{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.004", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-21T16:16:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-04-23", "title": "Biochar But Not Earthworms Enhances Rice Growth Through Increased Protein Turnover", "description": "The aim of this work was to compare the effects of biochar and earthworms on rice growth and to investigate the possible interactions between both. In addition to classic macroscopic variables we also monitored some leaf-level cellular processes involved in protein turnover. Both biochar and earthworms significantly increased shoot biomass production. However, biochar had a higher effect on the number of leaves (\u00fe87%) and earthworms on leaf area (\u00fe89%). Biochar also significantly increased the leaf turnover. At the cellular level, biochar but not earthworms enhanced protein catabolism by an increase in leaf proteolytic activities. This could be related to the increased expression of three of the six genes tested related to protein catabolism, one serine protease gene OsSP2 (\u00fe24%), one aspartic acid protease gene, Oryzasin (\u00fe162%) and one cysteine protease gene OsCatB (\u00fe257%). Furthermore, biochar also enhanced the expression level of two genes linked to protein anabolism, coding for the small and large subunits of rubisco (\u00fe33% and \u00fe30%, for rbcS and rbcL, respectively), the most abundant protein in leaves. In conclusion, our data gives evidence that biochar increased rice biomass production through increased leaf protein turnover (both catabolism and anabolism) whereas earthworms also increased rice biomass production but not through changes in the rate of protein turnover. We hypothesize that earthworms increase nitrogen uptake at a low cost for the plant through a simultaneous increase in mineralization rate and root biomass, probably through the release in the soil of plant growth factors. This could allow plants to accumulate more biomass without an increase in nitrogen metabolism at the leaf level, and without having to support the consecutive energy cost that must bear plants in the biochar treatment. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "0301 basic medicine", "earthworms", "FAUNE DU SOL", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "03 medical and health sciences", "AZOTE", "PROTEINE", "CROISSANCE", "ETUDE COMPARATIVE", "lombriz de tierra", "2. 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A Microcosm Experiment", "description": "Abstract   Soil ecosystem engineers are major actors of soil macroaggregation, a process that drives the production of ecosystem services by soils. However, our inability to identify the origins of different types of macroaggregates found in soils is an obstacle to describing and modeling their dynamics and associated processes (C sequestration; hydraulic properties). This laboratory study investigated mechanisms of biological soil macroaggregation by two different earthworm species (Apporectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny) and two plant species (Trifolium pratense, Plantago lanceolata L.), in isolation and in all possible combinations. Near infrared (NIR) spectral analysis significantly discriminated macroaggregates according to the organisms that created them since each organism produced macroaggregates with distinct NIR signals (p", "keywords": ["570", "Earthworm-root interactions", "soil fertility", "earthworms", "NIR spectral signature", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "fertilidad del suelo", "15. 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