{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1080/0020739X.2023.2254314", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-27T16:18:50Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2023-09-15", "title": "An optimal control problem for resource utilisation by microorganisms", "description": "Decomposition of organic matter controls the flow of carbon and nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Several kinetic laws have been proposed to describe decomposition rates, but they neglect adaptation of the microbial decomposer to environmental conditions. Here we formalise decomposition as an optimal control problem by assuming that microorganisms regulate the uptake rate of a substrate to maximise their growth over the period of decomposition. The result is an optimal control problem consisting of two differential equations and auxiliary conditions that determine the optimal value of the control variable (the uptake rate), the remaining substrate at any given time, and the optimal completion time. This problem serves as a case study to illustrate the solution of differential equations and optimal control problems for students in undergraduate courses. The mathematical analysis of the problem requires rewriting the differential equations in reverse time along with the solution of a nonhomogeneous linear first order differential equation. We then return to modelling with some biologically motivated questions about how the parameters of the model representing environmental conditions and microbial functional traits affect the outcome. 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Several kinetic laws have been proposed to describe decomposition rates, but they neglect adaptation of the microbial decomposer to environmental conditions. Here we formalise decomposition as an optimal control problem by assuming that microorganisms regulate the uptake rate of a substrate to maximise their growth over the period of decomposition. The result is an optimal control problem consisting of two differential equations and auxiliary conditions that determine the optimal value of the control variable (the uptake rate), the remaining substrate at any given time, and the optimal completion time. This problem serves as a case study to illustrate the solution of differential equations and optimal control problems for students in undergraduate courses. The mathematical analysis of the problem requires rewriting the differential equations in reverse time along with the solution of a nonhomogeneous linear first order differential equation. We then return to modelling with some biologically motivated questions about how the parameters of the model representing environmental conditions and microbial functional traits affect the outcome. Finally, we discuss alternative ways to use the material with students.", "keywords": ["0301 basic medicine", "03 medical and health sciences", "Annan matematik", "05 social sciences", "resource utilisation", "Didactics", "microbial decomposition", "Didaktik", "Other Mathematics", "0503 education", "6. 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Other's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Other and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-08-27", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2022-07-19", "language": "eng", "title": "50 years box plot experiment in Grossbeeren (1972 - 2022) - Experiment Setting", "description": "Description of Table 25\n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-fd75-nca9); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["horticulture", "long-term experiments", "vegetable crops", "fertilization", "fertilizers", "soil types", "soil fertility", "soil organic carbon", "soil organic matter", "field crops", "crop management", "crop production", "crop rotation", "crop residues", "crop residue management", "crop yield", "nutrient balance", "nutrient management", "nutrient uptake", "nutrient use efficiency", "nutrient utilization", "nitrogen", "nitrogen balance", "nitrogen content", "nitrogen fertilizers", "nitrogen-use efficiency", "potassium", "phosphorus", "magnesium", "cucumbers", "Cucumis", "Cucumis sativus", "carrots", "Daucus carota", "cabbages", "Brassica oleracea var. capitata", "leeks", "Allium ampeloprasum", "celery", "Apium graveolens", "Apium graveolens var. rapaceum", "farmyard manure", "organic amendments", "organic fertilizers", "slurry", "bark mulches", "resource management", "Luvisols", "Fluvisols", "Phaeozems", "opendata", "Boden", "agricultural management", "horticulture", "crop production", "crop rotation", "crop waste", "cultivation", "cultivation system", "cultivation method", "food production (agriculture)", "irrigation farming", "manure", "mineral fertiliser", "nitrogenous fertiliser", "organic fertiliser", "soil fertilisation", "soil