emerging institutional arrangements for management of land and forests, and varying degrees of participation in or resistance to government schemes and programs. Swidden change has led to the loss and also the reassertion, realignment, and redefinition of cultures and identities, with important implications for access to resources. The impacts of these changes have been varied. Cash crops have often improved livelihoods but complete specialisation for the market increases vulnerability. Thus swidden can still provide an important safety net in the face of market fluctuations. Improved access to markets and social provision of education and health care have mostly improved the welfare of previously isolated groups. However, growing differences within and between communities in the course of swidden transformations can leave some groups marginalized and worse off. These processes of differentiation can be accentuated by heavy-handed state interventions based on swidden stereotypes. Nevertheless, communities have not passively accepted these pressures and have mobilized to protect their livelihood assets and strategies. Thus swidden farmers are not resisting appropriate and supportive forms of development. They are adopting new practices and engaging with markets, but in many situations swidden is still important to their livelihood strategies, providing resilience in the face of turbulent change. Active involvement of local people is essential in planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating development and conservation programs in swidden lands. Positive market incentives and supportive government policies are better than standardised, top-down directives.", "keywords": ["0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "910", "livelihoods", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Livelihood strategies", "C1", "agricultural development", "11. Sustainability", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Agrarian change", "160804 Rural Sociology", "Uplands", "919999 Economic Framework not elsewhere classified", "upland areas", "1. No poverty", "1601 Anthropology", "160499 Human Geography not elsewhere classified", "Food security", "food security", "Resource tenure", "15. Life on land", "Agency", "governance", "970116 Expanding Knowledge through Studies of Human Society"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9241-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Human%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10745-009-9241-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10745-009-9241-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10745-009-9241-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-05-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-30T16:15:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-11-17", "title": "The impact of swidden decline on livelihoods and ecosystem services in Southeast Asia: A review of the evidence from 1990 to 2015", "description": "Open AccessEl cambio econ\u00f3mico global y las intervenciones pol\u00edticas est\u00e1n impulsando las transiciones de los sistemas de golondrina larga (EPA) a usos alternativos de la tierra en las tierras altas del sudeste asi\u00e1tico. Este estudio presenta una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de c\u00f3mo estas transiciones impactan en los medios de vida y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos en la regi\u00f3n. M\u00e1s de 17 000 estudios publicados entre 1950 y 2015 se redujeron, en funci\u00f3n de la relevancia y la calidad, a 93 estudios para su posterior an\u00e1lisis. Nuestro an\u00e1lisis de las transiciones del uso de la tierra de los sistemas de cultivo sucios a los intensificados mostr\u00f3 varios resultados: m\u00e1s hogares hab\u00edan aumentado los ingresos generales, pero estos beneficios tuvieron un costo significativo, como la reducci\u00f3n de las pr\u00e1cticas consuetudinarias, el bienestar socioecon\u00f3mico, las opciones de medios de vida y los rendimientos de los productos b\u00e1sicos. El examen de los efectos de las transiciones en las propiedades del suelo revel\u00f3 impactos negativos en el carbono org\u00e1nico del suelo, la capacidad de intercambio cati\u00f3nico y el carbono sobre el suelo. En conjunto, los impulsores inmediatos y subyacentes de las transiciones de la EPA a los usos alternativos de la tierra, especialmente la intensificaci\u00f3n de los cultivos comerciales perennes y anuales, condujeron a disminuciones significativas en la seguridad de los medios de vida preexistentes y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que respaldan esta seguridad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las pol\u00edticas que imponen transiciones en el uso de la tierra a los agricultores de las tierras altas para mejorar los medios de vida y los entornos han sido err\u00f3neas; en el contexto de los diversos usos de la tierra, la agricultura sucia puede apoyar los medios de vida y los servicios ecosist\u00e9micos que ayudar\u00e1n a amortiguar los impactos del cambio clim\u00e1tico en el sudeste