{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1007/s10705-007-9098-2", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-07-25T16:15:06Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2007-04-05", "title": "Reduced Nitrate Concentrations In Shallow Ground Water Under A Non-Fertilised Grass Buffer Strip", "description": "In this paper the suitability of a buffer strip to reduce nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater was tested for a sandy arable soil in The Netherlands during two consecutive leaching seasons. The bufferstrip was a 3.5\u00a0m wide unfertilised grass strip adjacent to a ditch on an arable field. In total 24 groundwater wells were installed in 4 transects perpendicular to the ditch to determine Cl, NO3 and \u03b415N concentrations. Piezometers were installed to assess the groundwater flow, which was in the direction of the ditch with small downward leakage across a peat layer at about 3\u00a0m depth. Nitrogen was dominantly present as nitrate (NO3). The NO3-N concentrations under the bufferstrip were significantly lower than under the adjacent arable field. The lower concentrations were due to dilution, uptake by grass and denitrification. Nitrate was actively removed in the bufferstrip, since the Cl/NO3 ratios were higher in the bufferstrip than in the remainder of the field. Furthermore, \u03b415N data indicated that denitrification occurred in the groundwater and increased with decreasing distance to the ditch. NO3-N loads to the ditch were estimated at 8.5\u00a0kg\u00a0ha\u22121yr\u22121, which is relatively low for this area. We can, however, not determine whether these relatively low NO3-N loads were causally related to the reduced NO3-N concentrations in the bufferstrip. Nevertheless, the results of the present study are promising and justify additional research on the efficiency of bufferstrips to reduce NO3 concentrations in shallow groundwater, and subsequently reduce NO3 loading of surface water, under Dutch conditions.", "keywords": ["coastal-plain", "Soil Science", "netherlands", "dynamics", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "01 natural sciences", "6. 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However, to maintain a high floral diversity, a 24\u202fm buffer zone is required, while a 144\u202fm buffer is needed to preserve bird diversity. Based on the analysis, we developed the concept of 'Ecologically Functional Riparian Zones' (ERZ) and provide a step-by-step framework that managers can use to balance agricultural needs and environmental protection of waterways from negative impacts. By applying ERZ in already existing agricultural areas, we can better meet small targets and move towards the long-term goal of achieving a more functional land management and better environmental status of waterways.", "keywords": ["Riparian zone", "river", "nutrient uptake", "hydrology", "Review", "water quality", "01 natural sciences", "Ecological functional riparian zones", "waterway transport", "freshwater environment", "biodiversity", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "filter", "hydrological regime", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "Milj\u00f6vetenskap", "functional role", "6. 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However, to maintain a high floral diversity, a 24\u202fm buffer zone is required, while a 144\u202fm buffer is needed to preserve bird diversity. Based on the analysis, we developed the concept of 'Ecologically Functional Riparian Zones' (ERZ) and provide a step-by-step framework that managers can use to balance agricultural needs and environmental protection of waterways from negative impacts. By applying ERZ in already existing agricultural areas, we can better meet small targets and move towards the long-term goal of achieving a more functional land management and better environmental status of waterways.", "keywords": ["Riparian zone", "river", "nutrient uptake", "hydrology", "Review", "water quality", "01 natural sciences", "Ecological functional riparian zones", "waterway transport", "freshwater environment", "biodiversity", "agriculture", "2. Zero hunger", "filter", "hydrological regime", "Agriculture", "Biodiversity", "Milj\u00f6vetenskap", "functional role", "6. 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Reports, articles, papers, scientific and non - scientific works of any form, including tables, maps, or any other kind of output, in printed or electronic form, based in whole or in part on the data supplied, must contain an acknowledgement of the form: \"Data reused from the BonaRes Data Centre www.bonares.de. This data were created as part of the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL's research activities.\" Although every care has been taken in preparing and testing the data, the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL and the BonaRes Data Centre cannot guarantee that the data are correct; neither does the BonaRes Module A-Project - BonaRes - SIGNAL and the BonaRes Data Centre accept any liability whatsoever for any error, missing data or omission in the data, or for any loss or damage arising from its use. 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This regulation establishes registration and licensing conditions for GMES/Copernicus users.\n\nFree, full and open access to this data set is made on the conditions that:\n\n1. When distributing or communicating Copernicus dedicated data and Copernicus service information to the public, users shall inform the public of the source of that data and information.\n\n2. Users shall make sure not to convey the impression to the public that the user's activities are officially endorsed by the Union.\n\n3. Where that data or information has been adapted or modified, the user shall clearly state this.