{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1002/chem.202002602", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:14:18Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-27", "title": "May Trifluoromethylation and Polymerization of Styrene Occur from a Perfluorinated Persistent Radical (PPFR)?", "description": "Abstract

The radical polymerization of styrene (St) initiated by a trifluoromethyl radical generated from a perfluorinated highly branched persistent radical (PPFR) is presented with an isolated yield above 70\uffe2\uff80\uff89%. The release of .CF3 radical occurred from a temperature above 85\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C. Deeper 1H and 19F\uffe2\uff80\uff85NMR spectroscopies of the resulting fluorinated polystyrenes (CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSts) evidenced the presence of both CF3 end\uffe2\uff80\uff90group of the PSt chain and the trifluoromethylation of the phenyl ring (in meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90position mainly). [PPFR]0/[St]0 initial molar ratios of 3:1, 3:10 and 3:100 led to various molar masses ranging from 1750 to 5400\uffe2\uff80\uff85g\uffe2\uff80\uff89mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 70\uffe2\uff80\uff9386\uffe2\uff80\uff89% yields. MALDI\uffe2\uff80\uff90TOF spectrometry of such CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSts highlighted polymeric distributions which evidenced differences between m/z fragments of 104 and 172 corresponding to styrene and trifluoromethyl styrene units, respectively. Such CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSt polymers were also compared to conventional PSts produced from the radical polymerization of St initiated by a peroxydicarbonate initiator. A mechanism of the polymerization is presented showing the formation of a trifluoromethyl styrene first, followed by its radical (co)polymerization with styrene. The thermal properties (thermal stability and glass transition temperature, Tg) of these polymers were also compared and revealed a much better thermal stability of the CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSt (10\uffe2\uff80\uff89% weight loss at 356\uffe2\uff80\uff93376\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C) and a Tg of around 70\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C.This article aims at showing the usefulness of fluoropolymers (FPs), supplying an overview of their synthesis, applications, and recycling. FPs are currently prepared by conventional radical polymerization of fluoromonomers. These specialty polymers, produced in low tonnage compared to that of commodity ones, display outstanding properties, such as chemical, oxidative, and thermal resistances, low refractive index, dissipation factor, permittivity, and water absorptivity, and excellent weatherability and durability. More recent routes for their preparations are suggested, controlled or not, leading to random, alternated, block, graft, dendrimers, or multiarm copolymers, as well as their applications ranging from coatings to high performance (thermoplastic) elastomers, energy related\uffe2\uff80\uff90materials (e.g., fuel cell membranes, components for lithium\uffe2\uff80\uff90ion batteries, electroactive devices, and photovoltaics) to original and surfactants, optical devices, organic electronics, composites, and shape memory polymers.Fluorinated polyacrylates with tunable surface hydrophobicity are preparedviaradical copolymerization of an \u03b1-fluoroacrylate and 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid.

", "keywords": ["Poly(fluoroacrylate)", "[CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers", "surface properties", "radical copolymerization", "fluoropolymers", "540", "01 natural sciences", "NMR", "620", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/PY/C7PY00209B"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C7PY00209B"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Polymer%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/C7PY00209B", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/C7PY00209B", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/C7PY00209B"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1039/c7py00209b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:18:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-07", "title": "Poly(fluoroacrylate)s with tunable surface hydrophobicity via radical copolymerization of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl \u03b1-fluoroacrylate and 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid", "description": "

Fluorinated polyacrylates with tunable surface hydrophobicity are preparedviaradical copolymerization of an \u03b1-fluoroacrylate and 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid.

", "keywords": ["[CHIM.POLY] Chemical Sciences/Polymers", "Poly(fluoroacrylate)", "surface properties", "fluoropolymers", "radical copolymerization", "540", "01 natural sciences", "NMR", "620", "0104 chemical sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2017/PY/C7PY00209B"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c7py00209b"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Polymer%20Chemistry", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1039/c7py00209b", "name": "item", "description": "10.1039/c7py00209b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1039/c7py00209b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2017-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.1101/2023.10.03.560709", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:19:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-04", "title": "Bacteria face trade-offs in the decomposition of complex biopolymers", "description": "Abstract

