{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.001", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:15:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-05-29", "title": "Earthworms Can Increase Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Managed Grassland: A Field Study", "description": "Earthworms are important in determining the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of soils. In laboratory studies they have been shown to increase emissions of the potent GHG nitrous oxide (N2O). Here we test whether these earthworm-induced N2O emissions also occur in the field. We quantified N2O emissions in managed grassland in two different seasons (spring and autumn), applying two different types of fertilizer (organic and artificial fertilizer) and under two earthworm densities (175 individuals and 350 individuals m(-2)) of the species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). We found an increase in earthworm-induced N2O emissions of 286 and 394% in autumn for low and high earthworm densities (P = 0.044 and P = 0.007, respectively). There were no effects of earthworms on N2O emissions in spring. Fertilizer additions significantly increased cumulative N2O emissions and grass N content in spring and autumn. For grass N content interactions between earthworm addition and fertilizer type existed in both seasons. Our results suggest that the pathways through which earthworms affect N cycling (and thereby N2O emission) differ with weather conditions. We postulate that in spring the dry weather conditions overruled any earthworm effects, whereas in autumn earthworms mainly improved soil aeration and thereby increased both plant N uptake and diffusion of N2O to the atmosphere. While we showed the presence of earthworm-induced N2O emissions in managed grassland under field conditions for the first time, the nature and intensity of the earthworm effect in the field is conditional on soil physicochemical parameters and thereby on meteorological and seasonal dynamics. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "agroecosystem", "n2o emission", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon-dioxide", "fluxes", "soil", "crop residue", "13. Climate action", "peat", "gut", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "mesocosms", "nitrifier denitrification"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.001"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.001", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.001", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.001"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1023/b:plso.0000020975.75850.ca", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-09-20T16:16:39Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2004-03-24", "title": "Isotopic Estimates Of New Carbon Inputs Into Litter And Soils In A Four-Year Climate Change Experiment With Douglas-Fir", "description": "Because soil is a major reservoir of terrestrial carbon and a potential sink for atmospheric CO2, determining plant inputs to soil carbon is critical for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics. We present a modified method to quantify the effects of global climate change on plant inputs of carbon to soil based on 13C:12C ratio (\u03b413C) analyses that accounts for isotopic fractionation between inputs and newly created soil carbon. In a four-year study, the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature were determined for reconstructed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiezii (Mirb.) Franco) ecosystems in which native soil of low nitrogen content was used. The \u03b413C patterns in litter and mineral soil horizons were measured and compared to \u03b413C patterns in live needles, fine roots, and coarse roots. From regression analyses, we calculated the isotopic enrichment in 13C of newly incorporated soil carbon relative to needle and root carbon at 4\u2030 and 2\u2030, respectively. These enrichments must be considered when using shifts in soil \u03b413C to calculate inputs of plant carbon into the soil, and are probably a major factor in the progressive enrichment in 13C with increasing depth in soil profiles. Relative to the total carbon in each layer, the proportion of new carbon from recent photosynthate in each soil layer was 13\u201315% in the A horizon, 7\u20139% in litter layers, and 4% in the B2 and C horizons. New carbon in the A horizon was estimated at 370\u00a0g C\u00a0m\u22122. Carbon concentrations and new carbon in A horizons were correlated (r 2=0.78, n=12), but with a slope of 0.356, indicating that about 36% of net carbon accumulation in the A horizon was from inputs via roots, root exudates or mycorrhizal fungi and 64% of carbon was derived from surface litter decomposition. Under the nitrogen-limited growth conditions used in this study, neither elevated CO2 nor temperature affected soil carbon sequestration patterns.", "keywords": ["elevated temperature", "13. Climate action", "soil carbon turnover", "elevated carbon dioxide", "stable isotopes", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "mesocosms", "15. Life on land", "global change", "isotopic discrimination"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hobbie, Erik A., Johnson, M. G., Rygiewicz, Paul T., Tingey, David T., Olszyk, David M.