{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114237", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:16:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-02-06", "title": "Model averaging for mapping topsoil organic carbon in France", "description": "Abstract   The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool and is two to three times larger than the C stored in vegetation and the atmosphere. SOC is a crucial component within the C cycle, and an accurate baseline of SOC is required, especially for biogeochemical and earth system modelling. This baseline will allow better monitoring of SOC dynamics due to land use change and climate change. However, current estimates of SOC stock and its spatial distribution have large uncertainties. In this study, we test whether we can improve the accuracy of the three existing SOC maps of France obtained at national (IGCS), continental (LUCAS), and global (SoilGrids) scales using statistical model averaging approaches. Soil data from the French Soil Monitoring Network (RMQS) were used to calibrate and evaluate five model averaging approaches, i.e., Granger-Ramanathan, Bias-corrected Variance Weighted (BC-VW), Bayesian Modelling Averaging, Cubist and Residual-based Cubist. Cross-validation showed that with a calibration size larger than 100 observations, the five model averaging approaches performed better than individual SOC maps. The BC-VW approach performed best and is recommended for model averaging. Our results show that 200 calibration observations were an acceptable calibration strategy for model averaging in France, showing that a fairly small number of spatially stratified observations (sampling density of 1 sample per 2500\u00a0km2) provides sufficient calibration data. We also tested the use of model averaging in data-poor situations by reproducing national SOC maps using various sized subsets of the IGCS dataset for model calibration. The results show that model averaging always performs better than the national SOC map. However, the Modelling Efficiency dropped substantially when the national SOC map was excluded in model averaging. This indicates the necessity of including a national SOC map for model averaging, even if produced with a small dataset (i.e., 200 samples). This study provides a reference for data-poor countries to improve national SOC maps using existing continental and global SOC maps.", "keywords": ["Soil organic carbon", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "cartographie num\u00e9rique des sols", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Data-poor countries", "cartographie num\u00e9rique du sol", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "soil sciences", "sciences du sol", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Digital soil mapping", "Sample size requirement", "13. Climate action", "Bias-corrected Variance Weighted", "carbone organique du sol", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.science/hal-02473703/file/revised%20accepted%20version%20Chen%20et%20al.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114237"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114237", "name": "item", "description": "10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114237", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114237"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15454/CFWBAA", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9plication pour\u00a0: Agriculture increases the bioavailability of silicon, a beneficial element for crop, in temperate soils", "description": "These data concern the study 'Agriculture increases the bioavailability of Silicon, a beneficial element for crop, in temperate soils' published in nature communication. This work was performed in the frame of the French ANR BioSiSol project (ANR-14-CE01-0002) and is based on data from the RMQS program (French Soil Quality Monitoring Network). The French Soil Quality Monitoring Network (RMQS) is a national program for the assessment and long-term monitoring of the quality of French soils. This network is based on the monitoring of 2240 sites representative of French soils and their land use. These sites are spread over the whole French territory (metropolitan and overseas) along a systematic square grid of 16 km x 16 km cells. The network covers a broad spectrum of climatic, soil and land-use conditions (croplands, permanent grasslands, woodlands, orchards and vineyards, natural or scarcely anthropogenic land and urban parkland). The physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are measured on each site. These soil analyses were carried out by the Soil Analysis Laboratory of INRAE (Arras, France). The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties are explained by biophysical variables, sources of contamination, history of land-use and management practices on each plot. The first sampling campaign in metropolitan France took place from 2000 to 2009 and the second campaign has begun in 2016. At each site, 25 core samples were taken by layer with an auger within a 20 m \u00d7 20 m plot and combined into a composite sample. Analyses used in this study only concern the surface layer (generally 0\u201330 cm layer) of samplings from the first campaign in metropolitan France. The analyses of total Si and available Si were made in 2016 on samples stored from the first sampling campaign. The dataset published contains all the raw data used in the statistical analysis in order to make them available for any further study. The table contains soil properties (total and available Si, particle size fraction, organic carbon content ...), observations about soil and land use, and spatial coordinates. We warn the user that coordinates published here are theoretical coordinates, the RMQS site can be located until 1 km around this point. Real coordinates can not be made publicly available because of confidential information.