In earlier work, we compared the amount of newly fixed nitrogen (N, as synthetic fertilizer and biologically fixed N) entering agricultural systems globally to the total emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O). We obtained an N 2 O emission factor (EF) of 3\uffe2\uff80\uff935%, and applied it to biofuel production. For \uffe2\uff80\uff98first-generation\uffe2\uff80\uff99 biofuels, e.g. biodiesel from rapeseed and bioethanol from corn (maize), that require N fertilizer, N 2 O from biofuel production could cause (depending on N uptake efficiency) as much or more global warming as that avoided by replacement of fossil fuel by the biofuel. Our subsequent calculations in a follow-up paper, using published life cycle analysis (LCA) models, led to broadly similar conclusions. The N 2 O EF applies to agricultural crops in general, not just to biofuel crops, and has made possible a top-down estimate of global emissions from agriculture. Independent modelling by another group using bottom-up IPCC inventory methodology has shown good agreement at the global scale with our top-down estimate. Work by Davidson showed that the rate of accumulation of N 2 O in the atmosphere in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries was greater than that predicted from agricultural inputs limited to fertilizer N and biologically fixed N (Davidson, E. A. 2009 Nat. Geosci . 2 , 659\uffe2\uff80\uff93662.). However, by also including soil organic N mineralized following land-use change and NO x deposited from the atmosphere in our estimates of the reactive N entering the agricultural cycle, we have now obtained a good fit between the observed atmospheric N 2 O concentrations from 1860 to 2000 and those calculated on the basis of a 4 per cent EF for the reactive N.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "330", "Climate", "Nitrous Oxide", "Agriculture", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "630", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Biofuels", "Denitrification", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0313"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Philosophical%20Transactions%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B%3A%20Biological%20Sciences", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1098/rstb.2011.0313", "name": "item", "description": "10.1098/rstb.2011.0313", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1098/rstb.2011.0313"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "14280e45-7eee-4f1c-93cd-9f00083ddcc8-envidat", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2020-08-20T13:49:14Z", "type": "Dataset", "language": "en", "title": "Anthropogenic change and soil net N mineralization", "description": "This dataset contains all data on which the following publication below is based. Paper Citation: Risch Anita C., Zimmermann, Stefan, Moser, Barbara, Sch\u00fctz, Martin, Hagedorn, Frank, Firn, Jennifer, Fay, Philip A., Adler, Peter B., Biederman, Lori A., Blair, John M., Borer, Elizabeth T., Broadbent, Arthur A.D., Brown, Cynthia S., Cadotte, Marc W., Caldeira, Maria C., Davies, Kendi F., di Virgilio, Augustina, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eskelinen, Anu, Knops, Johannes M.H., MacDougall, Andrew S., McCulley, Rebecca L., Melbourne, Brett A., Moore, Joslin L., Power, Sally A., Prober, Suzanne M., Seabloom, Eric W., Siebert, Julia, Silveira, Maria L. , Speziale, Karina L., Stevens, Carly J., Tognetti, Pedro M., Virtanen, Risto, Yahdjian, Laura, Ochoa-Hueso, Raul (accepted). Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties. Global Change Biology Please cite this paper together with the citation for the datafile. We assessed how the removal of mammalian herbivores (Fence) and fertilization with growth-limiting nutrients (N, P, K, plus nine essential macro- and micronutrients; NPK) individually, and in combination (NPK+Fence), affected potential and realized soil net Nmin across 22 natural and semi-natural grasslands on five continents. Our sites spanned a comprehensive range of climatic and edaphic conditions found across the grassland biome. We focused on grasslands, because they cover 40-50% of the ice-free land surface and provide vital ecosystem functions and services. They are particularly important for forage production and C sequestration. Worldwide, grasslands store approximately 20-30% of the Earth\u2019s terrestrial C, most of it in the soil (Schimel, 1995; White et al., 2000).", "formats": [{"name": "XLS"}], "keywords": ["ammonification", "ch", "climate", "fertilization", "global-change", "grassland", "herbivore", "mineralization", "nitrification", "nitrogen", "nutrient-network", "soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Anita C. Risch", "roles": ["creator"]}, {"organization": "https://envidat.ch/#/about", "roles": ["publisher"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.envidat.ch/#/metadata/anthropogenic-change-and-net-n-mineralization"}, {"href": "https://www.envidat.ch/dataset/anthropogenic-change-and-net-n-mineralization/resource/13089b78-5a54-47a5-abe2-243a1e32772d"}, {"href": "http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/14280e45-7eee-4f1c-93cd-9f00083ddcc8-envidat"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "14280e45-7eee-4f1c-93cd-9f00083ddcc8-envidat", "name": "item", "description": "14280e45-7eee-4f1c-93cd-9f00083ddcc8-envidat", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/14280e45-7eee-4f1c-93cd-9f00083ddcc8-envidat"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"null": "date"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:58Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-08", "title": "Effect Of Biochar Amendment On The Soil-Atmosphere Exchange Of Greenhouse Gases From An Intensive Subtropical Pasture In Northern New South Wales, Australia", "description": "We assessed the effect of biochar incorporation into the soil on the soil-atmosphere exchange of the greenhouse gases (GHG) from an intensive subtropical pasture. For this, we measured N2O, CH4 and CO2 emissions with high temporal resolution from April to June 2009 in an existing factorial experiment where cattle feedlot biochar had been applied at 10\u00a0t\u00a0ha\u22121 in November 2006. Over the whole measurement period, significant emissions of N2O and CO2 were observed, whereas a net uptake of CH4 was measured. N2O emissions were found to be highly episodic with one major emission pulse (up to 502\u00a0\u03bcg N2O-N m\u22122 h\u22121) following heavy rainfall. There was no significant difference in the net flux of GHGs from the biochar amended vs. the control plots. Our results demonstrate that intensively managed subtropical pastures on ferrosols in northern New South Wales of Australia can be a significant source of GHG. Our hypothesis that the application of biochar would lead to a reduction in emissions of GHG from soils was not supported in this field assessment. Additional studies with longer observation periods are needed to clarify the long term effect of biochar amendment on soil microbial processes and the emission of GHGs under field conditions.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biochar", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Improved pasture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Carbon"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://eprints.qut.edu.au/42094/1/42094A.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-011-0759-1"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-012-2578-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-01-07", "title": "Effects Of Drought And N-Fertilization On N Cycling In Two Grassland Soils", "description": "Open AccessOecologia, 171 (3)", "keywords": ["[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "N2O fluxes", "550", "functional genes", "Nitrogen", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Climate", "Climate Change", "Nitrification and denitrification", "enzyme activites", "Urine", "630", "10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies", "Soil", "Quantitative PCR", "Climate change; Enzyme activities; Functional genes; Quantitative PCR; Nitrification and denitrification; N2O fluxes", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Animals", "Climate change", "Enzyme activities", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "Functional genes", "Nitrogen Cycle", "Plants", "Archaea", "Droughts", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "1105 Ecology", " Evolution", " Behavior and Systematics", "climate change", "Genes", " Bacterial", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "quantitative PCR", "Denitrification", "570 Life sciences; biology", "590 Animals (Zoology)", "Cattle", "nitrification and denitrification"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2578-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-012-2578-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-012-2578-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-012-2578-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-01-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-09-21", "title": "Liming modifies greenhouse gas fluxes from soils: A meta-analysis of biological drivers", "description": "Acidic soils cover about 30% of the world's land. Liming is a management practice applied worldwide to reduce the negative effects of acidification on soil fertility and plant growth. Liming also affects the biotic and abiotic soil properties controlling the production and consumption of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Although our understanding of how liming regulates net GHG emissions is increasing, the impact of liming on soil biological drivers of GHG emissions has not been quantitatively synthesized. Here we conducted a global meta-analysis using 1474 paired observations from 124 studies to explore the responses of GHG emissions to liming, with a focus on soil biological factors. We show that the N2O mitigation capacity of liming could be linked to (i) increases in bacterial abundance of N2O reductase genes (NosZ) and decreases in fungi:bacteria ratio, both contributing to a lower N2O:N2 product ratio of denitrification; and (ii) reductions in soil mineral nitrogen (N) via stimulation of plant N uptake. The limited evidence available indicates that liming reduced CH4 emissions and the abundance of methanogens, but it had no effect on CH4 uptake and abundance of methanotrophs. Liming-induced increases in soil CO2 emissions can be explained by higher heterotrophic and/or autotrophic respiration. The strong coupling between liming effects on GHG emissions and on soil microbial communities involved in GHG production and consumption can be used to identify strategies to reduce GHGs in response to liming, and to improve process-based models for better predictions of soil GHG emissions.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Biological drivers", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "11. Sustainability", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Liming", "Soil acidification", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108182"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ecy.1595", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-09-28", "title": "Resource Stoichiometry And The Biogeochemical Consequences Of Nitrogen Deposition In A Mixed Deciduous Forest", "description": "AbstractEcosystems often show differential sensitivity to chronic nitrogen (N) deposition; hence, a critical challenge is to improve our understanding of how and why site\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific factors mediate biogeochemical responses to N enrichment. We examined the extent to which N impacts on soil carbon (C) and N dynamics depend on microbial resource stoichiometry. We added N to forest plots dominated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees, which have litter and soil pools rich in organic N and relatively wide C:N ratios, and adjacent forest plots dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees, which have litter and soil pools rich in inorganic N and relatively narrow C:N ratios. While microbes in both plot types exhibited fairly strict biomass homeostasis, microbes in AM\uffe2\uff80\uff90 and ECM\uffe2\uff80\uff90dominated plots differed in their physiological responses to N addition. Microbes in ECM plots responded to N enrichment by decreasing their investment in N\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition enzymes (relative to C\uffe2\uff80\uff90acquisition enzymes) and increasing N mineralization rates (relative to C mineralization rates), suggesting that N addition alleviated microbial N demand. In contrast, heterotrophic microbial activities in AM plots were unaffected by N addition, most likely as a result of N\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced increases in net nitrification (60% increase relative to control plots) and nitrate mobilization (e.g., sixfold increases in mobilization relative to control plots). Combined, our findings suggest the stoichiometric differences between AM and ECM soils are the primary drivers of the observed responses. Plant and microbial communities characterized by wide C:N are more susceptible to N\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced changes in decomposition and soil C dynamics, whereas communities characterized by narrow C:N are more susceptible to N\uffe2\uff80\uff90induced nitrate leaching losses. Hence, the biogeochemical consequences of N deposition in temperate forests may be driven by the stoichiometry of the dominant trees and their associated microbes.