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1023/b:plso.0000020975.75850.ca"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1023/b:plso.0000020975.75850.ca", "name": "item", "description": "10.1023/b:plso.0000020975.75850.ca", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1023/b:plso.0000020975.75850.ca"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2004-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.z08kprrnc", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-09-20T16:19:33Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-04-19", "title": "Data from: Water level drawdown induces a legacy effect on the seed bank and retains sediment chemistry in a eutrophic clay wetland", "description": "Open Access<strong>2.1 Study site</strong>  The study was conducted in Oostvaardersplassen in the Netherlands  (coordinates: 52.456857, 5.355935). This eutrophic clay wetland of about  5600 ha consists of a 3600 ha marsh and a 2000 ha dryer border zone. This  study took place in the marsh part. The marsh is characterized by large  water bodies, reed vegetation and willow forests. Oostvaardersplassen is  part of the polder Zuidelijk Flevoland, which is located in the former  Zuiderzee estuary, a marine habitat (see van Leeuwen et al., 2021 for a  detailed description). For water safety reasons the decision was made to  separate the inland Zuiderzee from the North Sea through the construction  of a dike, named the Afsluitdijk. After completion of the construction and  within five years, the Zuiderzee transformed into a freshwater lake,  IJsselmeer. In this freshwater lake, several polders were established to  create land for agriculture; Zuidelijk Flevoland was reclaimed in 1968.  Since Oostvaardersplassen is located in, what was then, the lowest part of  the polder, it remained wet during the first years after reclamation and  no actions were taken to develop this area into the industrial site as it  was planned to be (Cornelissen et al., 2014). The  marine clay soil and its associated high nutrient concentrations  (eutrophic) in combination with the unmanaged and wet conditions, led  nature to develop quickly. This made the area into an important breeding  and resting area for many wetland birds and therefore became a protected  wetland nature reserve in 1974. In 1989 it became a protected area within  the European Bird directive and under the Ramsar agreement. Additionally,  it was qualified as a Natura 2000 area in 2009. Later on, the relatively  high water levels at the end of winter, due to the height of the weir, in  combination with high grazing pressure by moulting greylag geese  (<em>Anser anser</em>) from May to July, resulted in the loss  of reed cover (<em>Phragmites australis</em>) (Vulink and Van  Eerden, 1998). This in turn resulted in decreasing bird numbers due to  lower food and habitat availability (Beemster et al., 2010). To restore  reed-dominated wetlands and to increase food and habitat availability for  birds, a complete multi-year water level drawdown was induced in the  western part of the marsh from 1987 till 1991\u00a0(Vulink and Van Eerden,  1998). The eastern part was hydrologically separated from the western part  by a low dike\u00a0and water levels and dynamics remained unchanged in this  area. The implemented water level drawdown resulted in the development of  c. 600 ha of reed-dominated vegetation in the western part, after which  typical wetland birds, e.g., bearded reedling (<em>Paranrus  biarmicus</em>), marsh harrier (<em>Circus  aeruginosus</em>) and Eurasian bittern (<em>Botaurus  stellaris</em>), increased in numbers (Beemster et al., 2012; Vulink  and Van Eerden, 1998). The study area experiences  seasonal variation in water level, but lacks long-term dynamics in water  level that would be caused by extreme climatological periods. As the marsh  is rainwater fed, natural water level dynamics occur with a high water  level at the end of winter (March) and low levels at the end of summer  (September;). The surplus of water in winter leaves the marsh via a weir.  The average difference in water level between summer and winter is  approximately 30 cm. During \u2018dry\u2019 summers the water level can drop 50 cm  at the end of the growing season. Due to both the climate conditions in  combination with the height of the weir, set as to pertain high water  levels in the reed beds during late winter and spring, these naturally  occurring \u2018dry\u2019 summers did not result in enough mudflat exposure  throughout the area to allow extensive marsh recovery. At the time of  sampling, both the water level drawdown and the non-water level drawdown  area were characterized by a sharp border between vegetation and open  water. The vegetation on the shores was similar in both areas and  dominated by <em>Phragmites australis</em>, <em>Salix  spp. </em>and, to a lesser extent, <em>Convolvulus  spp.