Although depolymerization of complex carbohydrates is a growth-limiting bottleneck for microbial decomposers, we still lack understanding about how the production of different types of extracellular enzymes affect individual microbes and in turn the performance of whole decomposer communities. In this work we use a theoretical model to evaluate the potential trade-offs faced by microorganisms in biopolymer decomposition which arise due to the varied biochemistry of different depolymerizing enzyme classes. We specifically consider two broad classes of depolymerizing extracellular enzymes, which are widespread across microbial taxa: exo-enzymes that cleave small units from the ends of polymer chains and endo-enzymes that act at random positions generating degradation products of varied sizes. Our results demonstrate a fundamental trade-off in the production of these enzymes, which is independent of system\uffe2\uff80\uff99s complexity and which appears solely from the intrinsically different temporal depolymerization dynamics. As a consequence, specialists that produce either exo- or only endo-enzymes limit their growth to high or low substrate conditions, respectively. Conversely, generalists that produce both enzymes in an optimal ratio expand their niche and benefit from the synergy between the two enzymes. Finally, our results show that, in spatially-explicit environments, consortia composed of endo- and exo-specialists can only exist under oligotrophic conditions. In summary, our analysis demonstrates that the (evolutionary or ecological) selection of a depolymerization pathway will affect microbial fitness under low- or high substrate conditions, with impacts on the ecological dynamics of microbial communities. It provides a possible explanation why many polysaccharide degraders in nature show the genetic potential to produce both of these enzyme classes.

Author summary

The decomposition of polysaccharides by microbes is a key process in the global carbon cycle. It requires the joint action of a variety of microbially-produced extracellular enzymes. They can be broadly classified into endo-enzymes, that act in the middle of polymers, and exo-enzymes, that cleave units from polymer ends. Little is known about the benefits for microbes producing a certain enzyme type and the interplay between enzyme producing strategies in mixed communities. This hampers our comprehensive understanding of decomposition in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and thus limits the prediction of decomposition processes, for example in a changing climate.

Based on theoretical modelling, we revealed a fundamental trade-off in the action of these enzymes. While exo-enzymes are more efficient at high substrate conditions, endo-enzymes perform better when substrate is low. Generalists producing both enzymes expand their ecological niche of substrate availability compared to specialists only producing one of the two types. Complementary specialists only co-exist in oligotrophic conditions. We conclude that producing enzymes for specific steps within polymer degradation represents relevant ecological strategies for microbes in decomposer communities.

Multifunctional biomaterials can pave a way to novel types of micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems providing benefits in mimicking of biological functions in implantable, wearable structures. The production of biocomposites that hold both superior electrical and mechanical properties is still a challenging task. In this study, we aim to fabricate 3D printed hydrogel from a biocomposite of bovine serum albumin with graphene oxide (BSA@GO) using femtosecond laser processing. We have developed the method for functional BSA@GO composite nanostructuring based on both two-photon polymerization of nanofilaments and direct laser writing. The atomic-force microscopy was used to probe local electrical and mechanical properties of hydrogel BSA@GO nanowires. The improved local mechanical properties demonstrate synergistic effect in interaction of femtosecond laser pulses and novel composite structure.

", "keywords": ["two-photon polymerization", "Technology", "nanowires", "bovine serum albumin", "T", "Communication", "filament propagation", "graphene oxide", "02 engineering and technology", "mechanical properties", "0210 nano-technology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/6/4/66/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6040066"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomimetics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3390/biomimetics6040066", "name": "item", "description": "10.3390/biomimetics6040066", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3390/biomimetics6040066"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11353/10.2115948", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:26:12Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-10-04", "title": "Bacteria face trade-offs in the decomposition of complex biopolymers", "description": "Abstract

Although depolymerization of complex carbohydrates is a growth-limiting bottleneck for microbial decomposers, we still lack understanding about how the production of different types of extracellular enzymes affect individual microbes and in turn the performance of whole decomposer communities. In this work we use a theoretical model to evaluate the potential trade-offs faced by microorganisms in biopolymer decomposition which arise due to the varied biochemistry of different depolymerizing enzyme classes. We specifically consider two broad classes of depolymerizing extracellular enzymes, which are widespread across microbial taxa: exo-enzymes that cleave small units from the ends of polymer chains and endo-enzymes that act at random positions generating degradation products of varied sizes. Our results demonstrate a fundamental trade-off in the production of these enzymes, which is independent of system\uffe2\uff80\uff99s complexity and which appears solely from the intrinsically different temporal depolymerization dynamics. As a consequence, specialists that produce either exo- or only endo-enzymes limit their growth to high or low substrate conditions, respectively. Conversely, generalists that produce both enzymes in an optimal ratio expand their niche and benefit from the synergy between the two enzymes. Finally, our results show that, in spatially-explicit environments, consortia composed of endo- and exo-specialists can only exist under oligotrophic conditions. In summary, our analysis demonstrates that the (evolutionary or ecological) selection of a depolymerization pathway will affect microbial fitness under low- or high substrate conditions, with impacts on the ecological dynamics of microbial communities. It provides a possible explanation why many polysaccharide degraders in nature show the genetic potential to produce both of these enzyme classes.