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Soil", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "13. Climate action", "Mycorrhizae", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Forests", "Nitrogen Cycle", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1595"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ecy.1595", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ecy.1595", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ecy.1595"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/ecy.2936", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-11-21", "title": "Soil chemistry turned upside down: a meta\u2010analysis of invasive earthworm effects on soil chemical properties", "description": "AbstractRecent studies have shown that invasive earthworms can dramatically reduce native biodiversity, both above and below the ground. However, we still lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind these changes, such as whether earthworm effects on soil chemical properties drive such relationships. Here, we investigated the effects of invasive earthworms on soil chemical properties (pH, water content, and the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) by conducting a meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis. Invasive earthworms generally increased soil pH, indicating that the removal of organic layers and the upward transport of more base\uffe2\uff80\uff90rich mineral soil caused a shift in soil pH. Moreover, earthworms significantly decreased soil water content, suggesting that the burrowing activities of earthworms may have increased water infiltration of and/or increased evapotranspiration from soil. Notably, invasive earthworms had opposing effects on organic and mineral soil for carbon and nitrogen stocks, with decreases in organic, and increases in mineral soil. Nitrogen fluxes were higher in mineral soil, whereas fluxes in organic soil were not significantly affected by the presence of invasive earthworms, indicating that earthworms mobilize and redistribute nutrients among soil layers and increase overall nitrogen loss from the soil. Invasive earthworm effects on element stocks increased with ecological group richness only in organic soil. Earthworms further decreased ammonium stocks with negligible effects on nitrate stocks in organic soil, whereas they increased nitrate stocks but not ammonium stocks in mineral soil. Notably, all of these results were consistent across forest and grassland ecosystems underlining the generality of our findings. However, we found some significant differences between studies that were conducted in the field (observational and experimental settings) and in the lab, such as that the effects on soil pH decreased from field to lab settings, calling for a careful interpretation of lab findings. Our meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis provides strong empirical evidence that earthworm invasion may lead to substantial changes in soil chemical properties and element cycling in soil. Furthermore, our results can help explain the dramatic effects of invasive earthworms on native biodiversity, for example, shifts towards the dominance of grass species over herbaceous ones, as shown by recent meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analyses.
", "keywords": ["Element flux", "Nitrogen", "Earthworm ecological group", "Forests", "Nitrate", "exotic earthworms", "Nutrient cycling", "nitrogen", "Article", "earthworm ecological group", "Soil", "nitrate", "Animals", "phosphorus", "soil carbon", "Oligochaeta", "Ecosystem", "Soil Microbiology", "water content", "Exotic earthworms", "2. Zero hunger", "Water content", "Plan_S-Compliant-TA", "pH", "nutrient cycling", "Phosphorus", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Soil carbon", "nitrification", "ammonium", "13. Climate action", "international", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "element flux", "Ammonium"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ecy.2936"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2936"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/ecy.2936", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/ecy.2936", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/ecy.2936"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-01-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-03-29", "title": "Efficiency Of Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors In Reducing Ammonia Volatilization From Diverse Nitrogen Fertilizers Applied To Different Soil Types And Wheat Straw Mulching", "description": "Some authors suggest that the absence of tillage in agricultural soils might have an influence on the efficiency of nitrogen applied in the soil surface. In this study we investigate the influence of no-tillage and soil characteristics on the efficiency of a urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT) and a nitrification inhibitor (diciandiamide, DCD) in decreasing ammonia volatilization from urea and ammonium nitrate (AN), respectively.The results indicate that ammonia volatilization in soils amended with urea was significantly higher than in those fertilized with AN. Likewise, the main soil factors affecting ammonia volatilization from urea are clay and sand soil contents. While clay impedes ammonia volatilization, sand favours it. The presence of organic residues on soil surface (no-tillage) tends to increase ammonia volatilization from urea, although this fact depended on soil type. The presence of NBPT in urea fertilizer significantly reduced soil ammonia volatilization. This action of NBPT was negatively affected by acid soil pH and favoured by soil clay content.The presence of organic residues on soil surface amended with urea increased ammonia volatilization, and was particularly high in sandy compared with clay soils. Application of NBPT reduced ammonia volatilization although its efficiency is reduced in acid soils. Concerning AN fertilization, there were no differences in ammonia volatilization with or without DCD in no-tillage soils.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrates", "Plant Stems", "Nitrogen", "Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Hydrogen-Ion Concentration", "Silicon Dioxide", "Nitrification", "Urease", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Organophosphorus Compounds", "Ammonia", "Clay", "Urea", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Aluminum Silicates", "Enzyme Inhibitors", "Volatilization", "Fertilizers", "Humic Substances", "Triticum"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4349"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.4349", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.4349"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-03-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1002/jsfa.4533", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-07-27", "title": "Influence Of Fertilisation Regimes On A Nosz-Containing Denitrifying Community In A Rice Paddy Soil", "description": "AbstractBACKGROUND: Denitrification is a microbial process that has received considerable attention during the past decade since it can result in losses of added nitrogen fertilisers from agricultural soils. Paddy soil has been known to have strong denitrifying activity, but the denitrifying microorganisms responsible for fertilisers in paddy soil are not well known. The objective of this study was to explore the impacts of 17\uffe2\uff80\uff90year application of inorganic and organic fertiliser (rice straw) on the abundance and composition of a nosZ\uffe2\uff80\uff90denitrifier community in paddy soil. Soil samples were collected from CK plots (no fertiliser), N (nitrogen fertiliser), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers) and NPK + OM (NPK plus organic matter). The nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) community composition was analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the abundance was determined by quantitative PCR.
RESULTS: Both the largest abundance of nosZ\uffe2\uff80\uff90denitrifier and the highest potential denitrifying activity (PDA) occurred in the NPK + OM treatment with about four times higher than that in the CK and two times higher than that in the N and NPK treatments (no significant difference). Denitrifying community composition differed significantly among fertilisation treatments except for the comparison between CK and N treatments. Of the measured abiotic factors, total organic carbon was significantly correlated with the observed differences in community composition and abundance (P < 0.01 by Monte Carlo permutation).
CONCLUSION: This study shows that the addition of different fertilisers affects the size and composition of the nosZ\uffe2\uff80\uff90denitrifier community in paddy soil. Copyright \uffc2\uffa9 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "0301 basic medicine", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "0402 animal and dairy science", "Agriculture", "Oryza", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "6. Clean water", "Carbon", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Genes", " Bacterial", "Denitrification", "0405 other agricultural sciences", "Fertilizers", "Oxidoreductases", "Monte Carlo Method", "Polymorphism", " Restriction Fragment Length", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4533"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20the%20Science%20of%20Food%20and%20Agriculture", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1002/jsfa.4533", "name": "item", "description": "10.1002/jsfa.4533", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1002/jsfa.4533"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-07-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00248-011-9897-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:23Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2011-06-29", "title": "Impacts Of Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers On Nitrification In A Cold Climate Soil Are Linked To The Bacterial Ammonia Oxidizer Community", "description": "The microbiology underpinning soil nitrogen cycling in northeast China remains poorly understood. These agricultural systems are typified by widely contrasting temperature, ranging from -40 to 38\u00b0C. In a long-term site in this region, the impacts of mineral and organic fertilizer amendments on potential nitrification rate (PNR) were determined. PNR was found to be suppressed by long-term mineral fertilizer treatment but enhanced by manure treatment. The abundance and structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) communities were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques. The abundance of AOA was reduced by all fertilizer treatments, while the opposite response was measured for AOB, leading to a six- to 60-fold reduction in AOA/AOB ratio. The community structure of AOA exhibited little variation across fertilization treatments, whereas the structure of the AOB community was highly responsive. PNR was correlated with community structure of AOB rather than that of AOA. Variation in the community structure of AOB was linked to soil pH, total carbon, and nitrogen contents induced by different long-term fertilization regimes. The results suggest that manure amendment establishes conditions which select for an AOB community type which recovers mineral fertilizer-suppressed soil nitrification.", "keywords": ["DNA", " Bacterial", "2. Zero hunger", "China", "Bacteria", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Cold Climate", "Archaea", "Nitrification", "6. Clean