</em>. At drier sites, with greater proximity to the lake,  <em>Urtica dioica</em> and <em>Carduus spp.  </em>were present in higher abundances.\u00a0The shores of the lake, that  sometimes fall dry during dry summers, are colonized quickly by species  among which <em>Tephroseris palustris </em>(also known as  <em>Senecio congestus</em>), <em>Epilobium  hirsutum</em> and<strong> </strong><em>Ranunculus  sceleratus</em>.  <strong>2.2 Experimental  design</strong> We examined the legacy effects of  a water level drawdown, a water level gradient and water level  fluctuations on seed bank germination and nutrient availability using  field sampling and mesocosm experiment. The unique field situation  consisting of areas with and without a water level drawdown history allows  to explore legacy effects on seed bank properties (Part 1.1) and nutrient  availability (Part 2.1). This approach focusses on the long-term effects  of inducing a four-year water level drawdown, in this case 30 years after  the event, by sampling 20 locations in each subarea that have been  inundated since the last water level drawdown. In addition, soil samples  have been taken in these two hydrologically distinct areas, along a water  level gradient that is dictated by elevational differences of about 20 cm.  With this approach, we used the elevational gradient to distinguish  between higher locations, that would fall dry more often due to for  example dry summers, and lower locations. The latter had not fallen dry  for 30 years in case of the water level drawdown area and 50 years in case  of the non\u2013water level drawdown area. By taking soil samples on 7  (germination) or 5 (nutrient) locations along this water level gradient,  we were able to research how changes in water level alter seed bank  properties (Part 2.1) and nutrient availability (Part 2.2) on a smaller  seasonal time scale. In addition to the above two sampling campaigns, a  mesocosm experiment was conducted to study the effects of water level on  germination (Part 3.1) and nutrient availability (Part 3.2) . With this  approach it was possible to determine effects of a specified water level  (inundated, saturated, dry) on an even smaller time scale of weeks/months  and how such a response might be influenced by events in the past, in this  case drawdown history.\u00a0 <strong>2.2.1 Part 1:  Water level drawdown history </strong> To  investigate the legacy effects of a previously induced water level  drawdown on the seed bank (part 1.1) and on nutrient availability (part  1.2), we compared seed bank properties (density, diversity, species  composition) and sediment nutrient concentrations between an area with  water level drawdown history and an area without. For the method on  sediment nutrient concentrations we would like to refer to the section on  water level gradient (2.2.2) for field sampling and lab  protocols. <em>2.2.1.1 Seed bank properties (part  1.1)</em> We collected sediment samples from both  areas in Oostvaardersplassen in June 2021, when both areas were still  inundated. To cover the spatial heterogeneity of the area, 40 locations  were sampled. 20 Sample points were located in the area that was  continuously inundated for 50 years (non-water level drawdown history,  <em>n = 20</em>) and 20 in the area that had undergone a water  level drawdown from 1987 till 1991 and was subsequently inundated for 30  years (water level drawdown history, <em>n =  20</em>). In June 2021, we took ten sediment  cores of 23.8 cm<sup>2</sup> (diameter = 5.5 cm) to a depth of  10 cm and pooled the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth in separate plastic bags at  each location (Verhofstad et al., 2017). The bags were stored in the dark  at 4\u00b0C for approximately one month to allow seed stratification, after  which the sediment was sieved (mesh width: 150 \u00b5m) and the residue,  containing the seeds, was spread across a tray (37\u00d727 cm) containing  sediment for propagation and germination (Lensli substrates; pH = ~5.3;  electrical conductivity = ~0.5mS/cm). The trays were placed in a  greenhouse with supplementary light from 6:00-22:00h so that light  conditions on plant level corresponded with 250  \u03bcmol.m<sup>2</sup>/s. The temperature in the greenhouse was on  average 21\u00b0C between 6:00-22:00 and 16\u00b0C between 22:00-6:00. The relative  humidity (Rh) in the greenhouse was on average 60% (-5/+5%). To ensure  optimal sediment moisture, the trays were watered at least once a week  with rainwater. The germinating plants were then identified to species  level and removed afterwards. This was done to minimize possible  competition effects between seedlings. Unidentified plants were  transferred from the trays to individual pots, providing the space for  them to grow and/or flower until their identification could be determined.  When germination stopped, the sediment was mixed to allow seeds deeper in  the sediment to germinate. The trays were kept in the greenhouse until  germination stopped again, which lasted up to 5 months.  <strong>2.2.2 Part 2: Water level  gradient</strong> To determine how a water level  gradient, induced through a gradient in soil elevation of around 20 cm,  affects seed bank properties (density, diversity, species composition;  Part 2.1) and nutrient availability (part 2.2), we collected sediment  samples in the field. Sample collection occurred at seven locations (seed  bank) and five locations (nutrient availability) along four transects  perpendicular to the border of the reed vegetation. The indicated  direction was chosen to cover differences in soil elevation, with  locations on a relatively higher elevation falling dry more often due to  small fluctuations in the water level and locations on a lower elevation  falling dry less often. <em>2.2.2.1 Seed bank  properties (part 2.1)</em> To assess how a water  level gradient alters seed bank properties, we collected sediment samples  in June 2021 along four transects, each consisting of seven sampling  points (<em>n</em> = 28). The sampling points cover a gradient  of soil elevation, where the locations indicated by a 1 are located at the  highest elevation, and thus fall dry the most, while locations indicated  by a higher number (2-7) are decreasing in soil elevation and thus fall  dry less often or never. Each transect covered around 777.5 \u00b1 418.7 meter.  Two transects were located in the area without water level drawdown  history and two in the area with water level drawdown history. The  sampling and germination protocol was identical to the one described in  section 2.2.1. <em>2.2.2.2 Nutrient availability  (part 2.2)</em> To examine how a water level  gradient affect nutrient availability, sediment samples were collected  along four transects (different from the transects in 2.2.2.1) in November  2021. Each transect consists of five sampling points that were sampled in  duplicate (<em>n</em> = 40). The sampling points cover a  gradient of soil elevation, where the locations indicated by a 1 are  located at the highest elevation, and thus fall dry the most, while  locations indicated by a higher number (2-5) are decreasing in soil  elevation and thus fall dry less often or never. Each transect covered  around 237.5 \u00b1 17.9 meter. Two transects were situated in the area without  water level drawdown history and two in the area with water level drawdown  history. At each sampling location, four sediment cores of 23.8  cm<sup>2</sup> (diameter = 5.5 cm) to a depth of 0-10 cm and  20-30 cm were collected for pore-water extraction and one sediment core of  23.8 cm<sup>2</sup> (diameter = 5.5 cm) to a depth of 0-10 and  20-30 cm was collected for sediment nutrient analyses. Soil elevation  measurements were conducted with a dGPS (Topcon, HiPer SR). At each  location, we took three measurements which were averaged.  Pore-water extraction was initiated in the lab on the same day as  sediment collection and collected the next morning. Pore-water samples  were extracted using vacuum syringes attached to rhizons (Rhizon SMS;  Rhizosphere Research Products; Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek,  The Netherlands). The pore-water was analyzed for pH, alkalinity (Metrohm,  877 Titrino plus), total inorganic carbon (TIC; infrared carbon Analyser,  IRGA; ABB Analytical, Frankfurt, Germany) and nutrient  concentrations. Sediment samples were analyzed on water  content, bulk density loss of ignition (LOI; proxy for organic matter  content) and bioavailable phosphorus and  NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and  NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. The elaborated method  can be found in the supplementary material S1. Nitrite  (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) concentrations were  barely detectable and therefore left out of the analysis.  <strong>2.2.3 Part 3: Water level  fluctuations</strong> <strong>Experimental  setup</strong> To unravel how water level  influences germination (part 3.1) and nutrient availability (part 3.2), we  performed a mesocosm experiment with different water levels on intact  sediment cores from sites with and without water level drawdown history  from Oostvaardersplassen. The different water levels reflect the different  stages the system goes through during the first phase (drying) of a water  level drawdown cycle: (1) Dry, the water level was 20 cm below sediment  surface level (\u2018dry\u2019 for brevity), (2) saturated, the water level was  equal to the sediment surface level (\u2018saturated\u2019 for brevity), and (3)  wet, the water level was eight cm above sediment surface level (\u2018wet\u2019 for  brevity). The experiment ran for eight consecutive weeks in which each  core experienced one of the water level treatments (inundated, saturated  or dry) following Vonk et al. (2017). In November 2020, intact sediment  cores were collected from Oostvaardersplassen at ten locations that were  inundated. Half of these locations were situated in an area with a water  level drawdown history (<em>n</em> = 5, water level = 13.8 +/-  