Drought affects plants and soil microorganisms, but it is still not clear how it alters the carbon (C) transfer at the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbial interface. Here, we tested direct and indirect effects of drought on soil microbes and microbial turnover of recent plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C in a mountain meadow.
Microbial community composition was assessed using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs); the allocation of recent plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90derived C to microbial groups was analysed by pulse\uffe2\uff80\uff90labelling of canopy sections with 13CO2 and the subsequent tracing of the label into microbial PLFAs.
Microbial biomass was significantly higher in plots exposed to a severe experimental drought. In addition, drought induced a shift of the microbial community composition, mainly driven by an increase of Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90positive bacteria. Drought reduced belowground C allocation, but not the transfer of recently plant\uffe2\uff80\uff90assimilated C to fungi, and in particular reduced tracer uptake by bacteria. This was accompanied by an increase of 13C in the extractable organic C pool during drought, which was even more pronounced after plots were mown.
We conclude that drought weakened the link between plant and bacterial, but not fungal, C turnover, and facilitated the growth of potentially slow\uffe2\uff80\uff90growing, drought\uffe2\uff80\uff90adapted soil microbes, such as Gram\uffe2\uff80\uff90positive bacteria.
", "keywords": ["Time Factors", "Nitrogen", "Mowing", "Mountain grassland", "Carbon Cycle", "Microbial community composition", "Soil", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "2. Zero hunger", "106022 Mikrobiologie", "Carbon Isotopes", "Drought", "Research", "Microbiota", "Water", "Carbon allocation", "Microclimate", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "6. Clean water", "Droughts", "C pulse-labelling", "13. Climate action", "Austria", "Phospholipid fatty acids", "106022 Microbiology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12569"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/New%20Phytologist", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/nph.12569", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/nph.12569", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/nph.12569"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-10-31T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1155/2013/415318", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-12-29", "title": "Responses Of Ecosystem Co2fluxes To Short-Term Experimental Warming And Nitrogen Enrichment In An Alpine Meadow, Northern Tibet Plateau", "description": "Over the past decades, the Tibetan Plateau has experienced pronounced warming, yet the extent to which warming will affect alpine ecosystems depends on how warming interacts with other influential global change factors, such as nitrogen (N) deposition. A long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term warming and N manipulation experiment was established to investigate the interactive effects of warming and N deposition on alpine meadow. Open\uffe2\uff80\uff90top chambers were used to simulate warming. N addition, warming, N addition \uffc3\uff97 warming, and a control were set up. In OTCs, daytime air and soil temperature were warmed by 2.0\uffc2\uffb0C and 1.6\uffc2\uffb0C above ambient conditions, but soil moisture was decreased by 4.95\uffe2\uff80\uff89m3\uffe2\uff80\uff89m\uffe2\uff88\uff923. N addition enhanced ecosystem respiration (Reco); nevertheless, warming significantly decreased Reco. The decline of Reco resulting from warming was cancelled out by N addition in late growing season. Our results suggested that N addition enhanced Reco by increasing soil N availability and plant production, whereas warming decreased Reco through lowering soil moisture, soil N supply potential, and suppression of plant activity. Furthermore, season\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific responses of Reco indicated that warming and N deposition caused by future global change may have complicated influence on carbon cycles in alpine ecosystems.