water", "Genes", " Archaeal", "Soil", "DNA", " Archaeal", "Ammonia", "Genes", " Bacterial", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Fertilizers", "Oxidoreductases", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9897-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Microbial%20Ecology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00248-011-9897-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00248-011-9897-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00248-011-9897-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2011-06-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-012-0752-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:28Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-11-22", "title": "Nitrogen Dynamics Of Anaerobically Digested Slurry Used To Fertilize Paddy Fields", "description": "To determine nitrogen (N) fate and environmental impact of applying anaerobic digestion slurry (ADS) to rice paddy (Oryza sativa L.), a field experiment was established using three treatments based on contrasting N application rate. The ADS (with ammonium-N accounting for >80 % of total N) treatment at a conventional application rate of 270 kg N ha\u22121 was compared to a negative control (no N fertilizer) and a positive control of urea applied at 270 kg N ha\u22121. The N budget showed the following distribution of applied N from ADS and urea: 41.3 \u00b1 5.1 % for ADS and 36.6 \u00b1 4.4 % for urea recovered by the rice plant (including straw, grain, and root), 16.4 \u00b1 3.7 % for ADS and 7.4 \u00b1 1.8 % for urea lost via ammonia volatilization, 0.26 \u00b1 0.15 % for ADS and 0.15 \u00b1 0.12 % for urea lost by direct N2O emission, 1.9 \u00b1 0.5 % for ADS and 2.3 \u00b1 0.8 % for urea leached downward, 0.70 \u00b1 0.15 % for ADS and 0.67 \u00b1 0.12 % for urea discharged with floodwater drainage, and 39.4 \u00b1 8.4 % for ADS and 53.0 \u00b1 9.1 % for urea retained by soil or lost by N2 emission. Compared to urea application, ADS application impacts the environment mainly through gaseous N losses rather than water N losses. ADS application had a positive impact on rice grain yield and reduced chemical fertilizer use. Considering the wide distribution of paddy fields and the ever-increasing quantities of ADS, ADS may serve as a valuable N source for rice cultivation, although mitigating ammonia and N2O losses should be further investigated.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences", "Agronomy & Agriculture", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Ammonia volatilization", "Biological Sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Nitrogen-use efficiency", "6. Clean water", "Anaerobically digested slurry", "Denitrification", "Paddy field", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Zero Hunger", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt3d16p0gn/qt3d16p0gn.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-012-0752-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-012-0752-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-012-0752-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-012-0752-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-11-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s004420050619", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2002-08-25", "title": "Soil Carbon And Nitrogen In A Pine-Oak Sand Plain In Central Massachusetts: Role Of Vegetation And Land-Use History", "description": "Over the last 150 years much of the landscape of eastern North America has been transformed from predominantly agricultural lands to forest. Although cultivation strongly affects important ecosystem processes such as biomass accumulation, soil organic matter dynamics, and nitrogen cycling, recovery of these processes after abandonment is insufficiently understood. We examined soil carbon and nitrogen pools and nitrogen dynamics for 16 plots on a central Massachusetts sand plain, over 80% of which had been cultivated and subsequently abandoned at least 40 years ago. The two youngest old-field forests, located on sites abandoned 40-60 years prior to our sampling, had the lowest mineral soil carbon content (0-15\u2009cm), 31% less than the average of unplowed soils. Soil carbon concentration and loss-on-ignition were significantly higher in unplowed soils than in all plowed soils, but these differences were offset by the higher bulk density in formerly plowed soils, leading to no significant differences in C content between plowed and unplowed soil. Soil C:N ratios were lower in formerly plowed soils (26.2) than in unplowed soils (28.0). While soil N content was not affected by land-use history or vegetation type, net N mineralization showed much greater variation. In situ August net nitrogen mineralization varied nearly 40-fold between stand types: lowest in pitch pine and white pine stands (-0.13 and 0.10\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha-1\u200928\u2009day-1), intermediate in scrub oak stands (0.48\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha-1\u200928\u2009day-1) and highest in aspen and mixed oak stands (1.34-3.11\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha-1\u200928\u2009day-1). Mineralization was more strongly related to present vegetation than to land-use history or soil N content. Appreciable net nitrification was observed only in the most recently abandoned aspen plot (0.82\u2009kg\u2009N\u2009ha-1\u200928\u2009day-1), suggesting that recent disturbance and residual agricultural lime stimulated nitrification. Carbon:nitrogen ratios increased and pH declined with stand age. Higher bulk density, lower loss-on-ignition and C:N ratios, and slightly lower C concentrations in the surface mineral soil are the persistent legacies of agriculture on soil properties. Short-term agricultural use and the low initial C and N concentrations in these sandy soils appear to have resulted in less persistent impacts of agriculture on soil C and N content and N cycling.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "soil-properties", "Forests", "Environmental-Sciences)", "01 natural sciences", "nitrogen", "variation-", "Soil", "Quercus", "soil-nitrogen", "nitrogen-", "cultivation-", "cycling-", "soil-organic-matter", "vegetation-history", "sandy-soils", "soil-carbon", "2. Zero hunger", "7440-44-0: CARBON", "carbon-", "pines-", "Soil-studies", "land-use-history", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "pine-oak-sand-plain", "Chemistry", "North-America", "Nearctic-region)", "Massachusetts", "agricultural-practice", "biomass-production", "trees-", "7727-37-9: Nitrogen", "nitrification-", "United-States", "forests-", "Agricultural ecosystems", "land-use", "Massachusetts- (USA-", "forest-lands", "Nutrient dynamics", "vegetation-type", "USA", "Vegetation", "mineralization-", "15. Life on land", "Pinus", "soil-types", "Terrestrial-Ecology (Ecology-", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "agricultural-land", "ecosystems-"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Campton, Jana E., Boone, Richard D., Motzkin, Glenn, Foster, David R.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050619"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s004420050619", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s004420050619", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s004420050619"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "1998-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-03-18", "title": "Biochar Alters Nitrogen Transformations But Has Minimal Effects On Nitrous Oxide Emissions In An Organically Managed Lettuce Mesocosm", "description": "Open AccessISSN:1432-0789", "keywords": ["Functional gene abundance", "2. Zero hunger", "Mineralization", "Organic farming", "13. Climate action", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Lettuce", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Mineralization; Nitrification; Functional gene abundance; Lettuce; Organic farming; Greenhouse gas emissions"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biology%20and%20Fertility%20of%20Soils", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00374-015-1004-5"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-03-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-005-0085-7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2006-03-20", "title": "Microbial Cycling Of C And N In Northern Hardwood Forests Receiving Chronic Atmospheric No3- Deposition", "description": "Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)-dominated northern hardwood forests in the upper Lakes States region appear to be particularly sensitive to chronic atmospheric NO 3 \u2212 deposition. Experimental NO 3 \u2212 deposition (3 g NO 3 \u2212 N m\u22122 y\u22121) has significantly reduced soil respiration and increased the export of DOC/DON and NO 3 \u2212 across the region. Here, we evaluate the possibility that diminished microbial activity in mineral soil was responsible for these ecosystem-level responses to NO 3 \u2212 deposition. To test this alternative, we measured microbial biomass, respiration, and N transformations in the mineral soil of four northern hardwood stands that have received 9 years of experimental NO 3 \u2212 deposition. Microbial biomass, microbial respiration, and daily rates of gross and net N transformations were not changed by NO 3 \u2212 deposition. We also observed no effect of NO 3 \u2212 deposition on annual rates of net N mineralization. However, NO 3 \u2212 deposition significantly increased (27%) annual net nitrification, a response that resulted from rapid microbial NO 3 \u2212 assimilation, the subsequent turnover of NH 4 + , and increased substrate availability for this process. Nonetheless, greater rates of net nitrification were insufficient to produce the 10-fold observed increase in NO 3 \u2212 export, suggesting that much of the exported NO 3 \u2212 resulted directly from the NO 3 \u2212 deposition treatment. Results suggest that declines in soil respiration and increases in DOC/DON export cannot be attributed to NO 3 \u2212 -induced physiological changes in mineral soil microbial activity. Given the lack of response we have observed in mineral soil, our results point to the potential importance of microbial communities in forest floor, including both saprotrophs and mycorrhizae, in mediating ecosystem-level responses to chronic NO 3 \u2212 deposition in Lake States northern hardwood forests.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Ecology", "Science", "Plant Sciences", "Soil C and N Cycling", "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "Life Sciences", "Natural Resources and Environment", "Nature Conservation", "Northern Hardwood Forests", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Microbial Respiration", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental Management", "N Mineralization", "Geoecology/Natural Processes", "13. Climate action", "Atmospheric NO 3 \u2212 Deposition", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Zoology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0085-7"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-005-0085-7", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-005-0085-7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-005-0085-7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2006-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-012-2484-8", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-12-27", "title": "Herbivore Trampling As An Alternative Pathway For Explaining Differences In Nitrogen Mineralization In Moist Grasslands", "description": "Studies addressing the role of large herbivores on nitrogen cycling in grasslands have suggested that the direction of effects depends on soil fertility. Via selection for high quality plant species and input of dung and urine, large herbivores have been shown to speed up nitrogen cycling in fertile grassland soils while slowing down nitrogen cycling in unfertile soils. However, recent studies show that large herbivores can reduce nitrogen mineralization in some temperate fertile soils, but not in others. To explain this, we hypothesize that large herbivores can reduce nitrogen mineralization in loamy or clay soils through soil compaction, but not in sandy soils. Especially under wet conditions, strong compaction in clay soils can lead to periods of soil anoxia, which reduces decomposition of soil organic matter and, hence, N mineralization. In this study, we use a long-term (37-year) field experiment on a salt marsh to investigate the hypothesis that the effect of large herbivores on nitrogen mineralization depends on soil texture. Our results confirm that the presence of large herbivores decreased nitrogen mineralization rate in a clay soil, but not in a sandy soil. By comparing a hand-mown treatment with a herbivore-grazed treatment, we show that these differences can be attributed to herbivore-induced changes in soil physical properties rather than to above-ground biomass removal. On clay soil, we find that large herbivores increase the soil water-filled porosity, induce more negative soil redox potentials, reduce soil macrofauna abundance, and reduce decomposition activity. On sandy soil, we observe no changes in these variables in response to grazing. We conclude that effects of large herbivores on nitrogen mineralization cannot be understood without taking soil texture, soil moisture, and feedbacks through soil macrofauna into account.