3.9 cm), while the other half were situated in a continuously inundated  area (<em>n</em> = 5, water level = 17 +/- 5.4 cm). At each  location, four sediment cores with a diameter of 16 cm and a depth of 40  cm were collected by pressing a PVC-tube in the sediment and sealing it  with a cap on the bottom. Three of the intact cores for each location were  placed in a climate room for an acclimation period of six days, after  which the experiment started. The cores were placed in the climate room  with a temperature regime of 20\u00b0C from 6:00-22:00 and 15\u00b0C from  22:00-6:00. The average humidity in the climate chamber was 45% and the  average light conditions at sediment level were 554  \u03bcmol.m<sup>2</sup>/s (LI-COR LI-250 photometer) with 16 hours  light and 8 hours dark. The cores were placed using a randomized block  design (<em>n</em> = 5), each block consisted of six sediment  cores. The treatments were applied by drilling holes in the PVC-tube at  the corresponding water level treatment height (-20 cm, 0 cm, +8 cm  relative to the sediment height). To regulate the water level in the core,  we placed the PVC-tube in a larger water-proof PVC-core (diameter = 20 cm,  length = 50 cm). Water collected from the Oostvaardersplassen was used to  initiate the treatments. During the experiment, water was replenished till  treatment level with rainwater (pH = 5.18, alkalinity = 0.33 mEQ/L). The  fourth core was used to determine sediment nutrient starting conditions by  taking two sediment samples of 40 cm deep (23.8  cm<sup>2</sup>) after which it was split in two sections of 10  cm (0-10, 20-30). The two sediment samples from the sediment core were  pooled per location and per depth and stored in the freezer at -20\u00b0C until  further analyses. The same analysis protocol was used as in approach 2  (section 2.2.2.2). <em>2.2.3.1 Seed bank  properties(part 3.1)</em> Through the use of  intact soil cores in an experimental setup, we could identify possible  environmental filters that would exert selection on the type of plants  that were able to germinate during different phases of a water level  drawdown cycle. During the 8-week experiment, the mesocosms were checked  weekly for plant germination. Germinated plants were counted and  identified to species level if possible. Plants were not removed during  the experiment. <em>2.2.3.2 Nutrient availability  (part 3.2)</em> The experimental setup allowed us  to assess how a certain water level regime impacts nutrient availability  in the system, in this case, we selected three water levels to mimic  different phases of the water level drawdown cycle. By monitoring these  changes it would be possible to identify possible nutrient depletion in  the system upon repeated water level drawdown implementation. Nutrient  concentrations were determined in both the pore-water and the sediment. To  collect pore-water samples during the experiment, rhizons (Rhizon SMS;  Rhizosphere Research Products; Eijkelkamp Agrisearch Equipment, Giesbeek,  The Netherlands) were installed in the sediment core at a depth of 10 cm  and a vacuum syringe could be attached to extract pore-water. This was  done at the start of the experiment (day 0), and repeated five times on  day 7, 14, 21, 35 and 56. Pore-water samples were analyzed in the same way  as in approach 2. At the end of the experiment, sediment samples were  taken from the sediment cores at two different depths (0-10 cm and 20-30  cm) following the same sampling strategy as at the start of the  experiment. These samples were stored in the freezer at -20\u00b0C until  further analyses, following the analysis protocol as described in approach  2 (section 2.2.2.2). <strong>2.3 Statistical  analyses </strong> Data were analyzed in RStudio  version 4.0.3 (R Core Team, 2023). For all hypotheses testing procedures  the significance level was set at \u03b1 = 0.05. All data are shown with their  average \u00b1 standard deviation (sd). <strong>Part  1: Water level drawdown history</strong>  <em>Part 1.1 Seed bank properties</em>  To determine the effect of water level drawdown history (Yes or  No) on mean Shannon-Wiener diversity, mean species richness, and mean  germination densities (log transformed), we used mixed linear models from  the GlmmTMB package (Mollie et al., 2017), using location ID as a random  effect. Differences in the total sum of germinated individuals between the  water level drawdown and non-water level drawdown area were tested using a  Chi-Square test. Shannon-Wiener diversity was calculated using the \u2018vegan  package\u2019 (Oksanen et al., 2022). To assess the effect of water level  drawdown history on species composition a permanova analysis with a  Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index was used, in combination with non-metric  multidimensional scaling (NMDS) (vegan package: Oksanen et al.,  2022). <em>Part 1.2 Nutrient  availability</em> To determine the effect of  water level drawdown history and sampling depth (independent variables) on  the nutrient availability (dependent variables) along the transect survey  (method section 2.2.2.2), we used mixed linear models from the GlmmTMB  package (Mollie et al., 2017). The model was performed for both the  sediment- and the pore-water nutrient concentrations. Location ID was used  as a random effect to correct for the duplicate measurements.  