Author summary

The decomposition of polysaccharides by microbes is a key process in the global carbon cycle. It requires the joint action of a variety of microbially-produced extracellular enzymes. They can be broadly classified into endo-enzymes, that act in the middle of polymers, and exo-enzymes, that cleave units from polymer ends. Little is known about the benefits for microbes producing a certain enzyme type and the interplay between enzyme producing strategies in mixed communities. This hampers our comprehensive understanding of decomposition in terrestrial and marine ecosystems and thus limits the prediction of decomposition processes, for example in a changing climate.

Based on theoretical modelling, we revealed a fundamental trade-off in the action of these enzymes. While exo-enzymes are more efficient at high substrate conditions, endo-enzymes perform better when substrate is low. Generalists producing both enzymes expand their ecological niche of substrate availability compared to specialists only producing one of the two types. Complementary specialists only co-exist in oligotrophic conditions. We conclude that producing enzymes for specific steps within polymer degradation represents relevant ecological strategies for microbes in decomposer communities. Data from large scale, long-term tree diversity experiment in southwestern France (ORPHEE), additionally manipulating water contraint. Variables presented are soil nitrogen cycling rates measured using isotope pool dilutions. Companion paper is found here: Maxwell TL, Augusto L, Tian Y, Wanek W & Fanin N (2023). Water availability is a stronger driver of soil microbial processing of organic nitrogen than tree species composition. European Journal of Soil Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13350 #### Metadata
Soil sampling: July 2020
Maxwell_ShortComm_Data.csv data description ID: unique identifier per sample
Block: numbered 1-6. Blocks 1,3,6 are control (unirrigated), Blocks, 2,4,5 are irrigated
Plot: numbered plot according to the ORPHEE design. Plot 1 = BP, Plot 5 = PP, Plot 9 = BP_PP
Espece: species ID. BP = pure birch (Betula pendula), PP = pure pine (Pinus pinaster), BP_PP (50% mixed birch-pine)
Rep: sample replicate, 3 replicates per plot
Sample name: long unique identifier per sample. Concatenation of Block, Plot, and Espece
PD: gross protein depolymerization rates (micrograms nitrogen per grams dry soil per day = \u00b5g N g-1 d-1)
AAU: gross free amino acid uptake rates (\u00b5g N g-1 d-1)
Cmicrobial_ug_g: microbial biomass carbon (\u00b5g C g-1)
Nmicrobial_ug_g: microbial biomass nitrogen (\u00b5g N g-1)
MRT_FAA_hrs: mean residence time of free amino acids (hours)
FAA_ugN_g: free amino acids (\u00b5g N g-1)
Moisture_percent: soil moisture percent (%)
N_nonfumige_ug_g: nitrogen from non fumigated soils, i.e. extractable N (\u00b5g N g-1)
C_nonfumige_ug_g: nitrogen from non fumigated soils, i.e. extractableC (\u00b5g C g-1)", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "TreeDivNet", "microbial biomass", "protein depolymerization", "amino acid uptake", "15. Life on land", "precipitation", "6. Clean water", "biodiversity"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Maxwell, Tania L., Augusto, Laurent, Tian, Ye, Wanek, Wolfgang, Fanin, Nicolas,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7025493"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7025493", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7025493", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7025493"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-02-10T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2027112119", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:26:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2013-11-06", "title": "In situ polymerization of PVDF-HEMA polymers: electrospun membranes with improved flux and antifouling properties for water filtration", "description": "In situ polymerization of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) with hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) followed by electrospinning was employed to prepare electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs), referred to as PVDF-PHEMA-ENMs. Enhanced hydrophilicity of the ENMs was observed after polymerization. A decrease in the fiber thickness resulted in a decrease in the pore size and 60% improvement in the flux. The fiber mat exhibited excellent microfiltration behavior after being coated with a surface-charged chitosan (CS) polymer, compared with its non-coated counterparts. Porosity, flux and protein adsorption studies were performed for these ENMs. A comparatively less reduced flux and better recovery ratio were observed for the PVDF-PHEMA-ENMs and CS-coated PVDF-PHEMA-ENMs due to hydrophilic pendant hydroxyl groups (from PHEMA) and/or CS groups, which can prohibit irreversible protein adsorption, on the ENM surfaces. One step method for the fabrication of electospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) with hydrophilic surfaces and improved flux via in situ polymerization technique is described. The developed membranes also possess enhanced antifouling properties when compared with the virgin PVDF polymer.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "dead end method", "in situ polymerization", "microfiltration", "02 engineering and technology", "BSA adsorption studies", "540", "0210 nano-technology", "pure water flux", "01 natural sciences", "electrospinning", "6. Clean water", "0104 chemical sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Nasreen, S.A.A.N., Sundarrajan, S., Syed Nizar, S.A., Balamurugan, R., Ramakrishna, S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/2027112119"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Polymer%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2027112119", "name": "item", "description": "2027112119", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2027112119"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2013-11-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3013589731", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:27:29Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-03-26", "title": "The Promising Future of Fluoropolymers", "description": "Abstract