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "IMPACT", "Nitrogen", "01 natural sciences", "Soil fauna", "COMPACTION", "Soil", "SOIL PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES", "SALT-MARSH", "Large herbivores", "Soil texture", "Animals", "Biomass", "Herbivory", "Soil compaction", "Ecosystem", "2. Zero hunger", "UNGULATE", "national", "Water", "DENITRIFICATION", "Nitrogen Cycle", "15. Life on land", "N cycling", "YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK", "PLANT-GROWTH", "13. Climate action", "ECOSYSTEM", "Clay", "Aluminum Silicates", "Soil moisture", "BAIT-LAMINA TEST"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-012-2484-8"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-012-2484-8", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-012-2484-8", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-012-2484-8"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-12-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s00442-014-2906-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:33Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-02-18", "title": "Stand-Replacing Wildfires Increase Nitrification For Decades In Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Forests", "description": "Stand-replacing wildfires are a novel disturbance within ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests of the southwestern United States, and they can convert forests to grasslands or shrublands for decades. While most research shows that soil inorganic N pools and fluxes return to pre-fire levels within a few years, we wondered if vegetation conversion (ponderosa pine to bunchgrass) following stand-replacing fires might be accompanied by a long-term shift in N cycling processes. Using a 34-year stand-replacing wildfire chronosequence with paired, adjacent unburned patches, we examined the long-term dynamics of net and gross nitrogen (N) transformations. We hypothesized that N availability in burned patches would become more similar to those in unburned patches over time after fire as these areas become re-vegetated. Burned patches had higher net and gross nitrification rates than unburned patches (P < 0.01 for both), and nitrification accounted for a greater proportion of N mineralization in burned patches for both net (P < 0.01) and gross (P < 0.04) N transformation measurements. However, trends with time-after-fire were not observed for any other variables. Our findings contrast with previous work, which suggested that high nitrification rates are a short-term response to disturbance. Furthermore, high nitrification rates at our site were not simply correlated with the presence of herbaceous vegetation. Instead, we suggest that stand-replacing wildfire triggers a shift in N cycling that is maintained for at least three decades by various factors, including a shift from a woody to an herbaceous ecosystem and the presence of fire-deposited charcoal.", "keywords": ["Ecology", "Pinus ponderosa Laws", "Nitrogen", "N mineralization", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Fires", "Pinus ponderosa", "Trees", "Soil", "13. Climate action", "Northern Arizona", "N-15 isotope pool dilution", "Southwestern United States", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Ecosystem"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt9n54f0h7/qt9n54f0h7.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2906-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Oecologia", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s00442-014-2906-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s00442-014-2906-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s00442-014-2906-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-19T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10021-010-9341-6", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:36Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-05-27", "title": "Size Of Precipitation Pulses Controls Nitrogen Transformation And Losses In An Arid Patagonian Ecosystem", "description": "Arid ecosystems receive precipitation pulses of different sizes that may differentially affect nitrogen (N) losses and N turnover during the growing season. We designed a rainfall manipulation experiment in the Patagonian steppe, southern Argentina, where we simulated different precipitation patterns by adding the same amount of water in evenly spaced three-small rainfall events or in one-single large rainfall event, three times during a growing season. We measured the effect of the size of rainfall pulses on N mineralization and N losses by denitrification, ammonia volatilization, and nitrate and ammonia leaching. Irrigation pulses stimulated N mineralization (P < 0.05), with small and frequent pulses showing higher responses than large pulses (P < 0.10). Irrigation effects were transient and did not result in changes in seasonal net N mineralization suggesting a long-term substrate limitation. Water pulses stimulated gaseous N losses by denitrification, with large pulses showing higher responses than small pulses (P < 0.05), but did not stimulate ammonia volatilization. Nitrate leaching also was higher after large than after small precipitation events (P < 0.05). Small events produced higher N transformations and lower N losses by denitrification and nitrate leaching than large events, which would produce higher N availability for plant growth. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation events and the proportion of large to small rainfall events. Our results suggest that these changes would result in reduced N availability and a competitive advantage for deep-rooted species that prefer nitrate over ammonia. Similarly, the ammonium:nitrate ratio might decrease because large events foster nitrate losses but not ammonium losses.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Ammonia Volatilization", "Precipitation Pulses", "Arid Ecosystems", "Patagonian Steppe", "Nitrate Leaching", "Soil Inorganic N", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "Net N Mineralization", "13. Climate action", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1", "Nitrogen-Water Interactions", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9341-6"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Ecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10021-010-9341-6", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10021-010-9341-6", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10021-010-9341-6"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-05-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10457-015-9845-3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-09-12", "title": "The Introduction Of Hybrid Walnut Trees (Juglans Nigra X Regia Cv. Ng23) Into Cropland Reduces Soil Mineral N Content In Autumn In Southern France", "description": "The introduction of trees in cropland may be a way to improve the mineral nitrogen (N) use efficiency since tree roots can intercept N leached below the crop rooting zone and recycle it as organic N. The aim of this study was to determine soil mineral N (SMN) and total N (STN) contents after 14 years of hybrid walnut tree growth in an agroforestry system. Soil cores were collected and analyses in mid-autumn 2009, in intercropped agroforestry (AF), pure tree (FC) and sole crop control (CC) plots. The SMN was significantly reduced in AF compared to CC (64, 58 and 51 % of reduction at 0.2, 1 and 2 m depth respectively). In the top 1 m of soil, the stock of SMN was 77.7 kg N ha\u22121 in CC versus 32.8 kg N ha\u22121 in AF. Trees in AF developed deeper fine roots than in FC, likely involved in the reduction of SMN when compared to CC. Despite this quantitative reduction, trees also progressively modified the form of mineral N in soil by decreasing the percentage of nitrate (NO3 \u2212) in SMN, particularly in FC compared to CC, while AF was intermediate. The STN was not significantly different between AF and CC; but was higher in FC in the top soil, probably due to weeds and superficial tree root biomasses. Our results suggest that the introduction of hybrid walnut trees into cropland may be an efficient practice to reduce the potentially leachable N by winter rainfall.", "keywords": ["[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "[SDV.SA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences", "571", "potential net N mineralization and nitrification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "hybrid walnut trees", "soil mineral", "N Total", "agroforestry systems", "[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "[SDV.BV] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-015-9845-3"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agroforestry%20Systems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10457-015-9845-3", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10457-015-9845-3", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10457-015-9845-3"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-09-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s10705-007-9091-9", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:48Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-02-23", "title": "Effects Of Fertiliser Type And The Presence Or Absence Of Plants On Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Irrigated Soils", "description": "Open AccessPeer reviewed", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N20 emission", "Municipal solid waste", "Composts", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "Denitrification losses", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Pig slurry", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-007-9091-9"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Nutrient%20Cycling%20in%20Agroecosystems", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s10705-007-9091-9", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s10705-007-9091-9", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s10705-007-9091-9"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2007-02-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:25Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2014-03-15", "title": "Biochar Does Not Affect Soil N-Transformations Or Microbial Community Structure Under Ruminant Urine Patches But Does Alter Relative Proportions Of Nitrogen Cycling Bacteria", "description": "Abstract Nitrogen (N) cycling, especially denitrification, can be significantly altered when biochar is used as a soil conditioner. These alterations in N-cycling have been attributed to a combination of physicochemical change, alterations in microbial community ecology and pervading climatic conditions. This study investigated seasonal bacterial community change over two years in combination with a short-term winter study of N-transformations under bovine urine patches. A silt-loam pastoral soil in Canterbury, New Zealand was amended with either 0, 15 or 30\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 of Pinus radiata biochar (pyrolysed at \u223c450\u00a0\u00b0C) and bovine urine was added to patches within the 0 and 30\u00a0t\u00a0ha \u22121 biochar amended plots (designated as 0\u00a0U and 30\u00a0U treatments, where U indicates \u2018urine\u2019). No discernible differences in bacterial community structure were observed during the two year study or the short term N-transformation study when comparing non-amended and biochar-amended soil. Differences in bacterial community structure were only evident when comparing seasons, with data pertaining to each season from successive years clustering together. During the short-term N-transformation study, bacterial communities formed 3 distinct clusters corresponding to elevated levels of urine derived NH 4 + -N (days 0\u201310), increases in NO 3 \u2212 -N and N 2 O (days 10\u201322) and a decline in NO 3 \u2212 -N and N 2 O (day 20 onward). Biochar amendment did increase the relative abundance of up to 50% of individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs or \u2018species\u2019), including key nitrite oxidisers and nitrate reducers. Biochar amendment did not affect the concentrations of inorganic-N compounds. The nir S (nitrite reductase) gene became elevated in the 30\u00a0U treatment relative to the 0\u00a0U treatment \u223c10 days after the initial urine application. The nos Z (nitrous oxide reductase) gene became elevated in the 30\u00a0U plots during the latter part of the experiment. Conclusions: \u2022 Biochar did not have a significant impact on the microbial community structure in pastoral soil over the course of two years. \u2022 The relative proportion of nitrifiers and denitrifiers increased in biochar amended soils subjected to large influxes of urine derived N. \u2022 Differences in N-transformation dynamics in the presence of biochar during the winter months were not statistically significant.