", "keywords": ["Technology", "Analysis of Variance", "Nitrogen", "T", "Science", "Climate Change", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Microclimate", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Carbon Dioxide", "15. Life on land", "Tibet", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Biomass", "Ecosystem", "Research Article"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/415318"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/The%20Scientific%20World%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1155/2013/415318", "name": "item", "description": "10.1155/2013/415318", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1155/2013/415318"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0155375", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:19:20Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-12", "title": "Warming And Nitrogen Addition Alter Photosynthetic Pigments, Sugars And Nutrients In A Temperate Meadow Ecosystem", "description": "Global warming and nitrogen (N) deposition have an important influence on terrestrial ecosystems; however, the influence of warming and N deposition on plant photosynthetic products and nutrient cycling in plants is not well understood. We examined the effects of 3 years of warming and N addition on the plant photosynthetic products, foliar chemistry and stoichiometric ratios of two dominant species, i.e., Leymus chinensis and Phragmites communis, in a temperate meadow in northeastern China. Warming significantly increased the chlorophyll content and soluble sugars in L. chinensis but had no impact on the carotenoid and fructose contents. N addition caused a significant increase in the carotenoid and fructose contents. Warming and N addition had little impact on the photosynthetic products of P. communis. Warming caused significant decreases in the N and phosphorus (P) concentrations and significantly increased the carbon (C):P and N:P ratios of L. chinensis, but not the C concentration or the C:N ratio. N addition significantly increased the N concentration, C:P and N:P ratios, but significantly reduced the C:N ratio of L. chinensis. Warming significantly increased P. communis C and P concentrations, and the C:N and C:P ratios, whereas N addition increased the C, N and P concentrations but had no impact on the stoichiometric variables. This study suggests that both warming and N addition have direct impacts on plant photosynthates and elemental stoichiometry, which may play a vital role in plant-mediated biogeochemical cycling in temperate meadow ecosystems.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "Nitrogen", "Science", "Carbohydrates", "Global Warming", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Photosynthesis", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "Analysis of Variance", "0303 health sciences", "Q", "R", "Temperature", "Humidity", "Phosphorus", "Microclimate", "Pigments", " Biological", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Plant Leaves", "Solubility", "13. Climate action", "Medicine", "Research Article"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Jixun Guo, Tao Zhang, Rui Guo, Shaobo Yang,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155375"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/PLOS%20ONE", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1371/journal.pone.0155375", "name": "item", "description": "10.1371/journal.pone.0155375", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1371/journal.pone.0155375"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.4141/s98-081", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:05Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-04-23", "title": "Effects Of Forest Soil Compaction And Organic Matter Removal On Leaf Litter Decomposition In Central British Columbia", "description": "As part of the long-term soil productivity study in central British Columbia, we examined the effect of soil compaction and organic matter removal on trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) litter decomposition. We compared three levels of organic matter removal (stem-only, whole-tree harvest, and scalped mineral soil) and two levels of compaction (no compaction and heavy compaction) in a factorial design replicated as blocks on three sites. Whole-tree harvesting significantly increased litter decomposition rates compared to stem-only (by 36%) and scalped (by 41%) treatments. Soil compaction had inconsistent effects on decomposition rates (k) for forest floor and scalped treatments and, overall, did not significantly affect litter decomposition rates. Litter on scalped plots had higher rates of nutrient translocation than litter on forest floors. We found the treatments altered soil heat sums, so changes in temperatures at the soil surface might be partly responsible for the changes in decomposition rates. We could not detect differences in soil mesofauna populations collected from the litter bags, so treatment effects on fauna probably had less influence than microclimate on decomposition rates. The effects of these early changes in litter decomposition on biological productivity will be part of the ongoing long-term soil productivity study. Key words: Litter decomposition, soil compaction, scalping, whole-tree harvest, nutrient translocation
", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "leaf-litter-decomposition: organic-matter-removal", "nutrients-", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "harvesting-", "translocation-", "populus-tremuloides", "soil-organic-matter", "Spermatophytes-", "Spermatophyta-", "Angiosperms-", "Angiospermae-", "Plants-", "heat-sums", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Soil-Science", "British-Columbia (Canada-", "North-America", "Nearctic-region)", "compaction-", "soil-compaction", "decomposition-", "microclimate-", "Vascular-Plants", "poplars-", "forests-", "movement-in-soil", "treatment-", "sustainability-", "Populus-tremuloides [trembling-aspen] (Salicaceae-)", "british-columbia", "Salicaceae-: Dicotyledones-", "land-productivity", "organic-matter", "Plantae-", "forest-litter", "productivity-", "forestry-practices", "forestry-", "mineralization-", "forest-soils", "mineral-soils", "removal-", "15. Life on land", "logging-effects", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Dicots-", "temperature-", "soil-fauna"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kranabetter, J.M., Chapman, B.K.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.4141/s98-081"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Canadian%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.4141/s98-081", "name": "item", "description": "10.4141/s98-081", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.4141/s98-081"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1999-11-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv29", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:21:08Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2023-06-26", "title": "Summer litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems", "description": "unspecifiedTundra soils are one of the world\u2019s largest organic carbon stores, yet this carbon is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition as climate warming progresses. The landscape-scale controls of litter decomposition are poorly understood in tundra ecosystems, which hinders our understanding of the global carbon cycle. We examined the extent to which the thermal sum of surface air temperature, soil moisture and permafrost thaw depth influenced litter mass loss and decomposition rates (k), and at which spatial thresholds an environmental variable becomes a reliable predictor of decomposition, using the Tea Bag Index protocol across a heterogeneous tundra landscape on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada. We found greater green tea litter mass loss and faster decomposition rates (k) in wetter areas within the landscape, and to a lesser extent in areas with deeper permafrost active layer thickness and higher surface thermal sums. We also found higher decomposition rates (k) on north-facing relative to south-facing aspects at microsites that were wetter rather than warmer. Spatially heterogeneous belowground conditions (soil moisture and active layer depth) explained variation in decomposition metrics at local scales (< 50 m2) better than thermal sum. Surprisingly, there was no strong control of elevation or slope on litter decomposition. Our results reveal that there is considerable scale dependency in the environmental controls of tundra litter decomposition, with moisture playing a greater role than the thermal sum at < 50 m2 scales. Our findings highlight the importance and complexity of microenvironmental controls on litter decomposition in estimates of carbon cycling in a rapidly warming tundra biome.", "keywords": ["Decomposition", "litter", "13. Climate action", "moisture", "ecosystem change", "tea bag index", "Temperature", "Climate change", "carbon cycling", "15. Life on land", "Tundra", "FOS: Natural sciences", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gallois, Elise", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv29"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv29", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv29", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.1g1jwsv29"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-07-03T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.4277166", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:02Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: Dwarf shrubs impact tundra soils: drier, colder, and less organic carbon", "description": "In the tundra, woody plants are dispersing towards higher latitudes and altitudes due to increasingly favourable climatic conditions. The coverage and height of woody plants are increasing, which may influence the soils of the tundra ecosystem. Here, we use structural equation modelling to analyse 171 study plots and to examine if the coverage and height of woody plants affect the growing-season topsoil moisture and temperature (< 10 cm) as well as soil organic carbon stocks (< 80 cm). In our study setting, we consider the hierarchy of the ecosystem by controlling for other factors, such as topography, wintertime snow depth and the overall plant coverage that potentially influence woody plants and soil properties in this dwarf-shrub dominated landscape in northern Fennoscandia. We found strong links from topography to both vegetation and soil. Further, we found that woody plants influence multiple soil properties: the dominance of woody plants inversely correlated with soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil organic carbon stocks (standardised regression coefficients = -0.39; -0.22; -0.34, respectively), even when controlling for other landscape features. Our results indicate that the dominance of dwarf shrubs may lead to soils that are drier, colder, and contain less organic carbon. Thus, there are multiple mechanisms through which woody plants may influence tundra soils. Kemppinen, Niittynen, Virkkala, Happonen, Riihim\u00e4ki, Aalto & Luoto (2021). Dwarf shrubs impact tundra soils: drier, colder, and less organic carbon. Ecosystems. These are the data from Kemppinen et al. (2021).", "keywords": ["tundra", "Arctic", "13. Climate action", "carbon cycle", "structural equation model", "15. Life on land", "snow", "shrubification", "microclimate", "dwarf shrubs"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Kemppinen, Julia, Niittynen, Pekka, Virkkala, Anna-Maria, Happonen, Konsta, Riihim\u00e4ki, Henri, Aalto, Juha, Luoto, Miska,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4277166"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.4277166", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.4277166", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.4277166"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-11-17T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6411321", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:23:07Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems", "description": "QHI_crop.tiff = We carried out topographic surveys using unoccupied aerial vehicles photogrammetry in August 2017. We used three UAV platforms to collect RGB multispectral data at a fine (3 cm) spatial resolution: DJI Phantom 4 Pro and Advanced (multicopter), and Phantom FX-61 (fixed wing), and used used structure from motion with multiview steriopsis to obtain a fine-grain 10 cm spatial resolution digital surface model and orthomosaic as described in Cunliffe et al. (2019a, 2019b). thermsum.tif = We used the microclima package in R (Kearney et al., 2020; Maclean et al., 2019) to model surface air temperature at a 1-m spatial grain. Using our fine resolution DSM, we modelled mean surface temperatures at the study site for each day spanning the teabag burial period of 13th July to 9th August 2017. The microclima model incorporates local daily climate, radiation, cloud cover and coastal exposure data from gridded global datasets derived from RCNEP (Kemp et al., 2012). We summed the 28 TIF files produced through this modelling technique to produce a 28-day thermal sum variable - a metric which captures the overall heating of the ground surface over the course of the experiment. Cited Works: Cunliffe, A., I. Myers-Smith. J. Kerby and W. Palmer (2019a). Orthomosaic of permafrost landscape on Qikiqtaruk \u2013 Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada: August 2017. NERC Polar Data Centre. DOI:10.5285/29bf1c9f-a39a-452c-b9f9-de35d9fb9179. Cunliffe, A., G. Tanski, B. Radosavljevic, W. Palmer, T. Sachs, H. Lantuit, J. Kerby, and I. Myers-Smith (2019b) Rapid retreat of permafrost coastline observed with aerial drone photogrammetry. The Cryosphere 13(5):1513-1528. DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-1513-2019. Maclean, I. M. (2020). Predicting future climate at high spatial and temporal resolution. Global Change Biology, 26(2), 1003\u20131011. Kearney, M. R., Gillingham, P. K., Bramer, I., Duffy, J. P., & Maclean, I. M. (2020). A method for computing hourly, historical, terrain\u2010corrected microclimate anywhere on Earth. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(1), 38-43. Kemp, M. U., Van Loon, E. E., Shamoun-Baranes, J., & Bouten, W. (2012). RNCEP: global weather and climate data at your fingertips. Methods in Ecology & Evolution, 3(1), 65-70. Paper Abstract: The Arctic tundra is one of the world\u2019s largest organic carbon stores, yet this carbon is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition as climate warming progresses. We currently know very little about landscape-scale controls of litter decomposition in tundra ecosystems, which hinders our understanding of the global carbon cycle. Here, we examined how local-scale topography, surface air temperature, soil moisture and permafrost conditions influenced litter decomposition rates across a heterogeneous tundra landscape on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island (Yukon, Canada). We used the Tea Bag Index protocol to derive decomposition metrics which we then compared across environmental gradients, including thermal sum surface temperature data derived from fine-resolution microclimate data modelled from drone derived topographic data. We found greater green tea litter mass loss and faster decomposition rates in wetter and warmer areas within the landscape, and to a lesser extent in areas with deeper permafrost active layer thickness. Spatially heterogeneous belowground conditions (soil moisture and active layer depth) explained variation in decomposition metrics at the landscape-scale (> 10 m) better than surface temperature. Surprisingly, there was no strong control of elevation or slope of litter decomposition. We also found higher decomposition rates on North-facing relative to South-facing aspects at microsites that were wetter rather than warmer.", "keywords": ["dsm", "decomposition", "13. Climate action", "microclima", "15. Life on land", "thermal sum", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Gallois, Elise, Myers-Smith, Isla, Daskalova, Gergana, Kerby, Jeffrey, Thomas, Haydn, Cunliffe, Andrew,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6411321"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6411321", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6411321", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6411321"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-04-14T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10532/6053", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-05", "title": "Effects of herbaceous covers and mineral fertilizers on the nutrient stocks and fluxes in a Mediterranean olive grove", "description": "The preservation of nutrient capital, soil fertility, and carbon (C) sequestration capacity in Mediterranean olive groves requires evaluation of agricultural practices beyond short-term productivity. We aim to contribute with a mechanistic understanding on the effects that the preservation of herbaceous cover and the use of chemical fertilizers have on the performance of olive trees and on the biogeochemical cycles of the agroecosystem. We compared nutrient fluxes and aboveground leafy stocks in an olive grove that had been organically managed for more than 60 years, in a treatment in which the annual spontaneous herbaceous cover was maintained (H), and after two years of shift to conventional management treatments in which the growth of herbaceous vegetation was avoided by the use of herbicides (NH), and where exclusion of the herbaceous cover is also combined with the supply of mineral fertilizers (NHF). Maintenance of herbaceous vegetation in