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Earth and Environmental Science", "Agricultural Sciences", "silicon", "Life Sciences", "Agriculture", " Forestry", " Horticulture", " Aquaculture", "15. Life on land", "TER sciences du sol", "soil", "bioavailable silicon", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Agriculture", " Forestry", " Horticulture", " Aquaculture and Veterinary Medicine", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "RMQS", "Agriculture", " Forestry", " Horticulture", "Geosciences", "AGR farms and farming systems", "agriculture"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Saby, Nicolas P.A., Caubet, Manon, Cornu, Sophie, Meunier, Jean-Dominique, Boulonne, Line, Rati\u00e9, C\u00e9line, Jolivet, Claudy,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15454/CFWBAA"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15454/CFWBAA", "name": "item", "description": "10.15454/CFWBAA", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15454/CFWBAA"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.15454/QSXKGA", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:00Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Analyses physico-chimiques des sites du R\u00e9seau de Mesures de la Qualit\u00e9 des Sols (RMQS) du territoire m\u00e9tropolitain pour la 1\u00e8re campagne (2000-2009), avec coordonn\u00e9es th\u00e9oriques", "description": "Le R\u00e9seau de mesures de la qualit\u00e9 des sols (RMQS) est un programme national d\u2019\u00e9valuation et de suivi \u00e0 long terme de la qualit\u00e9 des sols fran\u00e7ais. Ce r\u00e9seau repose sur le suivi de 2240 sites repr\u00e9sentatifs des sols fran\u00e7ais et de leurs occupations, r\u00e9partis sur l\u2019ensemble du territoire fran\u00e7ais (m\u00e9tropole et outre-mer) selon une grille syst\u00e9matique de 16 km de c\u00f4t\u00e9. Les sites recouvrent diverses occupations (grandes cultures, prairies permanentes, for\u00eats, vignes et vergers, milieux peu anthropis\u00e9s, parcs urbains). Des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physiques, chimiques et biologiques des sols sont mesur\u00e9es sur chaque site, par campagne. Ces analyses sont associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la recherche des facteurs explicatifs de la variabilit\u00e9 spatiale et temporelle des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des sols (variables biophysiques, sources de contamination, historique de l\u2019occupation et des pratiques de gestion de chaque site). La premi\u00e8re campagne de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement en m\u00e9tropole s'est d\u00e9roul\u00e9e de 2000 \u00e0 2009. Cette campagne, ax\u00e9e sur la contamination des sols, a permis de cartographier les principaux param\u00e8tres p\u00e9dologiques (28 variables) ainsi que les teneurs en 12 \u00e9l\u00e9ments traces m\u00e9talliques (ETM) en extraction totale ou partielle et 70 polluants organiques persistants. L\u2019ensemble des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements, mesures et observations r\u00e9alis\u00e9s sur chaque site durant cette campagne est d\u00e9taill\u00e9 dans le Manuel de la premi\u00e8re campagne du R\u00e9seau de Mesures de la Qualit\u00e9 des Sols . La deuxi\u00e8me campagne a d\u00e9marr\u00e9 en 2016 et devrait s\u2019\u00e9tendre sur 12 ans. Le jeu de donn\u00e9es fourni comprend les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019analyses issus de 2171 sites de m\u00e9tropole, r\u00e9partis sur 2146 cellules et correspondant \u00e0 la premi\u00e8re campagne RMQS (2000 -2009) et pour les param\u00e8tres suivants : granulom\u00e9trie 5 fractions, carbone et azote totaux, capacit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9change cationique et cations \u00e9changeables, calcaire total, pH eau, phosphore assimilable (P2O5), fer libre, \u00e9l\u00e9ments majeurs totaux et \u00e9l\u00e9ments traces m\u00e9talliques totaux et une partie des ETM en extraction partielle, conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique et \u00e9l\u00e9ments solubles \u00e0 l\u2019eau pour une s\u00e9lection de sites concern\u00e9s. Les analyses ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons composites pr\u00e9lev\u00e9s \u00e0 la tari\u00e8re selon deux couches de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement (0-30 cm ou couche travaill\u00e9e en sol cultiv\u00e9, appel\u00e9e composite de surface ou composite 1 et la couche sous-jacente jusqu\u2019\u00e0 50 cm, appel\u00e9e composite de sub-surface ou composite 2). Chaque \u00e9chantillon composite a \u00e9t\u00e9 constitu\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du m\u00e9lange de 25 pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements individuels pr\u00e9lev\u00e9s sur une surface d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage de 400 m\u00b2 selon un plan d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage al\u00e9atoire stratifi\u00e9 (voir description dans le manuel du RMQS). Une troisi\u00e8me couche de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement issue d\u2019\u00e9chantillons composites a pu \u00eatre constitu\u00e9e en for\u00eat ou en prairie, \u00e0 partir des horizons holorganiques (correspondant aux horizons p\u00e9dologiques OF et OH) lorsque ces horizons \u00e9taient suffisamment \u00e9pais (au moins 1 cm) et continus sur la surface d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage. English version The French Soil Quality Monitoring Network (RMQS) is a national program for the assessment and long-term monitoring of the quality of French soils. This network is based on the monitoring of 2240 sites representative of French soils and their land use. These sites are spread over the whole French territory (metropolitan and overseas) along a systematic square grid of 16 km x 16 km cells. The network covers a broad spectrum of climatic, soil and land-use conditions (croplands, permanent grasslands, woodlands, orchards and vineyards, natural or scarcely anthropogenic land and urban parkland). The physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil are measured on each site, during the first campaign et presently on the second campaign. The spatial and temporal variability of soil properties are explained by biophysical variables, sources of contamination, history of land-use and management practices on each plot. The first sampling campaign in metropolitan France took place from 2000 to 2009. This campaign focused on soil contamination assessment and made it possible to map key soil parameters (28 variables) as well as 12 trace metal elements and 70 persistent organic pollutants. The sampling method, measurements and observations on each site are described in the \u201cRMQS guidelines\u201d1 (in French: \u201cmanuel du RMQS\u201d). The second campaign started in 2016 and should last 12 years. The dataset includes the results of soil analyses from 2171 sites, spread over 2146 cells and corresponding to the first RMQS campaign (2000-2009). Analysed parameters are particle size analysis (5 fractions), total carbon and nitrogen, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations, total calcium carbonates, pH in water, available P2O5, free iron, total major elements and trace elements (total and partial extraction). The soil tests were carried out on composite samples collected with an auger at two sampling layers: 0-30 cm or cultivated layer named \u201cupper layer\u201d or \u201clayer 1\u201d and 30-50 cm named \u201csubsoil layer\u201d or \u201clayer 2\u201d. Each composite sample was made up of 25 individual sample cores taken on a sampling area of 400 m\u00b2, using an unaligned systematic sampling design (see description in the RMQS guidelines). In some cases a third layer was made up of holorganic layers in forests or meadows, corresponding to pedological horizons OF and OH, when these layers were sufficiently thick, (at least 1 cm) and continuous over the sampling area.", "keywords": ["Earth and Environmental Science", "sol", "pH du sol", "p\u00e9dologie (geosciences)", "TER sciences du sol", "capacit\u00e9 d \u00e9change cationique", "fer", "carbonate", "granulom\u00e9trie du sol", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique", "p\u00e9dologie geosciences", "carbone du sol", "phosphore du sol", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "capacit\u00e9 d'\u00e9change cationique", "azote du sol", "Geosciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Association marnaise de d\u00e9veloppement agricole et viticole, Association pour la Relance Agronomique en Alsace (ARAA), Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture des Ardennes, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Aube, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture du Calvados, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Charente, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Charente-Maritime, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture du Cher, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Corr\u00e8ze, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de la C\u00f4te d'Or, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Creuse, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture des Deux-S\u00e8vres, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Eure, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Eure-et-Loir, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Haute-Marne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Haute-Vienne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Indre, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Loire-Atlantique, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Mayenne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de la Manche, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Mayenne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de la Ni\u00e8vre, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Orne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Seine-et-Marne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Seine-Maritime, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de Vend\u00e9e, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de la Vienne, Chambre D\u00e9partementale d'Agriculture de l'Yonne, Chambre R\u00e9gionale d'Agriculture de Bretagne, Chambre R\u00e9gionale d'Agriculture de Lorraine, Chambre R\u00e9gionale d'Agriculture de Picardie, Chambre R\u00e9gionale d'Agriculture de Poitou-Charentes, Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Mayenne, \u00c9cole nationale d'ing\u00e9nieurs des travaux agricoles de Bordeaux (ENITAB), EDIACARA, \u00c9tablissement national d'enseignement sup\u00e9rieur agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD), Genevois-Gomendy-Sol et Environnement, Groupe R\u00e9gional Agronomie P\u00e9dologie Environnement (GRAPE Franche-Comt\u00e9), Institut Forestier National (IFN), Institut National d'Horticulture d'Angers (INH), Institut National Polytechnique - Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Agronomie de Toulouse (INP-ENSAT), Institut Sup\u00e9rieur d'Agriculture de Lille (ISA), SCITERRE, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du Canal de Provence et d'Am\u00e9nagement de la R\u00e9gion Proven\u00e7ale (SCP), Sol Info Rh\u00f4ne Alpes - Chambre R\u00e9gionale d'Agriculture de Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (SIRA),", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.15454/QSXKGA"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.15454/QSXKGA", "name": "item", "description": "10.15454/QSXKGA", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.15454/QSXKGA"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/548479", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "title": "A well-established fact: Rapid mineralization of organic inputs is an important factor for soil carbon sequestration", "description": "Open AccessISSN:1365-2389", "keywords": ["P33 - Chimie et physique du sol", "2. Zero hunger", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1374571087594", "P40 - M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et climatologie", "P34 - Biologie du sol", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "15. Life on land", "min\u00e9ralisation du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_331583", "carbon sequestration", "soil", "sciences du sol", "s\u00e9questration du carbone", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_36244", "climate change", "carbon sequestration; climate change; mineralization; soil", "13. Climate action", "carbone organique du sol", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_389fe908", "mineralization", "min\u00e9ralisation", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_15999", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7188", "att\u00e9nuation des effets du changement climatique"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Angers, Denis, Arrouays, Dominique, Cardinael, R\u00e9mi, Chenu, Claire, Corbeels, Marc, Demenois, Julien, Farrell, Mark, Martin, Manuel, Minasny, Budiman, Recous, Sylvie, Six, Johan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11850/548479"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/European%20Journal%20of%20Soil%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11850/548479", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11850/548479", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11850/548479"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:20:49Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-13", "title": "Modeling Soil Processes: Review, Key Challenges, and New Perspectives", "description": "Core Ideas<p><p>A community effort is needed to move soil modeling forward.</p><p>Establishing an international soil modeling consortium is key in this respect.</p><p>There is a need to better integrate existing knowledge in soil models.</p><p>Integration of data and models is a key challenge in soil modeling.</p></p><p>The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance to a wide range of ecosystem services presents major challenges to the modeling of soil processes. Although major progress in soil models has occurred in the last decades, models of soil processes remain disjointed between disciplines or ecosystem services, with considerable uncertainty remaining in the quality of predictions and several challenges that remain yet to be addressed. First, there is a need to improve exchange of knowledge and experience among the different disciplines in soil science and to reach out to other Earth science communities. Second, the community needs to develop a new generation of soil models based on a systemic approach comprising relevant physical, chemical, and biological processes to address critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of soil processes and their interactions. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate exchanges between soil modeling and climate, plant, and social science modeling communities. It will allow us to contribute to preserve and improve our assessment of ecosystem services and advance our understanding of climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90change feedback mechanisms, among others, thereby facilitating and strengthening communication among scientific disciplines and society. We review the role of modeling soil processes in quantifying key soil processes that shape ecosystem services, with a focus on provisioning and regulating services. We then identify key challenges in modeling soil processes, including the systematic incorporation of heterogeneity and uncertainty, the integration of data and models, and strategies for effective integration of knowledge on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. We discuss how the soil modeling community could best interface with modern modeling activities in other disciplines, such as climate, ecology, and plant research, and how to weave novel observation and measurement techniques into soil models. We propose the establishment of an international soil modeling consortium to coherently advance soil modeling activities and foster communication with other Earth science disciplines. Such a consortium should promote soil modeling platforms and data repository for model development, calibration and intercomparison essential for addressing contemporary challenges.</p", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "550", "QH301 Biology", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "SATURATED-UNSATURATED FLOW", "02 engineering and technology", "soil processes", "01 natural sciences", "Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "Sciences de la Terre", "ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI", "sciences du sol", "ANZSRC::3707 Hydrology", "SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR", "ANZSRC::4106 Soil sciences", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "2. Zero hunger", "GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR", "diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy", "ANZSRC::050399 Soil Sciences not elsewhere classified", "synthetic-aperture radar", "digital elevation model", "SDG 13 \u2013 Ma\u00dfnahmen zum Klimaschutz", "MULTIPLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", "knowledge integration", "Crop and Pasture Production", "101028 Mathematical modelling", "570", "DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY", "Environmental Engineering", "international soil modeling consortium", "0207 environmental engineering", "Soil Science", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "soil science", "ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS", "QH301", "ANZSRC::0503 Soil Sciences", "Life Science", "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELS", "data integration", "sediment transport models", "approche ecosyst\u00e9mique", "mod\u00e9lisation", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "ground-penetrating radar", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "soil modeling", "ANZSRC::080110 Simulation and Modelling", "ROOT WATER-UPTAKE", "15. Life on land", "multiple ecosystem services", "root water-uptake", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Soil Sciences", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "101028 Mathematische Modellierung", "saturated-unsaturated flow", "root water-uptake", " sediment transport models", " diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy", " arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", " multiple ecosystem services", " saturated-unsaturated flow", " ground-penetrating radar", " synthetic-aperture radar", " digital elevation model", " organic-matter dynamics.", "DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131/fullpdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt6976n34c/qt6976n34c.