fertility", "vegetable", "vegetable cultivation", "vegetable waste", "yield (agricultural)", "resource utilisation", "organic matter", "phosphate"], "contacts": [{"name": "Eric B\u00f6necke", "organization": "Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Gem\u00fcse- und Zierpflanzenbau - 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IGZ", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ruehlmann@igzev.de"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Gem\u00fcse- und Zierpflanzenbau - IGZ", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "title_alternate": "LTE: Part 25/25, table: Experiment Setting"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.bonares.de/mapapps/resources/apps/bonares/index.html?lang=en&mid=", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://metadata.bonares.de:443/smartEditor/preview/Sellerie_2016.JPG", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/03b52930-0210-4bfc-a4ac-75f7544ce7a5", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "a2fbdaab-010f-4778-840b-27e9f1b002dd", "name": "item", "description": "a2fbdaab-010f-4778-840b-27e9f1b002dd", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/a2fbdaab-010f-4778-840b-27e9f1b002dd"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-08-27T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "03b52930-0210-4bfc-a4ac-75f7544ce7a5", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[13.26, 52.31], [13.26, 52.4], [13.38, 52.4], [13.38, 52.31], [13.26, 52.31]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "farming"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "horticulture"}, {"id": "long-term experiments"}, {"id": "vegetable crops"}, {"id": "fertilization"}, {"id": "fertilizers"}, {"id": "soil types"}, {"id": "soil fertility"}, {"id": "soil organic carbon"}, {"id": "soil organic matter"}, {"id": "field crops"}, {"id": "crop management"}, {"id": "crop production"}, {"id": "crop rotation"}, {"id": "crop residues"}, {"id": "crop residue management"}, {"id": "crop yield"}, {"id": "nutrient balance"}, {"id": "nutrient management"}, {"id": "nutrient uptake"}, {"id": "nutrient use efficiency"}, {"id": "nutrient utilization"}, {"id": "nitrogen"}, {"id": "nitrogen balance"}, {"id": "nitrogen content"}, {"id": "nitrogen fertilizers"}, {"id": "nitrogen-use efficiency"}, {"id": "potassium"}, {"id": "phosphorus"}, {"id": "magnesium"}, {"id": "cucumbers"}, {"id": "Cucumis"}, {"id": "Cucumis sativus"}, {"id": "carrots"}, {"id": "Daucus carota"}, {"id": "cabbages"}, {"id": "Brassica oleracea var. capitata"}, {"id": "leeks"}, {"id": "Allium ampeloprasum"}, {"id": "celery"}, {"id": "Apium graveolens"}, {"id": "Apium graveolens var. rapaceum"}, {"id": "farmyard manure"}, {"id": "organic amendments"}, {"id": "organic fertilizers"}, {"id": "slurry"}, {"id": "bark mulches"}, {"id": "resource management"}, {"id": "Luvisols"}, {"id": "Fluvisols"}, {"id": "Phaeozems"}], "scheme": "AGROVOC Multilingual agricultural thesaurus"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "opendata"}], "scheme": "Individual"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Boden"}, {"id": "agricultural management"}, {"id": "horticulture"}, {"id": "crop production"}, {"id": "crop rotation"}, {"id": "crop waste"}, {"id": "cultivation"}, {"id": "cultivation system"}, {"id": "cultivation method"}, {"id": "food production (agriculture)"}, {"id": "irrigation farming"}, {"id": "manure"}, {"id": "mineral fertiliser"}, {"id": "nitrogenous fertiliser"}, {"id": "organic fertiliser"}, {"id": "soil fertilisation"}, {"id": "soil fertility"}, {"id": "vegetable"}, {"id": "vegetable cultivation"}, {"id": "vegetable waste"}, {"id": "yield (agricultural)"}, {"id": "resource utilisation"}, {"id": "organic matter"}, {"id": "phosphate"}], "scheme": "GEMET - Concepts, version 2.4"}], "rights": "Restrictions applied to assure the protection of privacy or intellectual property, and any special restrictions or limitations or warnings on using the resource or metadata. Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Other's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Other and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2025-05-12", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2024-08-20", "language": "eng", "title": "50 years box plot experiment in Grossbeeren (1972 - 2022) - Plots", "description": "The Box Plot Experiment in Grossbeeren was set up in 1972 to investigate the effect of different fertilization strategies within an irrigated vegetable crop rotation system for three different soils. Therefore, this vegetable long-term fertilization experiment can be used to investigate different plant-soil-systems under the same climatic conditions. The experimented was halted in 2022. The experimental site (52\u00b021\u201901.30\u2019\u2019 N, 13\u00b019\u201905.47\u2019\u2019 E, 50 m a.s.l.) is located in the