This article aims at showing the usefulness of fluoropolymers (FPs), supplying an overview of their synthesis, applications, and recycling. FPs are currently prepared by conventional radical polymerization of fluoromonomers. These specialty polymers, produced in low tonnage compared to that of commodity ones, display outstanding properties, such as chemical, oxidative, and thermal resistances, low refractive index, dissipation factor, permittivity, and water absorptivity, and excellent weatherability and durability. More recent routes for their preparations are suggested, controlled or not, leading to random, alternated, block, graft, dendrimers, or multiarm copolymers, as well as their applications ranging from coatings to high performance (thermoplastic) elastomers, energy related\uffe2\uff80\uff90materials (e.g., fuel cell membranes, components for lithium\uffe2\uff80\uff90ion batteries, electroactive devices, and photovoltaics) to original and surfactants, optical devices, organic electronics, composites, and shape memory polymers.

Multifunctional biomaterials can pave a way to novel types of micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems providing benefits in mimicking of biological functions in implantable, wearable structures. The production of biocomposites that hold both superior electrical and mechanical properties is still a challenging task. In this study, we aim to fabricate 3D printed hydrogel from a biocomposite of bovine serum albumin with graphene oxide (BSA@GO) using femtosecond laser processing. We have developed the method for functional BSA@GO composite nanostructuring based on both two-photon polymerization of nanofilaments and direct laser writing. The atomic-force microscopy was used to probe local electrical and mechanical properties of hydrogel BSA@GO nanowires. The improved local mechanical properties demonstrate synergistic effect in interaction of femtosecond laser pulses and novel composite structure.

", "keywords": ["two-photon polymerization", "Technology", "nanowires", "bovine serum albumin", "T", "Communication", "filament propagation", "graphene oxide", "02 engineering and technology", "mechanical properties", "0210 nano-technology"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/6/4/66/pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/3216219552"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Biomimetics", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3216219552", "name": "item", "description": "3216219552", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3216219552"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-11-24T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "32853467", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Closed Access", "updated": "2026-07-27T16:27:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-08-27", "title": "May Trifluoromethylation and Polymerization of Styrene Occur from a Perfluorinated Persistent Radical (PPFR)?", "description": "Abstract

The radical polymerization of styrene (St) initiated by a trifluoromethyl radical generated from a perfluorinated highly branched persistent radical (PPFR) is presented with an isolated yield above 70\uffe2\uff80\uff89%. The release of .CF3 radical occurred from a temperature above 85\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C. Deeper 1H and 19F\uffe2\uff80\uff85NMR spectroscopies of the resulting fluorinated polystyrenes (CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSts) evidenced the presence of both CF3 end\uffe2\uff80\uff90group of the PSt chain and the trifluoromethylation of the phenyl ring (in meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90position mainly). [PPFR]0/[St]0 initial molar ratios of 3:1, 3:10 and 3:100 led to various molar masses ranging from 1750 to 5400\uffe2\uff80\uff85g\uffe2\uff80\uff89mol\uffe2\uff88\uff921 in 70\uffe2\uff80\uff9386\uffe2\uff80\uff89% yields. MALDI\uffe2\uff80\uff90TOF spectrometry of such CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSts highlighted polymeric distributions which evidenced differences between m/z fragments of 104 and 172 corresponding to styrene and trifluoromethyl styrene units, respectively. Such CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSt polymers were also compared to conventional PSts produced from the radical polymerization of St initiated by a peroxydicarbonate initiator. A mechanism of the polymerization is presented showing the formation of a trifluoromethyl styrene first, followed by its radical (co)polymerization with styrene. The thermal properties (thermal stability and glass transition temperature, Tg) of these polymers were also compared and revealed a much better thermal stability of the CF3\uffe2\uff80\uff90PSt (10\uffe2\uff80\uff89% weight loss at 356\uffe2\uff80\uff93376\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C) and a Tg of around 70\uffe2\uff80\uff89\uffc2\uffb0C.

Multifunctional biomaterials can pave a way to novel types of micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems providing benefits in mimicking of biological functions in implantable, wearable structures. The production of biocomposites that hold both superior electrical and mechanical properties is still a challenging task. In this study, we aim to fabricate 3D printed hydrogel from a biocomposite of bovine serum albumin with graphene oxide (BSA@GO) using femtosecond laser processing. We have developed the method for functional BSA@GO composite nanostructuring based on both two-photon polymerization of nanofilaments and direct laser writing. The atomic-force microscopy was used to probe local electrical and mechanical properties of hydrogel BSA@GO nanowires. The improved local mechanical properties demonstrate synergistic effect in interaction of femtosecond laser pulses and novel composite structure.

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