Tukey-adjusted comparisons were done using \u201cemmeans\u201d (Russell, 2022).  Normality and heterogeneity of the residuals of the models were assessed  using histograms, and transformed if necessary.  Additionally, we used the nutrient starting concentrations from  the experimental water level experiment (part 3) to determine differences  in nutrient concentrations due to the water level drawdown history. To  determine the effect of water level drawdown history (independent  variable) on nutrient availability (dependent variables), we used mixed  linear models from the GlmmTMB package (Mollie et al., 2017). Starting  nutrient concentrations (day 0; field conditions) were used as the  dependent variable. Field location ID was used as a random effect to  correct for samples taken at the same location.  <strong>Part 2: Water level  gradient</strong> <em>Part 2.1 Seed bank  properties</em> To determine the best fit of the  relation between germination and distance to the reed border, we compared  the AIC of linear, parabolic, hyperbolic and exponential decay functions.  An \u0394AIC \u2265 2 was used to differentiate models ( \u2018stats\u2019 package (R Core  Team, 2023). To assess the effect of water level drawdown history and  location along soil elevation gradient on species composition, a permanova  analysis with a Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index was used in combination  with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) (Oksanen et al.,  2022). To determine differences in Shannon-Wiener  diversity, species richness and germination densities (dependent  variables) along the transect survey (location within transect as  independent variable), we used mixed linear models from the GlmmTMB  package with location ID as a random effect (Mollie et al., 2017). Species  richness was fitted with a Poisson distribution. This approach was done  separately for the water level drawdown and the non-water level drawdown  area. Tukey-adjusted comparisons were done using \u201cemmeans\u201d (Russell,  2022). Shannon-Wiener diversity was calculated using the \u2018vegan package\u2019  (Oksanen et al., 2022). Differences in the sum of germinated individuals  per location along the water level gradient were tested using a Chi-Square  test. <em>Part 2.2 Nutrient  availability</em> To test for differences in  nutrient availability along the elevational gradient of current water  level fluctuations in the transect survey, we performed Spearman  correlations. The Spearman correlations were done between nutrient  concentration as the dependent variable and elevation in meters NAP as the  independent variable. <strong>Part 3: Water level  fluctuations</strong> <em>Part 3.1: Seed  bank properties</em> Due to the low germination  rate, no statistical analysis were performed on seed bank properties in  relation to any of the water level treatments.  <em>Part 3.2: Nutrient availability</em>  To determine the effect of water level treatment (independent  variable) on nutrient availability (dependent variables), we used mixed  linear models from the GlmmTMB package (Mollie et al., 2017). Nutrient  concentrations from the end of the experiment (day 56) were used as  dependent variable. Nutrient starting concentrations were used as a  covariate into the model and the blocking factor was used as a random  effect. Additionally, nutrient concentrations were tested for changes over  time during the eight-week experiment using mixed linear models from the  GlmmTMB package (Mollie et al., 2017). Nutrient concentrations were used  as the dependent variable, the blocking factor was used as a covariate in  the model and date was used as the independent variable. To test for  differences among the independent variables, Tukey-adjusted comparisons  were done using \u201cemmeans\u201d for all models (Russell, 2022). All models were  fitted with a Gaussian-error distribution. Normality and heterogeneity of  the residuals of the models were assessed using histograms, and were  transformed if necessary. For more details we would  like to refer to\u00a0<strong>Figure 1</strong> in the related  manuscript.", "keywords": ["fluctuating water level", "nutrients", "Seedlings", "Wetlands", "seedlings", "Fluctuating water level", "Nutrients", "mesocosms", "natural sciences", "Mesocosms", "FOS: Natural sciences", "wetlands"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.z08kprrnc"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.z08kprrnc", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.z08kprrnc", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.z08kprrnc"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "carbon dioxide"}, {"id": "greenhouses"}, {"id": "mesocosms"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Low-cost"}, {"id": "gas