H contributed to the retention of a high aboveground capital of C and nutrients, particularly nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) that were about 2.9, 3.9 and 7.4 times greater than in NH, respectively. The permanence of herbaceous cover stimulated olive tree leaf litter decomposition rates by about 86 % and increased nutrient release. However, the H treatment led to a 37 % decrease in olive yield and lowered olive foliar N and P content as negative short-term effects. The addition of fertilizers (N, P, K, and Mg) in mineral and solid form in NHF resulted inefficient to improve olive tree nutritional status and olive production, and decelerated olive tree litter decomposition rates by 21 % and nutrient release. The nutrient retention in organic forms in the fast-growing species of herbaceous covers and the progressive nutrient release as litter decomposes may contribute to regulate and better adapt nutrient availability to the nutrient requirements of olive trees.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agroecosistemas", "Cubierta vegetal", "Agroecosystem", "Litter decomposition", "Sustainable agriculture", "Microclimate amelioration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Agricultura sostenible", "Nutritional status", "Weed cover", "13. Climate action", "Olive production", "Abonos inorg\u00e1nicos", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Olea europaea", "Hojarasca", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10532/6053"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10532/6053", "name": "item", "description": "10532/6053", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10532/6053"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10017/50911", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:10Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Geology", "Geolog\u00eda", "Microclimate", "15. Life on land", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pablo Hern\u00e1ndez, Miguel \u00c1ngel de", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10017/50911"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10017/50911", "name": "item", "description": "10017/50911", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10017/50911"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10449/74200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:26Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Microclimate", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/74200/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10449/74200"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10449/74200", "name": "item", "description": "10449/74200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10449/74200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10481/73202", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:27Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Atribuci\u00f3n-NoComercial 3.0 Espa\u00f1aResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 p ixels ( summarized f rom 8 519 u nique t emperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Microclimate", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., Fern\u00e1ndez Calzado, Mar\u00eda Rosa, Lorite Moreno, Juan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10481/73202"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10481/73202", "name": "item", "description": "10481/73202", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10481/73202"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10481/77379", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:27Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-08-05", "title": "Effects of herbaceous covers and mineral fertilizers on the nutrient stocks and fluxes in a Mediterranean olive grove", "description": "The preservation of nutrient capital, soil fertility, and carbon (C) sequestration capacity in Mediterranean olive groves requires evaluation of agricultural practices beyond short-term productivity. We aim to contribute with a mechanistic understanding on the effects that the preservation of herbaceous cover and the use of chemical fertilizers have on the performance of olive trees and on the biogeochemical cycles of the agroecosystem. We compared nutrient fluxes and aboveground leafy stocks in an olive grove that had been organically managed for more than 60 years, in a treatment in which the annual spontaneous herbaceous cover was maintained (H), and after two years of shift to conventional management treatments in which the growth of herbaceous vegetation was avoided by the use of herbicides (NH), and where exclusion of the herbaceous cover is also combined with the supply of mineral fertilizers (NHF). Maintenance of herbaceous vegetation in H contributed to the retention of a high aboveground capital of C and nutrients, particularly nitrogen, (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) that were about 2.9, 3.9 and 7.4 times greater than in NH, respectively. The permanence of herbaceous cover stimulated olive tree leaf litter decomposition rates by about 86 % and increased nutrient release. However, the H treatment led to a 37 % decrease in olive yield and lowered olive foliar N and P content as negative short-term effects. The addition of fertilizers (N, P, K, and Mg) in mineral and solid form in NHF resulted inefficient to improve olive tree nutritional status and olive production, and decelerated olive tree litter decomposition rates by 21 % and nutrient release. The nutrient retention in organic forms in the fast-growing species of herbaceous covers and the progressive nutrient release as litter decomposes may contribute to regulate and better adapt nutrient availability to the nutrient requirements of olive trees.