\n\n4. The data remain the sole property of the European Union. Any information and data produced in the framework of the action shall be the sole property of the European Union. Any communication and publication by the beneficiary shall acknowledge that the data were produced \u201cwith funding by the European Union\u201d.", "updated": "2022-08-15T10:19:01.638Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2015-08-08", "language": "eng", "title": "Riparian Zones 2012 Land Cover and Land Use (vector), Aug. 2015", "description": "Riparian zones represent transitional areas occurring between land and freshwater ecosystems, characterised by distinctive hydrology, soil and biotic conditions and strongly influenced by the stream water. 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"links": [{"href": "https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/riparian-zones", "name": "Product Information & Technical Documentation", "protocol": "WWW:LINK", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.2909/6aeb0dea-9d8c-42bd-a357-cd859f148929", "name": "https://doi.org/10.2909/6aeb0dea-9d8c-42bd-a357-cd859f148929", "protocol": "DOI", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://copernicus.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/RiparianZones/RZ_2012/MapServer", "name": "https://copernicus.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/rest/services/RiparianZones/RZ_2012/MapServer", "protocol": "ESRI:REST", "rel": "view"}, {"href": "https://copernicus.discomap.eea.europa.eu/arcgis/services/RiparianZones/RZ_2012/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS", "name": "Riparian Zones 2012 LCLU", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": "view"}, {"href": "https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/riparian-zones/rz-land-cover-land-use-2012#download", "name": "CLMS Website", "description": "Download 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[[[-31.23, 27.74], [-31.23, 71.14], [44.82, 71.14], [44.82, 27.74], [-31.23, 27.74]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "environment"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land cover"}], "scheme": "GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "EEA38 (from 2020)"}, {"id": "United Kingdom"}], "scheme": "Continents, countries, sea regions of the world."}, {"concepts": [{"id": "ecosystem services"}, {"id": "land use"}, {"id": "natural area"}, {"id": "riparian zone"}, {"id": "landscape alteration"}], "scheme": "GEMET"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "European"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Land use"}], "scheme": "EEA topics"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2017 3.6.2"}], "scheme": "EEA Management Plan"}], "license": "The Copernicus component is governed by Regulation (EU) No 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme and the European Union Agency for the Space Programme and repealing Regulations (EU) No 912/2010, (EU) No 1285/2013 and (EU) No 377/2014 and Decision No 541/2014/EU. Within the Copernicus component, a portfolio of land monitoring activities has been delegated by the European Union to the European Environment Agency (EEA) and the DG Joint Research Centre of the European Commission.\n\n              The Copernicus land monitoring products and services are made available on a principle of full, open and free access, as established by the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1159/2013 of 12 July 2013.\n\n              Free, full and open access to the products and services of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service is made on the conditions that:\n\n              1.     When distributing or communicating Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products and services (data, software scripts, web services, user and methodological documentation and similar) to the public, users shall inform the public of the source of these products and services.\n\n              2.     Where the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service products and services have been adapted or modified by the user, the user shall clearly state this.\n\n              3.     Users shall make sure not to convey the impression to the public that the user's activities are officially endorsed by the European Union.", "updated": "2023-08-15T14:58:42.991Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2021-12-14", "language": "eng", "title": "Riparian Zones Land Cover and Land Use Change 2012-2018 (vector), Europe, 6-yearly, Dec. 2021", "description": "Riparian zones represent transitional areas occurring between land and freshwater ecosystems, characterised by distinctive hydrology, soil and biotic conditions and strongly influenced by the stream water. They provide a wide range of riparian functions (e.g. chemical filtration, flood control, bank stabilization, aquatic life and riparian wildlife support, etc.) and ecosystem services.\n\nThe Riparian Zones products support the objectives of several European legal acts and policy initiatives, such as the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020, the Habitats and Birds Directives and the Water Framework Directive.\n\nThis metadata refers to the Riparian Zones Land Cover/Land Use (LC/LU) change for 2012-2018. The LC/LU classification is tailored to the needs of biodiversity monitoring in a variable buffer zone of selected rivers (Strahler levels 2-9 derived from EU-Hydro) for the change layer 2012-2018. LC/LU is extracted from Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite data and other available data in a buffer zone of selected rivers for supporting biodiversity monitoring and mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services. 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