transition zone between the more maritime-affected Northern German Plain and the continental climate of the European mainland. Weather data were collected in an agrometeorological station close to the experimental area. The long-term means (1991-2020) for air temperature and annual precipitation are 9.7 \u00b0C and 492 mm. The single plots are quadratic concrete boxes with walls of 10 cm thickness, a surface area of 4 m2 and a depth of 75 cm. The upper 50 cm are filled with the tested soils; the lower 25 cm comprises a coarse-sandy drainage layer. The three soil types are Arenic Luvisol (weak loamy sand), Gleyic Fluvisol (heavy sandy loam) and Luvic-Phaeozem (medium clayey silt) according to the World Reference Base \u2013 WRB (and the Bodenkundliche Kartieranleitung \u2013 KA4). Within 10 rotations, the vegetable species white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. alba), carrot (Daucus carota L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), leek (Allium porrum L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum Mill.) were cultivated. No celery was cultivated during the first rotation. The experiment consists of 12 fertilization treatments in different combinations of mineral N fertilization and organic amendments and as quadruplicate for each of the three soils. The experimental set-up scheme can be found in the supplementary material. Mineral N fertilizer was applied as calcium ammonium nitrate. Mineral P and K fertilization was uniform for all treatments. Total N and total C in soil, plant and organic amendments were determined using a CNS analyser VARIO El (Elemental Hanau) since 1995 and before by wet combustion with K2Cr2O7 und H2SO4. C and N in the soil samples and N in the plant samples were analysed annually. The C contents of the crop residues (leaf + stalk + root) of the five vegetable species were investigated irregularly. In autumn, the soil was annually dug up to 20 cm by using a spade. Weeds were removed by a combination of mechanical (cultivator, rake or hoe) and chemical measures. Insect protection nets, insecticides or fungicides were used where necessary. Approximately 150 mm per year was additionally irrigated with a sprinkler system. More details about the experiment\u2019s description can be found in the supplementary material. 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the Other's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the Other and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. The Other and BonaRes Data Centre will not be responsible for any direct or indirect use which might be made of the data.", "updated": "2024-08-27", "created": "2022-07-19", "language": "eng", "title": "50 years box plot experiment in Grossbeeren (1972 - 2022) - Test components (for statistical evaluation)", "description": "Table with information about the treatment. In the one-factorial trial a level of the factor and in the multi-factorial trial a combination of the levels of the factors\n\nGeneral description see mother table: (https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-fd75-nca9); Related datasets are listed in the metadata element 'Related Identifier'.\nDataset version 1.0", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}], "keywords": ["horticulture", "long-term experiments", "vegetable crops", "fertilization", "fertilizers", "soil types", "soil fertility", "soil organic carbon", "soil organic matter", "field crops", "crop management", "crop production", "crop rotation", "crop residues", "crop residue management", "crop yield", "nutrient balance", "nutrient management", "nutrient uptake", "nutrient use efficiency", "nutrient utilization", "nitrogen", "nitrogen balance", "nitrogen content", "nitrogen fertilizers", "nitrogen-use efficiency", "potassium", "phosphorus", "magnesium", "cucumbers", "Cucumis", "Cucumis sativus", "carrots", "Daucus carota", "cabbages", "Brassica oleracea var. capitata", "leeks", "Allium ampeloprasum", "celery", "Apium graveolens", "Apium graveolens var. rapaceum", "farmyard manure", "organic amendments", "organic fertilizers", "slurry", "bark mulches", "resource management", "Luvisols", "Fluvisols", "Phaeozems", "opendata", "Boden", "agricultural management", "horticulture", "crop production", "crop rotation", "crop waste", "cultivation", "cultivation system", "cultivation method", "food production (agriculture)", "irrigation farming", "manure", "mineral fertiliser", "nitrogenous fertiliser", "organic fertiliser", "soil fertilisation", "soil fertility", "vegetable", "vegetable cultivation", "vegetable waste", "yield (agricultural)", "resource utilisation", "organic matter", "phosphate"], "contacts": [{"name": "Eric B\u00f6necke", "organization": "Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Gem\u00fcse- und Zierpflanzenbau - 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