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Vadose%20Zone%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131", "name": "item", "description": "10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:21:07Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-22", "title": "Making the Most of Our Land: Managing Soil Functions from Local to Continental Scale", "description": "Open AccessThe challenges of achieving both food security and environmental sustainability have resulted in a confluence of demands on land within the European Union (EU): we expect our land to provide food, fiber and fuel, to purify water, to sequester carbon, and provide a home to biodiversity as well as external nutrients in the form of waste from humans and intensive livestock enterprises. All soils can perform all of these five functions, but some soils are better at supplying selective functions. Functional Land Management is a framework for policy-making aimed at meeting these demands by incentivizing land use and soil management practices that selectively augment specific soil functions, where required. Here, we explore how the demands for contrasting soil functions, as framed by EU policies, may apply to very different spatial scales, from local to continental scales. At the same time, using Ireland as a national case study, we show that the supply of each soil function is largely determined by local soil and land use conditions, with large variations at both local and regional scales. These discrepancies between the scales at which the demands and supply of soil functions are manifested, have implications for soil and land management: while some soil functions must be managed at local (e.g., farm or field) scale, others may be offset between regions with a view to solely meeting national or continental demands. In order to facilitate the optimization of the delivery of soil functions at national level, to meet the demands that are framed at continental scale, we identify and categorize 14 policy and market instruments that are available in the EU. The results from this inventory imply that there may be no need for the introduction of new specific instruments to aid the governance of Functional Land Management. We conclude that there may be more merit in adapting existing governance instruments by facilitating differentiation between soils and landscapes.", "keywords": ["550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Soil functions", "intensification culturale", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "sciences du sol", "scale", "11. Sustainability", "Functional Land Management", "GE1-350", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Functional Land Management;ecosystem services;policy;soil functions;sustainable intensification", "sustainable intensification", "Sustainable intensification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Functional Land Management; ecosystem services; policy; soil functions; sustainable intensification", "durabilit\u00e9 du sol", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ecosystem services", "policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "name": "item", "description": "10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.3389/fenvs.2015.00081"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.11850/108588", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:25:53Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2015-12-22", "title": "Making the Most of Our Land: Managing Soil Functions from Local to Continental Scale", "description": "Open AccessThe challenges of achieving both food security and environmental sustainability have resulted in a confluence of demands on land within the European Union (EU): we expect our land to provide food, fiber and fuel, to purify water, to sequester carbon, and provide a home to biodiversity as well as external nutrients in the form of waste from humans and intensive livestock enterprises. All soils can perform all of these five functions, but some soils are better at supplying selective functions. Functional Land Management is a framework for policy-making aimed at meeting these demands by incentivizing land use and soil management practices that selectively augment specific soil functions, where required. Here, we explore how the demands for contrasting soil functions, as framed by EU policies, may apply to very different spatial scales, from local to continental scales. At the same time, using Ireland as a national case study, we show that the supply of each soil function is largely determined by local soil and land use conditions, with large variations at both local and regional scales. These discrepancies between the scales at which the demands and supply of soil functions are manifested, have implications for soil and land management: while some soil functions must be managed at local (e.g., farm or field) scale, others may be offset between regions with a view to solely meeting national or continental demands. In order to facilitate the optimization of the delivery of soil functions at national level, to meet the demands that are framed at continental scale, we identify and