asi\u00e1tico.", "keywords": ["Economics", "Cropping", "Geography", " Planning and Development", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "Optimal Operation of Water Resources Systems", "Review", "02 engineering and technology", "livelihoods", "910", "630", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "land-use change", "Livelihood", "Engineering", "Context (archaeology)", "Natural resource economics", "11. Sustainability", "Business", "Asia", " Southeastern", "2. Zero hunger", "Global and Planetary Change", "Payments for Ecosystem Services", "Geography", "Ecology", "1. No poverty", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", "Southeast Asia", "swidden agriculture", "Land Tenure and Property Rights in Agriculture", "Programming language", "Archaeology", "2304 Environmental Chemistry", "Physical Sciences", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "330", "Climate Change", "Soil Science", "Ocean Engineering", "Environmental science", "Livelihood security", "Environmental Chemistry", "Ecosystem services", "Alternative land uses", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Land use", " land-use change and forestry", "Ecosystem", "Planning and Development", "3305 Geography", "land use", "Food security", "15. Life on land", "shifting cultivation", "Computer science", "Deforestation (computer science)", "13. Climate action", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Land use", "Shifting cultivation", "ecosystem services", "Drivers and Impacts of Tropical Deforestation", "2303 Ecology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/248831/3/01_Dressler_The_impact_of_swidden_decline_2017.pdf.jpg"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ambio", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s13280-016-0836-z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-11-16T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.010", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:17:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-08", "title": "What Is Autonomous Adaption? Resource Scarcity And Smallholder Agency In Thailand", "description": "The concept of autonomous adaptation is widely used to describe spontaneous acts of reducing risks posed by resource scarcity and, increasingly, climate change. Critics, however, have claimed it is unproven, or simplifies the agency by which smallholders respond to risk. This paper presents empirical research in eight Karen villages in Thailand to identify how resource scarcity is linked to adaptive responses including livelihood diversification. The paper argues that autonomous adaptation is driven by how environmental change and scarcity present livelihood risks, rather than physical risks alone. Adaptation planning therefore should acknowledge different experiences of risk, and socio-economic barriers to adaptation.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Asia", "households", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "1. No poverty", "resource scarcity", "adaptation", "02 engineering and technology", "livelihoods", "15. Life on land", "jel:N0", "Thailand", "01 natural sciences", "adaptation; livelihoods; resource scarcity; households; Asia; Thailand", "13. Climate action", "11. Sustainability", "jel:Q15", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.010"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/World%20Development", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.010", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.010", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.010"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-11-24", "title": "Control Of Bush Encroachment In Borana Zone Of Southern Ethiopia: Effects Of Different Control Techniques On Rangeland Vegetation And Tick Populations", "description": "Open AccessA study on effects of bush encroachment control techniques on rangeland productivity and tick population dynamics was conducted in Arero district of Borana zone, southern Ethiopia, for three consecutive years. The study targeted two main and dominant encroaching bush species in Borana rangeland, Acacia drepanolobium and Acacia mellifera, and their effects on some vegetation attributes and tick population dynamics. A hectare of rangeland encroached by these two acacia species was replicated/divided into three plots, and each plot was subdivided into five sub-plots to receive five treatments: cutting at 0.5 m above ground and pouring kerosene on stumps (T1), cutting at 0.5 m above ground and debarking the stumps down into the soil surface (T2), cutting at 0.5 m above ground alone (T3), cutting at 0.5 m above ground and dissecting the stumps (T4) and control (T5). Data on basal and litter covers, soil erosion and compaction, dead and re-sprouted encroaching tree/shrub species and nymph- and adult-stage tick populations were collected before and after treatment applications. The applied treatments significantly influenced (p < 0.05) basal cover, nymph- and adult-stage tick population and the two encroaching tree species. The results of this study showed that T3 and T2 were good in controlling