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "N\u2082O emissions", "570", "denitrification", "bovine urine", "silt-loam soil", "ANZSRC::30 Agricultural", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "soil microbial ecology", "winter", "nitrification", "630", "6. Clean water", "veterinary and food sciences", "T-RFLP", "new generation sequencing", "13. Climate action", "ANZSRC::41 Environmental sciences", "XXXXXX - Unknown", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "biochar", "ANZSRC::44 Human society"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Timothy J. Clough, Kelly Hamonts, Leo M. Condron, Craig Anderson, Craig Anderson,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Agriculture%2C%20Ecosystems%20%26amp%3B%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.agee.2014.02.021"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-012-1248-x", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:14:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-04", "title": "Effects Of Simulated Drought And Nitrogen Fertilizer On Plant Productivity And Nitrous Oxide (N2o) Emissions Of Two Pastures", "description": "Open AccessISSN:0032-079X", "keywords": ["Soil acidity", "Drought", "Soil microbial C and N", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Grassland", "Nitrification", "10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies", "Grazing", "Greenhouse gases", "Summer drought", "13. Climate action", "1110 Plant Science", "Denitrification", "570 Life sciences; biology", "590 Animals (Zoology)", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Compensatory growth; Denitrification; Drought; Grassland; Grazing; Greenhouse gases; Soil microbial C and N; Soil acidity; Nitrification; Summer drought", "Compensatory growth", "1111 Soil Science"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1248-x"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Plant%20and%20Soil", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1007/s11104-012-1248-x", "name": "item", "description": "10.1007/s11104-012-1248-x", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1007/s11104-012-1248-x"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-05-05T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1007/s11104-022-05508-z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:15:03Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-22", "title": "Harnessing belowground processes for sustainable intensification of agricultural systems", "description": "AbstractIncreasing food demand coupled with climate change pose a great challenge to agricultural systems. In this review we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of how plants, together with their associated microbiota, shape rhizosphere processes. We address (molecular) mechanisms operating at the plant\uffe2\uff80\uff93microbe-soil interface and aim to link this knowledge with actual and potential avenues for intensifying agricultural systems, while at the same time reducing irrigation water, fertilizer inputs and pesticide use. Combining in-depth knowledge about above and belowground plant traits will not only significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of involved processes but also allow for more informed decisions regarding agricultural practices and plant breeding. Including belowground plant-soil-microbe interactions in our breeding efforts will help to select crops resilient to abiotic and biotic environmental stresses and ultimately enable us to produce sufficient food in a more sustainable agriculture in the upcoming decades. inhibitors > fertigation. Comparing conventional management practices, CAN significantly decreased emissions of N oxides compared with urea, but this effect was only observed in the second maize cropping season. The moisture distribution pattern in drip plots (dry and wet areas) caused a reduction of CH4 sink (only in one of the two seasons) and respiration fluxes, in comparison to sprinkler. This study shows that the use of the new nitrification inhibitor DMPSA and drip-fertigation should be promoted in irrigated maize agro-ecosystems, in order to mitigate emissions of N oxides without penalizing grain yield and leading to similar or enhanced biomass production.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "GHG emission", "571", "Agricultura", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "Nitrification inhibitor DMPSA", "6. Clean water", "Fertigation", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Nitric oxide emission", "Urease inhibitor NBPT", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Field%20Crops%20Research", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.01.009"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.014", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:14Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2009-03-23", "title": "Soil N Cycling In Old-Growth Forests Across An Andosol Toposequence In Ecuador", "description": "Abstract Nitrogen (N) deposition in the tropics is predicted to increase drastically in the next decades. The sparse information on N cycling in tropical forests revealed that the soil N status of an ecosystem is the key to analyze its reactions to projected increase in N input. Our study was aimed at (1) comparing the soil N availability of forest sites across an Ecuadorian Andosol toposequence by quantifying gross rates of soil N cycling in situ, and (2) determining the factors controlling the differences in soil N cycling across sites. The toposequence was represented by five old-growth forest sites with elevations ranging from 300\u00a0m to 1500\u00a0m. Our results provide general insights into the role of elevation-mediated factors (i.e. degree of soil development and temperature) in driving patterns of soil N cycling. Gross rates of N transformations, microbial N turnover time, and \u03b415N signatures in soil and leaf litter decreased with increasing elevation, signifying a decreasing N availability across the toposequence. This was paralleled by a decreasing degree of soil development with increasing elevation, as indicated by declining clay contents, total C, total N, effective cation exchange capacity and increasing base saturation. Soil N-cycling rates and \u03b415N signatures were highly correlated with mean annual temperature but not with mean annual rainfall and soil moisture which did not systematically vary across the toposequence. Microbial immobilization was the largest fate of produced NH4+ across all sites, and nitrification activity was only 5\u201311% of gross NH4+ production. We observed a fast reaction of NO3\u2212 to organic N and its role for N retention deserves further attention. If projected increase in N deposition will occur, the timing and magnitude of gaseous N losses may follow the pattern of N availability across this Andosol toposequence.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15N pool dilution technique; Gross N mineralization; NH4+ consumption; Nitrification; Soil and leaf litter; \u03b415N; Tropical forests", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.014"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Forest%20Ecology%20and%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.014", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.014", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.014"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2009-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2010-01-10", "title": "Interactions Between Residue Placement And Earthworm Ecological Strategy Affect Aggregate Turnover And N2o Dynamics In Agricultural Soil", "description": "Previous laboratory studies using epigeic and anecic earthworms have shown that earthworm activity can considerably increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from crop residues in soils. However, the universality of this effect across earthworm functional groups and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were (i) to determine whether earthworms with an endogeic strategy also affect N2O emissions; (ii) to quantify possible interactions with epigeic earthworms; and (iii) to link these effects to earthworm-induced differences in selected soil properties. We initiated a 90-day 15N-tracer mesocosm study with the endogeic earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny) and the epigeic species Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister). 15N-labeled radish (Raphanus sativus cv. Adagio L.) residue was placed on top or incorporated into the loamy (Fluvaquent) soil. When residue was incorporated, only A. caliginosa significantly (p <0.01) increased cumulative N2O emissions from 1350 to 2223 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1 soil, with a corresponding increase in the turnover rate of macroaggregates. When residue was applied on top, L. rubellus significantly (p <0.001) increased emissions from 524 to 929 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1, and a significant (p <0.05) interaction between the two earthworm species increased emissions to 1397 \u00b5g N2O\u2013N kg-1. These effects coincided with an 84% increase in incorporation of residue 15N into the microaggregate fraction by A. caliginosa (p = 0.003) and an 85% increase in incorporation into the macroaggregate fraction by L. rubellus (p = 0.018). Cumulative CO2 fluxes were only significantly increased by earthworm activity (from 473.9 to 593.6 mg CO2\u2013C kg-1 soil; p = 0.037) in the presence of L. rubellus when residue was applied on top. We conclude that earthworm-induced N2O emissions reflect earthworm feeding strategies: epigeic earthworms can increase N2O emissions when residue is applied on top; endogeic earthworms when residue is incorporated into the soil by humans (tillage) or by other earthworm species. The effects of residue placement and earthworm addition are accompanied by changes in aggregate and SOM turnover, possibly controlling carbon, nitrogen and oxygen availability and therefore denitrification. Our results contribute to understanding the important but intricate relations between (functional) soil biodiversity and the soil greenhouse gas balance. Further research should focus on elucidating the links between the observed changes in soil aggregation and controls on denitrification, including the microbial community", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "2. Zero hunger", "crop residues", "denitrification", "ecosystem engineers", "casts", "no-tillage agroecosystems", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "carbon-dioxide", "01 natural sciences", "630", "13. Climate action", "systems", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "nitrous-oxide fluxes", "management", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.015"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2010-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:52Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2012-05-03", "title": "Ammonia Volatilization Losses From Surface-Applied Urea With Urease And Nitrification Inhibitors", "description": "Abstract Urease inhibitor (UI) and nitrification inhibitor (NI) have the potential to improve N-use efficiency of applied urea and minimize N losses via gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) to the atmosphere and nitrate ( NO 3 \u2212 ) leaching into surface and ground water bodies. There is a growing interest in the formulations of coating chemical fertilizers with both UI and NI. However, limited information is available on the combined use of UI and NI applied with urea fertilizer. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of treating urea with both UI and NI to minimize NH3 volatilization. Two experiments were set up in volatilization chambers under controlled conditions to examine this process. In the first experiment, UR was treated with the urease inhibitor NBPT [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric acid triamide] at a rate of 1060\u00a0mg\u00a0kg\u22121 urea and/or with the nitrification inhibitor DCD (dicyandiamide) at rates equivalent to 5 or 10% of the urea N. A randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replicates was used: 1) UR, 2) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT, 3) UR\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%, 4) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 5%, and 5) UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT\u00a0+\u00a0DCD 10%. The fertilizer treatments were applied to the surface of an acidic Red Latosol soil moistened to 60% of the maximum water retention and placed inside volatilization chambers. Controls chambers were added to allow for NH3 volatilized from unfertilized soil or contained in the air that swept over the soil surface. The second experiment had an additional treatment with surface-applied DCD. The chambers were glass vessels (1.5\u00a0L) fit with air inlet and outlet tubings to allow air to pass over the soil. Ammonia volatilized was swept and carried to a flask containing a boric acid solution to trap the gas and then measured daily by titration with a standardized H2SO4 solution. Continuous measurements were recorded for 19 and 23 days for the first and second experiment, respectively. The soil samples were then analyzed for UR\u2013, NH 4 + \u2013 , and NO 3 \u2212 \u2013 N . Losses of NH3 by volatilization with unamended UR ranged from 28 to 37% of the applied N, with peak of losses observed the third day after fertilization. NBPT delayed the peak of NH3 losses due to urease inhibition and reduced NH3 volatilization between 54 and 78% when compared with untreated UR. Up to 10 days after the fertilizer application, NH3 losses had not been affected by DCD in the UR or the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments; thereafter, NH3 volatilization tended to decrease, but not when DCD was present. As a consequence, the addition of DCD caused a 5\u201316% increase in NH3 volatilization losses of the fertilizer N applied as UR from both the UR and the UR\u00a0+\u00a0NBPT treatments. Because the effectiveness of NBPT to inhibit soil urease activity was strong only in the first week, it could be concluded that DCD did not affect the action of NBPT but rather, enhanced volatilization losses by maintaining higher soil NH 4 + concentration and pH for a longer time. Depending on the combination of factors influencing NH3 volatilization, DCD could even offset the beneficial effect of NBPT in reducing NH3 volatilization losses.", "keywords": ["soil chemistry", "Urease inhibitors", "Surface treatment", "nutrient use efficiency", "Ammonia volatilization", "01 natural sciences", "630", "Ammonia", "Oxidation", "DCD", "Urea", "Urea fertilizers", "Fertilizers", "volatilization", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "soil surface", "coating", "fertilizer application", "Urease inhibitor", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Nitrification inhibitor", "Nitrification", "Inorganic acids", "6. Clean water", "enzyme activity", "inhibitor", "pH effects", "Metabolism", "NBPT", "Denitrification", "Leaching", "Soils", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Experiments", "Stabilized fertilizer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Soil%20Biology%20and%20Biochemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.04.019"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2012-09-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103797", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-03-18", "title": "Dynamics of nitrous oxide with depth in groundwater: Insights from ambient groundwater and laboratory incubation experiments (Hesbaye chalk aquifer, Belgium)", "description": "Aquifers under agricultural areas are considered to be an indirect source of nitrous oxide emission (N2O) to the atmosphere, which is the greenhouse gas (GHGs) characterized with the highest global warning potential and acts as a stratospheric ozone depletion agent. Previous investigations performed in the Cretaceous Hesbaye chalk aquifer in Eastern Belgium suggested that the dynamics of N2O in the aquifer is controlled by overlapping biochemical processes such as nitrification and denitrification. The current study aims to obtain better insight concerning the factors controlling the distribution of N2O concentration along a vertical dimension in the aquifer, and to capture and quantify the occurrence of nitrification and denitrification processes in the groundwater system. Low-flow groundwater sampling technique was undertaken at different depths in the aquifer to collect groundwater samples aiming at obtaining information about ambient aquifer hydrogeochemical conditions and their effect on the accumulation of GHGs. Afterwards, laboratory stable isotope experiments, using NO3- and NH4+ compounds labeled with heavy 15N isotope, were applied to quantify the rates of nitrification and denitrification processes. Ambient studies suggest that the occurrence of N transformation was related to denitrification while laboratory incubation experiments did not detect it. Such controversial results might be explained by the discrepancy between real aquifer conditions and lab design studies. Thus, additional in situ tracer experiments should be carried out in areas where natural groundwater fluxes do not flush the injected tracer too rapidly. In addition, it would be useful to conduct microbiological studies to obtain better insight into the nature of subsurface biofilm biotope.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Nitrous Oxide", "N stable isotope analysis", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "Low-flow sampling", "6. Clean water", "Calcium Carbonate", "Greenhouse gases", "Belgium", "13. Climate action", "Denitrification", "Laboratories", "Groundwater", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103797"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Contaminant%20Hydrology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103797", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103797", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103797"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.003", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:22Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-09-20", "title": "The Effects Of N And P Additions On Microbial N Transformations And Biomass On Saline-Alkaline Grassland Of Loess Plateau Of Northern China", "description": "AbstractMicrobial nutrient transformation plays an important role in regulating nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil N and P contents also control microbial nutrient transformations. However, there is still dispute on how N and P additions affect microbial activity and N transformations. A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of N and P on microbial N transformations and biomass in saline-alkaline grassland in Loess Plateau of northern China during growing season in 2009. N was added at a rate of 10gNm\u22122 y\u22121 in the form of NH4NO3. P was added at a rate of 5g P m\u22122 y\u22121 in the form of P2O5\u2212. We measured the in situ net ammonification rate (Ramm), and nitrification rate (Rnit) once a month from May to October; we also measured potential soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and potential microbial respiration (MR) once a month in laboratory.ResultsDuring the whole growing seasons, P addition significantly stimulated soil inorganic N pool, soil extractable C, soil extractable N pool, Rmin, and the metabolic quotient (qCO2) from the estimates of microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon, and there was no effect on peak aboveground biomass, MBC, MBN and MR during the whole growing seasons in 2009. N addition significantly increased peak aboveground biomass, inorganic N pool, Rmin, MBN, MR, and qCO2, decreased soil extractable C and the ratio of MBC/MBN, and there was no effect on soil extractable N and MBC during the growing season in 2009. P addition increased the soil net N mineralization rate and N addition not only increased the soil net N mineralization rate but also increased microbial biomass N. We observed that P induced a decreased soil inorganic N pool, but N addition directly increased soil inorganic N pool, how to balance the quantity of N and P additions in agriculture system is an important technique in agriculture harvest in the future in Loess Plateau of Northern China.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "4. Education", "Microbial biomass", "N mineralization", "Soil Science", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Microbial respiration", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Saline\u2013alkaline soil", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Zhu Feng, Dong Kuanhu, Zhao Xiang, Wang Changhui,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.003"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.003", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.003", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.08.003"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2022-06-22", "title": "Integrated organic and inorganic fertilization and reduced irrigation altered prokaryotic microbial community and diversity in different compartments of wheat root zone contributing to improved nitrogen uptake and wheat yield", "description": "Open AccessThe effect of long-term water and integrated fertilization on prokaryotic microorganisms and their regulation for crop nutrient uptake remains unknown. Therefore, the impact of soil water and integrated fertilization after eight years on prokaryotic microbial communities in different compartments of root zone and their association with wheat nitrogen (N) absorption and yield were investigated. The results showed that compared with fertilization treatments (F), water regimes (W) more drastically modulated the prokaryotic microbial community structure and diversity in bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere. The increase of irrigation improved the prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere and endosphere while decreased the diversity in the bulk soil. Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents, increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversity, and elevated the relative abundance of aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification-related functional microorganisms in rhizosphere and endosphere. Increasing irrigation elevated the relative abundance of functional microorganisms related to aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification in the rhizosphere and endosphere. Soil water content (SWC) and NH4+-N as well as NO3\u2212-N were key predictors of prokaryotic microbial community composition under W and F treatments, respectively. Appropriate application of irrigation and organic fertilizers increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacterium. Water and fertilization treatments regulated the prokaryotic microbial communities of bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere by altering SWC and SOM, and provided evidence for the modulation of prokaryotic microorganisms to promote nitrogen uptake and wheat yield under long-term irrigation and fertilization. Conclusively, the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content, improved prokaryotic diversity, and changed prokaryotic microbial community structure in the wheat root zone, resulting in enhanced nutrient uptake and wheat yield.", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Yield", "Microorganism", "Microbial population biology", "Nitrogen", "Soil Science", "Organic chemistry", "Plant Science", "01 natural sciences", "Environmental science", "Agricultural and Biological Sciences", "Soil", "Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes", "Soil water", "Genetics", "Fertilizers", "Biology", "Irrigation", "Soil Microbiology", "Triticum", "2. Zero hunger", "Soil organic matter", "Soil Fertility", "Physicochemical factors", "Ecology", "Bacteria", "Microbiota", "Marine Microbial Diversity and Biogeography", "Water", "Life Sciences", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "Nitrification", "Agronomy", "6. Clean water", "Chemistry", "Human fertilization", "13. Climate action", "Fertilization", "FOS: Biological sciences", "Environmental Science", "Physical Sciences", "Rhizosphere", "Bulk soil", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Prokaryotic microorganisms", "Endosphere", "Soil Carbon Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems", "Nutrient"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156952"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-10-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.064", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-02-05", "title": "Elemental sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification and denitritation: microbially catalyzed sulfur hydrolysis and nitrogen conversions", "description": "The hydrolysis of elemental sulfur (S0) coupled to S0-based denitrification and denitritation was investigated in batch bioassays by microbiological and modeling approaches. In the denitrification experiments, the highest obtained NO3--N removal rate was 20.9\u202fmg/l\u00b7d. In the experiments with the biomass enriched on NO2-, a NO2--N removal rate of 10.7\u202fmg/l\u00b7d was achieved even at a NO2--N concentration as high as 240\u202fmg/l. The Helicobacteraceae family was only observed in the biofilm attached onto the chemically-synthesized S0 particles with a relative abundance up to 37.1%, suggesting it was the hydrolytic biomass capable of S0 solubilization in the novel surface-based model. S0-driven denitrification was modeled as a two-step process in order to explicitly account for the sequential reduction of NO3- to NO2- and then to N2 by denitrifying bacteria.", "keywords": ["Surface-based hydrolysis", "Autotrophic Processes", "Autotrophic denitrification; Autotrophic denitritation; Community structure; Elemental sulfur; Mathematical modeling; Surface-based hydrolysis", "Elemental sulfur", "Nitrates", "Nitrogen", "Hydrolysis", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Autotrophic denitrification", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Community structure", "Bioreactors", "Autotrophic denitritation", "Denitrification", "Autotrophic denitrification; Autotrophic denitritation; Elemental sulfur; Community structure; Surface-based hydrolysis; Mathematical modeling", "Mathematical modeling", "14. Life underwater", "Sulfur", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.iris.unina.it/bitstream/11588/698214/5/anastasiia%20JEMA.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.064"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Environmental%20Management", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.064", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.064", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.064"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.062", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-12-18", "title": "H2S removal and microbial community composition in an anoxic biotrickling filter under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions", "description": "Removal of H2S from gas streams using NO3--containing synthetic wastewater was investigated in an anoxic biotrickling filter (BTF) at feed N/S ratios of 1.2-1.7\u2009mol mol-1 with an empty bed residence time of 3.5\u2009min and a hydraulic retention time of 115\u2009min. During 108 days of operation under autotrophic conditions, the BTF showed a maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 19.2\u2009g S m-3\u2009h-1 and H2S removal efficiency (RE) >99%. When the BTF was operated under mixotrophic conditions by adding organic carbon (10.2\u2009g acetate m-3\u2009h-1) to the synthetic wastewater, the H2S EC decreased from 16.4 to 13.1\u2009g S m-3\u2009h-1, while the NO3- EC increased from 9.9 to 11.1\u2009g NO3--N m-3\u2009h-1, respectively. Thiobacillus sp. (98-100% similarity) was the only sulfur-oxidizing nitrate-reducing bacterium detected in the BTF biofilm, while the increased abundance of heterotrophic denitrifiers, i.e. Brevundimonas sp. and Rhodocyclales, increased the N/S ratio during BTF operation. Residence time distribution tests showed that biomass accumulation during BTF operation reduced gas and liquid retention times by 17.1% and 83.5%, respectively.", "keywords": ["570", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrates", "550", "Bacteria", "Microbiota", "116 Chemical sciences", "116", "Waste Disposal", " Fluid", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Bioreactors", "Denitrification", "Hydrogen Sulfide", "Filtration", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.062"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.062", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.062", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.062"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122438", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:32Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-02", "title": "Degradation and transformation on nitrated nonylphenol isomers in activated sludge under nitrifying and heterotrophic conditions", "description": "Nitrated nonylphenols (2-nitro-nonylphenols, NNPs) are metabolites of the endocrine-disrupter nonylphenols (NPs). While they have been detected in the environment, their fate in activated sludge has yet to be determined. In this study, we used synthesized NNP isomers and a 14C-tracer technique to study the degradation and transformation of four NNP isomers (NNP111, NNP112, NNP38, and NNP65) in nitrifying activated sludge (NAS) and heterotrophic bacteria-enhanced activated sludge (HAS). Our results showed that the degradation of NNPs in both NAS and HAS was isomer-specific. The half-lives of the NNPs decreased in the order: NNP111 > NNP112 > NNP38 > NNP65. After 36 days of incubation, 9.48 % and 4.01 % of the 14C-NNP111 was mineralized in NAS and HAS, respectively. In addition to mineralization, five metabolites of NNPs containing hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl substituents on the alkyl chains were formed in NAS but not in HAS. The transformation of NNPs differed in NAS and HAS, mainly due to the differences in their microbial communities and the activities thereof in NAS and HAS. This is the first study of the isomer-specific fate of NNP isomers in activated sludge. Future studies should assess the toxicity, stability and potential risks of NNP metabolites in the environment.", "keywords": ["Biodegradation", " Environmental", "Isomerism", "Phenols", "Sewage", "11. Sustainability", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Endocrine Disruptors", "Nitrification", "01 natural sciences", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "6. Clean water", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122438"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Journal%20of%20Hazardous%20Materials", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122438", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122438", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122438"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-07-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150433", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:43Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-09-20", "title": "Electrochemical water softening as pretreatment for nitrate electro bioremediation", "description": "Open AccessThe dataset contains the raw data of the figures and tables reported in the open access publication 'Ceballos-Escalera, A., Pous, N., Balaguer, M.D., Puig, S., 2022. Electrochemical water softening as pretreatment for nitrate electro bioremediation. Sci. Total Environ. 806, 150433. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.150433'.", "keywords": ["Nitrate-contaminated groundwater; Hardness removal; Denitrifying bioelectrochemical system; Polarity reversal", "Nitrates", "02 engineering and technology", "Bioremediaci\u00f3", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "12. Responsible consumption", "Bioelectrochemistry", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "Water Softening", "Aig\u00fces subterr\u00e0nies -- Contaminaci\u00f3", "Denitrification", "Groundwater -- Pollution", "Desnitrificaci\u00f3", "0210 nano-technology", "Groundwater", "Bioremediation", "Water Pollutants", " Chemical", "Bioelectroqu\u00edmica", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150433"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150433", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150433", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150433"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10451/51022", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:23:56Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-10-10", "title": "Nitric Oxide Accumulation: The Evolutionary Trigger for Phytopathogenesis", "description": "Many publications highlight the importance of nitric oxide (NO) in plant-bacteria interactions, either in the promotion of health and plant growth or in pathogenesis. However, the role of NO in the signaling between bacteria and plants and in the fate of their interaction, as well as the reconstruction of their interactive evolution, remains largely unknown. Despite the complexity of the evolution of life on Earth, we explore the hypothesis that denitrification and aerobic respiration were responsible for local NO accumulation, which triggered primordial antagonistic biotic interactions, namely the first phytopathogenic interactions. N-oxides, including NO, could globally accumulate via lightning synthesis in the early anoxic ocean and constitute pools for the evolution of denitrification, considered an early step of the biological nitrogen cycle. Interestingly, a common evolution may be proposed for components of denitrification and aerobic respiration pathways, namely for NO and oxygen reductases, a theory compatible with the presence of low amounts of oxygen before the great oxygenation event (GOE), which was generated by Cyanobacteria. During GOE, the increase in oxygen caused the decrease of Earth's temperature and the consequent increase of oxygen dissolution and availability, making aerobic respiration an increasingly dominant trait of the expanding mesophilic lifestyle. Horizontal gene transfer was certainly important in the joint expansion of mesophily and aerobic respiration. First denitrification steps lead to NO formation through nitrite reductase activity, and NO may further accumulate when oxygen binds NO reductase, resulting in denitrification blockage. The consequent transient NO surplus in an oxic niche could have been a key factor for a successful outcome of an early denitrifying prokaryote able to scavenge oxygen by NO/oxygen reductase or by an independent heterotrophic aerobic respiration pathway. In fact, NO surplus could result in toxicity causing 'the first disease' in oxygen-producing Cyanobacteria. We inspected in bacteria the presence of sequences similar to the NO-producing nitrite reductase nirS gene of Thermus thermophilus, an extreme thermophilic aerobe of the Thermus/Deinococcus group, which constitutes an ancient lineage related to Cyanobacteria. In silico analysis revealed the relationship between the presence of nirS genes and phytopathogenicity in Gram-negative bacteria.", "keywords": ["aerobic respiration", "0301 basic medicine", "denitrification", "Thermus thermophilus", "nitrite reductase NirS", "Horizontal gene transfer", "Denitrific", "Microbiology", "QR1-502", "Nitrite reductase NirS", "Ationerobic respiration", "03 medical and health sciences", "13. Climate action", "horizontal gene transfer"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/bitstream/10451/51022/1/Santana%20et%20al%202017.