categorize 14 policy and market instruments that are available in the EU. The results from this inventory imply that there may be no need for the introduction of new specific instruments to aid the governance of Functional Land Management. We conclude that there may be more merit in adapting existing governance instruments by facilitating differentiation between soils and landscapes.", "keywords": ["550", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Soil functions", "intensification culturale", "01 natural sciences", "12. Responsible consumption", "sciences du sol", "scale", "11. Sustainability", "Functional Land Management", "GE1-350", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "2. Zero hunger", "Functional Land Management;ecosystem services;policy;soil functions;sustainable intensification", "sustainable intensification", "Sustainable intensification", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "Functional Land Management; ecosystem services; policy; soil functions; sustainable intensification", "durabilit\u00e9 du sol", "soil functions", "15. Life on land", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Environmental sciences", "13. Climate action", "Environmental Science", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "ecosystem services", "policy"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11850/108588"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Frontiers%20in%20Environmental%20Science", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11850/108588", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11850/108588", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11850/108588"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-12-22T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "3005528129", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:26:35Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2020-02-06", "title": "Model averaging for mapping topsoil organic carbon in France", "description": "Abstract   The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is the largest terrestrial carbon (C) pool and is two to three times larger than the C stored in vegetation and the atmosphere. SOC is a crucial component within the C cycle, and an accurate baseline of SOC is required, especially for biogeochemical and earth system modelling. This baseline will allow better monitoring of SOC dynamics due to land use change and climate change. However, current estimates of SOC stock and its spatial distribution have large uncertainties. In this study, we test whether we can improve the accuracy of the three existing SOC maps of France obtained at national (IGCS), continental (LUCAS), and global (SoilGrids) scales using statistical model averaging approaches. Soil data from the French Soil Monitoring Network (RMQS) were used to calibrate and evaluate five model averaging approaches, i.e., Granger-Ramanathan, Bias-corrected Variance Weighted (BC-VW), Bayesian Modelling Averaging, Cubist and Residual-based Cubist. Cross-validation showed that with a calibration size larger than 100 observations, the five model averaging approaches performed better than individual SOC maps. The BC-VW approach performed best and is recommended for model averaging. Our results show that 200 calibration observations were an acceptable calibration strategy for model averaging in France, showing that a fairly small number of spatially stratified observations (sampling density of 1 sample per 2500\u00a0km2) provides sufficient calibration data. We also tested the use of model averaging in data-poor situations by reproducing national SOC maps using various sized subsets of the IGCS dataset for model calibration. The results show that model averaging always performs better than the national SOC map. However, the Modelling Efficiency dropped substantially when the national SOC map was excluded in model averaging. This indicates the necessity of including a national SOC map for model averaging, even if produced with a small dataset (i.e., 200 samples). This study provides a reference for data-poor countries to improve national SOC maps using existing continental and global SOC maps.", "keywords": ["Soil organic carbon", "[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]", "cartographie num\u00e9rique des sols", "04 agricultural and veterinary sciences", "cartographie num\u00e9rique du sol", "Data-poor countries", "15. Life on land", "01 natural sciences", "soil sciences", "sciences du sol", "[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio]", "Digital soil mapping", "Sample size requirement", "13. Climate action", "carbone organique du sol", "Bias-corrected Variance Weighted", "0401 agriculture", " forestry", " and fisheries", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://hal.science/hal-02473703/file/revised%20accepted%20version%20Chen%20et%20al.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/3005528129"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Geoderma", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3005528129", "name": "item", "description": "3005528129", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3005528129"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2020-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.57745/8OIJ5T", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:24:39Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9plication pour\u00a0: National estimation of soil organic carbon storage potential for arable soils: A data-driven approach coupled with carbon-landscape zones", "description": "Soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for its contributions to agricultural production, food security, and ecosystem services. Increasing SOC stocks can contribute to mitigate climate change by transferring atmospheric CO2 into long-lived soil carbon pools. The launch of the 4 per 1000 initiative has resulted in an increased interest in developing methods to quantity the additional SOC that can be stored in