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agroecosystem", "Litter decomposition", "Sustainable agriculture", "Microclimate amelioration", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Nutritional status", "Weed cover", "13. Climate action", "Olive production", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10481/77379"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Agronomy", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10481/77379", "name": "item", "description": "10481/77379", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10481/77379"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11584/332967", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:40Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts J. J., van den Hoogen J., Aalto J., Ashcroft M. B., De Frenne P., Kemppinen J., Kopecky M., Luoto M., Maclean I. M. D., Crowther T. W., Bailey J. J., Haesen S., Klinges D. H., Niittynen P., Scheffers B. R., Van Meerbeek K., Aartsma P., Abdalaze O., Abedi M., Aerts R., Ahmadian N., Ahrends A., Alatalo J. M., Alexander J. M., Allonsius C. N., Altman J., Ammann C., Andres C., Andrews C., Ardo J., Arriga N., Arzac A., Aschero V., Assis R. L., Assmann J. J., Bader M. Y., Bahalkeh K., Barancok P., Barrio I. C., Barros A., Barthel M., Basham E. W., Bauters M., Bazzichetto M., Marchesini L. B., Bell M. C., Benavides J. C., Benito Alonso J. L., Berauer B. J., Bjerke J. W., Bjork R. G., Bjorkman M. P., Bjornsdottir K., Blonder B., Boeckx P., Boike J., Bokhorst S., Brum B. N. S., Bruna J., Buchmann N., Buysse P., Camargo J. L., Campoe O. C., Candan O., Canessa R., Cannone N., Carbognani M., Carnicer J., Casanova-Katny A., Cesarz S., Chojnicki B., Choler P., Chown S. L., Cifuentes E. F., Ciliak M., Contador T., Convey P., Cooper E. J., Cremonese E., Curasi S. R., Curtis R., Cutini M., Dahlberg C. J., Daskalova G. N., de Pablo M. A., Della Chiesa S., Dengler J., Deronde B., Descombes P., Di Cecco V., Di Musciano M., Dick J., Dimarco R. D., Dolezal J., Dorrepaal E., Dusek J., Eisenhauer N., Eklundh L., Erickson T. E., Erschbamer B., Eugster W., Ewers R. M., Exton D. A., Fanin N., Fazlioglu F., Feigenwinter I., Fenu G., Ferlian O., Fernandez Calzado M. R., Fernandez-Pascual E., Finckh M., Higgens R. F., Forte T. G. W., Freeman E. C., Frei E. R., Fuentes-Lillo E., Garcia R. A., Garcia M. B., Geron C., Gharun M., Ghosn D., Gigauri K., Gobin A., Goded I., Goeckede M., Gottschall F., Goulding K., Govaert S., Graae B. J., Greenwood S., Greiser C., Grelle A., Guenard B., Guglielmin M., Guillemot J., Haase P., Haider S., Halbritter A. H., Hamid M., Hammerle A., Hampe A., Haugum S. V., Hederova L., Heinesch B., Helfter C., Hepenstrick D., Herberich M., Herbst M., Hermanutz L., Hik D. S., Hoffren R., Homeier J., Hortnagl L., Hoye T. T., Hrbacek F., Hylander K., Iwata H., Jackowicz-Korczynski M. A., Jactel H., Jarveoja J., Jastrzebowski S., Jentsch A., Jimenez J. J., Jonsdottir I. S., Jucker T., Jump A. S., Juszczak R., Kanka R., Kaspar V., Kazakis G., Kelly J., Khuroo A. A., Klemedtsson L., Klisz M., Kljun N., Knohl A., Kobler J., Kollar J., Kotowska M. M., Kovacs B., Kreyling J., Lamprecht A., Lang S. I., Larson C., Larson K., Laska K., le Maire G., Leihy R. I., Lens L., Liljebladh B., Lohila A., Lorite J., Loubet B., Lynn J., Macek M., Mackenzie R., Magliulo E., Maier R., Malfasi F., Malis F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/332967/1/2022_Global_maps_soil_temperature_GlobalChangeBiology.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/11584/332967"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11584/332967", "name": "item", "description": "11584/332967", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11584/332967"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:43Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "weather stations", "microclimate", "Climate Science", "Klimatvetenskap"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Larson, Keith, Sarneel, Judith M., Walz, Josefine, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "name": "item", "description": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8743335", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:49Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km(2) resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km(2) pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10 degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 +/- 2.3 degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Technology and Engineering", "soil temperature", "Biology and Life Sciences", "soil-dwelling organisms", "SNOW-COVER", "MITIGATION", "MOISTURE", "FOREST", "weather stations", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "PERMAFROST", "near-surface temperatures", "PLANT-RESPONSES", "bioclimatic variables", "CLIMATIC CONTROLS", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "temperature offset", "SUITABILITY", "global maps", "MICROCLIMATE", "CBCE", "microclimate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8743335"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8743335", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8743335", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8743335"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1893/33794", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-30", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "AbstractResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2\uffc2\uffa0m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2resolution for 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffc2\uffa0cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grained air temperature estimates from ERA5\uffe2\uff80\uff90Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\uffc2\uffb0C (mean\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa03.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.1\uffc2\uffb0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\uffe2\uff88\uff920.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C). The observed substantial and biome\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.