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10451/51022"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Microbiology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10451/51022", "name": "item", "description": "10451/51022", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10451/51022"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-10-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:40Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-10-26", "title": "Shifts In The Abundance And Community Structure Of Soil Ammonia Oxidizers In A Wet Sclerophyll Forest Under Long-Term Prescribed Burning", "description": "Fire shapes global biome distribution and promotes the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N). However, behaviors of AOB and AOA under long-term prescribed burning remain unclear. This study was to examine how fire affected the abundances and communities of soil AOB and AOA. A long-term repeated forest fire experiment with three burning treatments (never burnt, B0; biennially burnt, B2; and quadrennially burnt, B4) was used in this study. The abundances and community structure of soil AOB and AOA were determined using quantitative PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library. More frequent fires (B2) increased the abundance of bacterium amoA gene, but tended to decrease archaeal amoA genes. Fire also modified the composition of AOA and AOB communities. Canonical correspondence analysis showed soil pH and dissolved organic C (DOC) strongly affected AOB genotypes, while nitrate-N and DOC shaped the AOA distribution. The increased abundance of bacterium amoA gene by fires may imply an important role of AOB in nitrification in fire-affected soils. The fire-induced shift in the community composition of AOB and AOA demonstrates that fire can disturb nutrient cycles.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "570", "0303 health sciences", "Bacteria", "Nitrogen", "Forestry", "Biodiversity", "15. Life on land", "Archaea", "Nitrification", "Fires", "Trees", "Soil", "03 medical and health sciences", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "Soil biology", "Ammonia", "13. Climate action", "Oxidation-Reduction", "Soil Microbiology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.011"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2014-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.005", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:41Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-04-18", "title": "Effects Of Different Biochars And Digestate On N2o Fluxes Under Field Conditions", "description": "Field studies that have investigated the effects of char materials on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) are still scarce. Therefore, we conducted a field trial with bio- and hydrochars and measured N2O emissions for one whole year. It was hypothesised that the incorporation of chars reduces the emissions of N2O. Chars were produced by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) using either maize silage or wood residues as feedstock. In addition, after production chars were post-treated with digestate in order to accelerate the ageing process of the chars. Chars and digestate were applied to the soil to raise the C content. Emissions of N2O were measured weekly and soil samples for inorganic nitrogen (N) and soil water-content were taken once a month. Additionally, the abundance of functional marker genes from denitrification (nosZ) was determined in October 2012 and in June 2013. The treatment with pure digestate emitted the most N2O compared to the control and char treatments. However, this was significant only in one case. There were no great differences between the char treatments due to high spatial variability and gene abundance of nosZ did not differ between treatments. Overall, emissions of N2O were relatively low. This was attributed to the heterogeneous distribution of the chars and the sandy soils that did not favour the production of N2O. To conclude, the emissions of N2O were mainly influenced by temperature and precipitation and to a minor extent by the type of char and post-treatment.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Air Pollutants", "Nitrous Oxide", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "16. Peace & justice", "01 natural sciences", "6. Clean water", "Soil", "Biodegradation", " Environmental", "13. Climate action", "Charcoal", "Denitrification", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "Environmental Monitoring", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.005"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.005", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.005", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.005"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-08-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:42Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2018-10-09", "title": "Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: A meta-analysis", "description": "Biochar can reduce both nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and nitrate (NO3-) leaching, but refining biochar's use for estimating these types of losses remains elusive. For example, biochar properties such as ash content and labile organic compounds may induce transient effects that alter N-based losses. Thus, the aim of this meta-analysis was to assess interactions between biochar-induced effects on N2O emissions and NO3- retention, regarding the duration of experiments as well as soil and land use properties. Data were compiled from 88 peer-reviewed publications resulting in 608 observations up to May 2016 and corresponding response ratios were used to perform a random effects meta-analysis, testing biochar's impact on cumulative N2O emissions, soil NO3- concentrations and leaching in temperate, semi-arid, sub-tropical, and tropical climate. The overall N2O emissions reduction was 38%, but N2O emission reductions tended to be negligible after one year. Overall, soil NO3- concentrations remained unaffected while NO3- leaching was reduced by 13% with biochar; greater leaching reductions (>26%) occurred over longer experimental times (i.e. >30\u202fdays). Biochar had the strongest N2O-emission reducing effect in paddy soils (Anthrosols) and sandy soils (Arenosols). The use of biochar reduced both N2O emissions and NO3- leaching in arable farming and horticulture, but it did not affect these losses in grasslands and perennial crops. In conclusion, the time-dependent impact on N2O emissions and NO3- leaching is a crucial factor that needs to be considered in order to develop and test resilient and sustainable biochar-based N loss mitigation strategies. Our results provide a valuable starting point for future biochar-based N loss mitigation studies.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "nitrous oxide", "land use", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "nitrification", "nitrogen", "6. Clean water", "soil organic carbon", "fertilization", "13. Climate action", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2019-02-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:44Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-04-02", "title": "Mineral and organic fertilisation influence ammonia oxidisers and denitrifiers and nitrous oxide emissions in a long-term tillage experiment", "description": "Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from different agricultural systems have been studied extensively to understand the mechanisms underlying their formation. While a number of long-term field experiments have focused on individual agricultural practices in relation to N2O emissions, studies on the combined effects of multiple practices are lacking. This study evaluated the effect of different tillage [no-till (NT) vs. conventional plough tillage (CT)] in combination with fertilisation [mineral (MIN), compost (ORG), and unfertilised control (CON)] on seasonal N2O emissions and the underlying N-cycling microbial community in one maize growing season. Rainfall events after fertilisation, which resulted in increased soil water content, were the main triggers of the observed N2O emission peaks. The highest cumulative emissions were measured in MIN fertilisation, followed by ORG and CON fertilisation. In the period after the first fertilisation CT resulted in higher cumulative emissions than NT, while no significant effect of tillage was observed cumulatively across the entire season. A higher genetic potential for N2O emissions was observed under NT than CT, as indicated by an increased (nirK\u00a0+\u00a0nirS)/(nosZI\u00a0+\u00a0nosZII) ratio. The mentioned ratio under NT decreased in the order CON > MIN\u00a0>\u00a0ORG, indicating a higher N2O consumption potential in the NT-ORG treatment, which was confirmed in terms of cumulative emissions. The AOB/16S ratio was strongly affected by fertilisation and was higher in the MIN than in the ORG and CON treatments, regardless of the tillage system. Multiple regression has revealed that this ratio is one of the most important variables explaining cumulative N2O emissions, possibly reflecting the role of bacterial ammonia oxidisers in minerally fertilised soil. Although the AOB/16S ratio aligned well with the measured N2O emissions in our experimental field, the higher genetic potential for denitrification expressed by the (nirK\u00a0+\u00a0nirS)/(nosZI\u00a0+\u00a0nosZII) ratio in NT than CT was not realized in the form of increased emissions. Our results suggest that organic fertilisation in combination with NT shows a promising combination for mitigating N2O emissions; however, addressing the yield gap is necessary before incorporating it in recommendations for farmers.", "keywords": ["du\u0161ik", "2. Zero hunger", "compost", "denitrification", "denitrifikacija", "N$_2$O", "kompost", "15. Life on land", "sonaravno kmetijstvo", "nitrifikacija", "nitrification", "6. Clean water", "conservation agriculture", "conservation agriculture", " compost", " N$_2$O", " N-cycle", " nitrification", " denitrification", "N-cycle", "13. Climate action", "ohranitveno kmetijstvo", "ohranitveno kmetijstvo", " sonaravno kmetijstvo", " kompost", " du\u0161ik", " nitrifikacija", " denitrifikacija", "info:eu-repo/classification/udc/631.4"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Govednik, Anton, Eler, Klemen, Miheli\u010d, Rok, Suhadolc, Marjetka,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172054"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-06-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177557", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-24T16:16:45Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-11-20", "title": "Dynamic response of soil microbial communities and network to hymexazol exposure", "description": "Fungicides are an essential component of current agricultural practices, but their extensive use has raised concerns about their effects on non-target soil microorganisms, which carry out essential ecosystem functions. However, despite the complexity of microbial communities, many studies investigating their response to fungicides focus only on bacteria or fungi at one point in time. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing to assess the effect of the fungicide hymexazol on the diversity, composition, and co-occurrence network of soil bacteria, fungi, and protists at 7, 21, and 60\u00a0days after application. We found that hymexazol had very little effect on microbial alpha-diversity, but that microbial community composition and OTU differential abundance were altered over the duration of the experiment, even after hymexazol concentrations were undetectable. The co-occurrence patterns within and between microbial kingdoms were affected by hymexazol dose, suggesting that indirect effects may play a role in the microbial community response. Nitrogen cycling was also affected, with a transient hymexazol-associated increase in the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and soil nitrate concentration. These findings highlight that the effects of fungicides on soil microorganisms are dynamic and extensive, spanning several taxonomic kingdoms.", "keywords": ["570", "Bacteria", "Fungicide", "Microbiota", "Fungi", "Protists", "[SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Nitrification", "630", "Fungicides", " Industrial", "Pesticide", "Soil", "Soil Pollutants", "[SDV.SA.SDS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study", "Soil Microbiology", "Nitrogen cycling"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177557"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177557", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177557", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177557"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=nitrification&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=nitrification&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=nitrification&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "next", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (next)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=nitrification&offset=50", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 144, "numberReturned": 50, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-24T23:09:52.088215Z"}