soil under different management options. In this work, we have made a first attempt to estimate SOC storage potential of arable soils using a data-driven approach based on the French National Soil Monitoring Network. The data-driven approach was used to determine the maximum SOC stocks of arable soils for France. We first defined different carbon-landscape zones (CLZs) using clustering analysis. We then computed estimates of the highest possible values using percentile of 0.8, 0.85, 0.9 and 0.95 of the measured SOC stocks within these CLZs. The SOC storage potential was calculated as the difference between the maximum SOC stocks and current SOC stocks for topsoil and subsoil. The percentile used to determine highest possible SOC had a large influence on the estimates of French national SOC storage potential. When the percentile increased from 0.8 to 0.95, the national SOC storage potential increased by two to three-fold, from 336 to 1020 Mt for topsoil and from 165 to 433 Mt for subsoil, suggesting a high sensitivity of this approach to the selected percentile. Nevertheless, we argue that this approach can offer advantages from an operational point of view, as it enables to set targets of SOC storage taking into account both policy makers' and farmers' considerations about their feasibility. Robustness of the estimates should be further assessed using complementary approaches such as mechanistic modelling. This dataset gather the raster used to produce the figure 6, 9 and 10. Projection lambert 93 France.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "soil organic carbon", "Earth and Environmental Science", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "r\u00e9seau de mesures de la qualit\u00e9 des sols", "15. Life on land", "Environmental Research", "Natural Sciences", "TER sciences du sol", "arable soil", "Geosciences", "soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Chen, Songchao, Arrouays, Dominique, Angers, Denis A., Barr\u00e9, Pierre, Martin, Manuel P., Saby, Nicolas P.A., Walter, Christian,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.57745/8OIJ5T"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.57745/8OIJ5T", "name": "item", "description": "10.57745/8OIJ5T", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.57745/8OIJ5T"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2164/6134", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-04T16:26:09Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2016-05-13", "title": "Modeling Soil Processes: Review, Key Challenges, and New Perspectives", "description": "Core Ideas                     <p>                                                                           <p>A community effort is needed to move soil modeling forward.</p>                                                                             <p>Establishing an international soil modeling consortium is key in this respect.</p>                                                                             <p>There is a need to better integrate existing knowledge in soil models.</p>                                                                             <p>Integration of data and models is a key challenge in soil modeling.</p>                                                                     </p>                     <p>The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance to a wide range of ecosystem services presents major challenges to the modeling of soil processes. Although major progress in soil models has occurred in the last decades, models of soil processes remain disjointed between disciplines or ecosystem services, with considerable uncertainty remaining in the quality of predictions and several challenges that remain yet to be addressed. First, there is a need to improve exchange of knowledge and experience among the different disciplines in soil science and to reach out to other Earth science communities. Second, the community needs to develop a new generation of soil models based on a systemic approach comprising relevant physical, chemical, and biological processes to address critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of soil processes and their interactions. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate exchanges between soil modeling and climate, plant, and social science modeling communities. It will allow us to contribute to preserve and improve our assessment of ecosystem services and advance our understanding of climate\uffe2\uff80\uff90change feedback mechanisms, among others, thereby facilitating and strengthening communication among scientific disciplines and society. We review the role of modeling soil processes in quantifying key soil processes that shape ecosystem services, with a focus on provisioning and regulating services. We then identify key challenges in modeling soil processes, including the systematic incorporation of heterogeneity and uncertainty, the integration of data and models, and strategies for effective integration of knowledge on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. We discuss how the soil modeling community could best interface with modern modeling activities in other disciplines, such as climate, ecology, and plant research, and how to weave novel observation and measurement techniques into soil models. We propose the establishment of an international soil modeling consortium to coherently advance soil modeling activities and foster communication with other Earth science disciplines. Such a consortium should promote soil modeling platforms and data repository for model development, calibration and intercomparison essential for addressing contemporary challenges.