A. drepanolobium in that order. T4 and T2 had a significant effect in controlling A. mellifera in their order. Controlling bush encroachment had also a positive effect in eradicating the tick population. The most dominant grass and non-grass species observed after the control actions were Cenchrus ciliaris, Chrysopogon aucheri, Abutilon hirtum, Pennisetum mezianum, Dyschoriste hildebrandtii, Zaleya pentandra and Eragrostis papposa. Therefore, controlling encroaching tree/shrub species had created a conducive grazing area with palatable herbaceous species for the livestock and unequivocally reduced tick population which play a role in reducing cattle milk production through closing off teats. The management of bush encroachment, if sustained, will contribute in stabilizing rangelands and help minimize the negative effects of feed and food crises in the future.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Population", "Lantana", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "01 natural sciences", "Basal area", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Rangeland Degradation", "Sociology", "Agroforestry Systems and Biodiversity Enhancement", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "Pathology", "Agroforestry", "Biology", "Demography", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Life Sciences", "Forestry", "Factors Affecting Sagebrush Ecosystems and Wildlife Conservation", "15. Life on land", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "FOS: Sociology", "Shrub", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "Rangeland", "Vegetation (pathology)", "Tick"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Bikila Negasa, Bedasa Eba, Samuel Tuffa, Barecha Bayissa, Jaldesa Doyo, N. Van Husen,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Pastoralism", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1186/s13570-014-0018-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-11-25T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0109063", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-30T16:20:17Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-10-14", "title": "Managing Semi-Arid Rangelands For Carbon Storage: Grazing And Woody Encroachment Effects On Soil Carbon And Nitrogen", "description": "Open AccessHigh grazing intensity and wide-spread woody encroachment may strongly alter soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools. However, the direction and quantity of these changes have rarely been quantified in East African savanna ecosystem. As shifts in soil C and N pools might further potentially influence climate change mitigation, we quantified and compared soil organic carbon (SOC) and total soil nitrogen (TSN) content in enclosures and communal grazing lands across varying woody cover i.e. woody encroachment levels. Estimated mean SOC and TSN stocks at 0-40 cm depth varied across grazing regimes and among woody encroachment levels. The open grazing land at the heavily encroached site on sandy loam soil contained the least SOC (30 \u00b1 2.1 Mg ha-1) and TSN (5 \u00b1 0.57 Mg ha-1) while the enclosure at the least encroached site on sandy clay soil had the greatest mean SOC (81.0 \u00b1 10.6 Mg ha-1) and TSN (9.2 \u00b1 1.48 Mg ha-1). Soil OC and TSN did not differ with grazing exclusion at heavily encroached sites, but were twice as high inside enclosure compared to open grazing soils at low encroached sites. Mean SOC and TSN in soils of 0-20 cm depth were up to 120% higher than that of the 21-40 cm soil layer. Soil OC was positively related to TSN, cation exchange capacity (CEC), but negatively related to sand content. Our results show that soil OC and TSN stocks are affected by grazing, but the magnitude is largely influenced by woody encroachment and soil texture. We suggest that improving the herbaceous layer cover through a reduction in grazing and woody encroachment restriction are the key strategies for reducing SOC and TSN losses and, hence, for climate change mitigation in semi-arid rangelands.", "keywords": ["Cation-exchange capacity", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management", "Soil water", "Rangeland Degradation and Pastoral Livelihoods", "2. Zero hunger", "Ecology", "Q", "R", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Wood", "Soil carbon", "Droughts", "Grazing", "climate change", "Physical Sciences", "Medicine", "Rangeland", "Research Article", "Conservation of Natural Resources", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Plant Development", "Soil Science", "Management", " Monitoring", " Policy and Law", "Environmental science", "soil", "savannas", "Animals", "grazing", "Agroforestry", "Woody plant", "Soil Carbon Sequestration", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Nature and Landscape Conservation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "ecosystem", "Soil science", "Soil Fertility", "carbon", "Research Subject Categories::NATURAL SCIENCES", "Feeding Behavior", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Loam", "Agronomy", "13. 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