fluxes monitoring"}, {"id": "CO2 and ET monitoring"}, {"id": "greenhouse equipment"}, {"id": "open-source device"}, {"id": "net ecosystem carbon balance"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}, {"id": "greenhouse device"}, {"id": "mesocosm experiment"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "non-spatial data"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-07-15", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-06-20", "language": "eng", "title": "A low-cost, automatic soil-plant-atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and ET flux dynamics.", "description": "Investigating greenhouse gases (GHG) and water flux dynamics within the soil-plant-atmosphere-interphase is a key for understanding ecosystem functioning, as these dynamics reflect the ecosystem\u00b4s responses to environmental changes. Understanding these responses is hence essential for developing sustainable agriculture systems that can help to adapt to global challenges such as inter-alia increased drought. Typically, an initial understanding of GHG and water flux dynamics is gained through laboratory or greenhouse pot experiments, where gas exchange is often measured using commercially available, manual closed (leaf) chamber systems. However, these systems are usually rather expensive and often labor-intensive, thus limiting the number of different treatments that can be studied and their repetitions. Here, we present a fully automatic, low-cost (1.000 Euro), multi-chamber system based on Arduino, termed \u201cgreenhouse coffins\u201d. It is designed to continuously measure canopy CO2 and ET fluxes. And it can operate in two modes: an independent and a dependent measurement mode. The independent measurement mode utilizes low-cost NDIR CO2 (K30 FR) and relative humidity (SHT31) sensors, thus making each \u201cgreenhouse coffin\u201d a fully independent measurement device. The dependent measurement mode connects multiple \u201cgreenhouse coffins\u201d via a low-cost multiplexer ( 250 Euro) to a single infrared gas analyzer (LI-850, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, USA), allowing for measurements in series, achieving cost efficiency, while also gaining more flexibility in terms of target GHG fluxes (potential extension to N2O, CH4, stable isotopes). In both modes, CO2 and ET fluxes are determined through the respective concentration increase during closure time. We tested both modes and demonstrated that the presented system is able to deliver precise and accurate CO2 and ET flux measurements using low-cost sensors, with an emphasis on calibrating the sensors to improve measurement precision. Through connecting multiple greenhouse coffins via our low-cost Multiplexer to a single infrared gas analyzer in the dependent mode, we could show moreover that the system can efficiently measure CO2 and ET fluxes in a high temporal resolution across various treatments with both labor and cost efficiency. Therefore, the developed system offers a valuable tool for conducting greenhouse experiments, enabling comprehensive testing of plants' dynamic responses to various treatments and conditions. Related Scripts are in the Supplemental Material. This table contains the Index of the data collection.\n\nRelated datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "carbon dioxide", "greenhouses", "mesocosms", "opendata", "Low-cost", "gas fluxes monitoring", "CO2 and ET monitoring", "greenhouse equipment", "open-source device", "net ecosystem carbon balance", "water use efficiency", "greenhouse device", "mesocosm experiment", "Boden", "non-spatial data"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Wael Al Hamwi", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Wael.Alhamwi@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-0915-5626", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Maren Dubbert", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Maren.Dubbert@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2352-8516", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "J\u00f6rg Schaller", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Joerg.Schaller@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-1996-0127", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Matthias L\u00fcck", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Matthias.Lueck@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marten Schmidt", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Marten.Schmidt@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mathias.hoffmann@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Maren Dubbert", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Maren.Dubbert@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2352-8516", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 0/4, table: Index of the data collection"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://metadata.bonares.de:443/smartEditor/preview/IMG_20231004_145227.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "name": "item", "description": "4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "9e0c99d8-dfb6-42de-acba-b52723f97124", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[5.81, 47.26], [5.81, 54.76], [15.77, 54.76], [15.77, 47.26], [5.81, 47.26]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil"}, {"id": "carbon dioxide"}, {"id": "greenhouses"}, {"id": "mesocosms"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}, {"id": "Low-cost"}, {"id": "gas fluxes monitoring"}, {"id": "CO2 and ET monitoring"}, {"id": "greenhouse equipment"}, {"id": "open-source device"}, {"id": "net ecosystem carbon balance"}, {"id": "water use efficiency"}, {"id": "greenhouse device"}, {"id": "mesocosm experiment"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "non-spatial data"}], "scheme": "individual"}], "license": "CC BY", "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the ZALF Datenerfassung's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the ZALF Datenerfassung and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The ZALF Datenerfassung and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-07-15", "created": "2024-06-20", "language": "eng", "title": "A low-cost, automatic soil-plant-atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and ET flux dynamics. - Weather data", "description": "Weather data used at the validation exeriment \n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-jg04-hv79); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["Soil", "carbon dioxide", "greenhouses", "mesocosms", "opendata", "Low-cost", "gas fluxes monitoring", "CO2 and ET monitoring", "greenhouse equipment", "open-source device", "net ecosystem carbon balance", "water use efficiency", "greenhouse device", "mesocosm experiment", "Boden", "non-spatial data"], "contacts": [{"name": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "organization": "ZALF", "position": "Research Platform 'Data Analysis & Simulation' - Workgroup Research Data Management", "roles": ["publisher"], "phones": [{"value": "+49 33432 82 300"}], "emails": [{"value": "dataservice@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["Eberswalder Strasse 84"], "city": "M\u00fcncheberg", "administrativeArea": "Brandenburg", "postalCode": "15374", "country": "Germany"}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "https://ror.org/01ygyzs83", "name_url": "", "description": "ROR", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Wael Al Hamwi", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Wael.Alhamwi@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-0915-5626", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Maren Dubbert", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Maren.Dubbert@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2352-8516", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "J\u00f6rg Schaller", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Joerg.Schaller@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0003-1996-0127", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Matthias L\u00fcck", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Matthias.Lueck@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Marten Schmidt", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Marten.Schmidt@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Mathias Hoffmann", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "mathias.hoffmann@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2776-1403", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"name": "Maren Dubbert", "organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "position": null, "roles": ["projectLeader"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "Maren.Dubbert@zalf.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": {"url": null, "protocol": null, "protocol_url": "", "name": "0000-0002-2352-8516", "name_url": "", "description": "ORCID", "description_url": "", "applicationprofile": null, "applicationprofile_url": "", "function": null}}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "Data collection: Part 4/4, table: Weather data"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=9e0c99d8-dfb6-42de-acba-b52723f97124", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://metadata.bonares.de:443/smartEditor/preview/IMG_20231004_145227.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/4a5e6f6c-71a9-4150-8db6-c18765242a56", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "9e0c99d8-dfb6-42de-acba-b52723f97124", "name": "item", "description": "9e0c99d8-dfb6-42de-acba-b52723f97124", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/9e0c99d8-dfb6-42de-acba-b52723f97124"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-07-15T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=mesocosms&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=mesocosms&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=mesocosms&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=mesocosms&offset=5", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 5, "numberReturned": 5, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-09-20T19:53:10.524780Z"}