</p>", "keywords": ["organic-matter dynamics", "550", "Sciences de l\u2019environnement & \u00e9cologie", "QH301 Biology", "Knowledge management", "0208 environmental biotechnology", "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", "02 engineering and technology", "soil processes", "01 natural sciences", "Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "Sciences de la Terre", "Biological process", "ANZSRC::3707 Hydrology", "DROUGHT SEVERITY INDEX", "SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR", "ANZSRC::4106 Soil sciences", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Climate change", "0503 Soil Sciences", "GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR", "Integration of knowledge", "Life sciences", "ANZSRC::050399 Soil Sciences not elsewhere classified", "synthetic-aperture radar", "Physical Sciences", "Water Resources", "Knowledge and experience", "MULTIPLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES", "knowledge integration", "570", "DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY", "Environmental Engineering", "Physique", " chimie", " math\u00e9matiques & sciences de la terre", "Scientific discipline", "0703 Crop and Pasture Production", "0207 environmental engineering", "Soil Science", "soil science", "ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS", "DATA ASSIMILATION", "Physical", " chemical", " mathematical & earth Sciences", "ANZSRC::0503 Soil Sciences", "Science disciplines", "PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS", "Feedback mechanisms", "mod\u00e9lisation", "ground-penetrating radar", "Science & Technology", "ANZSRC::080110 Simulation and Modelling", "15. Life on land", "Sciences de la terre & g\u00e9ographie physique", "multiple ecosystem services", "root water-uptake", "Observation and measurement", "DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL", "Quality of predictions", "SATURATED-UNSATURATED FLOW", "ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI", "sciences du sol", "HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES", "2. Zero hunger", "Agriculture", "diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy", "4106 Soil sciences", "ORGANIC-MATTER", "digital elevation model", "SDG 13 \u2013 Ma\u00dfnahmen zum Klimaschutz", "Sciences du vivant", "Uncertainty analysis", "0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "Crop and Pasture Production", "101028 Mathematical modelling", "international soil modeling consortium", "[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", "Ecosystems", "Climate models", "QH301", "Environmental sciences & ecology", "Life Science", "SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODELS", "data integration", "sediment transport models", "approche ecosyst\u00e9mique", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "3707 Hydrology", "soil modeling", "ROOT WATER-UPTAKE", "SOLUTE TRANSPORT", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "Soil Sciences", "[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences", "Earth Sciences", "Earth sciences & physical geography", "Soils", "101028 Mathematische Modellierung", "saturated-unsaturated flow", "Environmental Sciences", "root water-uptake", " sediment transport models", " diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy", " arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi", " multiple ecosystem services", " saturated-unsaturated flow", " ground-penetrating radar", " synthetic-aperture radar", " digital elevation model", " organic-matter dynamics."]}, "links": [{"href": "https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/263634/1/Vereecken%20VZJ%202016.pdf"}, {"href": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.2136/vzj2015.09.0131/fullpdf"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt6976n34c/qt6976n34c.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/2164/6134"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Vadose%20Zone%20Journal", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "2164/6134", "name": "item", "description": "2164/6134", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/2164/6134"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "38c2a87e-d38a-4359-9899-9d4a6b9f0c2a", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[2.75, 49.45], [2.75, 50.85], [6.5, 50.85], [6.5, 49.45], [2.75, 49.45]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Sol et sous-sol"}, {"id": "Nature et environnement"}, {"id": "Am\u00e9nagement du territoire"}, {"id": "Agriculture"}], "scheme": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/thesaurus/theme-geoportail-wallon"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Sols"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "ressources"}, {"id": "sol"}, {"id": "g\u00e9ographie"}, {"id": "zones naturelles, paysages, \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes"}], "scheme": "http://geonetwork-opensource.org/gemet-theme"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "carte p\u00e9dologique"}, {"id": "sciences du sol"}, {"id": "carte"}, {"id": "cartographie"}, {"id": "sol"}], "scheme": "http://geonetwork-opensource.org/gemet"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Extraction_DIGNO"}, {"id": "Open DataNO"}, {"id": "PanierTelechargementGeoportail"}, {"id": "Reporting INSPIRE"}], "scheme": "https://metawal.wallonie.be/thesaurus/infrasig"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "R\u00e9gional"}], "scheme": "http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/metadata-codelist/SpatialScope"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Observation de la terre et environnement"}], "scheme": "http://data.europa.eu/bna/asd487ae75"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "2023/138"}], "scheme": "http://data.europa.eu/r5r/applicableLegislation"}], "rights": "Conditions d'acc\u00e8s et d'utilisation sp\u00e9cifiques", "updated": "2023-06-21T06:17:03.315Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2005-06-01", "language": "fre", "title": "Digital Map of the Soils of Wallonia", "description": "Reproduction num\u00e9rique des planchettes de la Carte des Sols de la Belgique couvrant le territoire wallon, en ce compris les planchettes non \u00e9dit\u00e9es.\n\nLa Carte Num\u00e9rique des Sols de Wallonie (CNSW ou CNSW__SIGLES_20) est la reproduction num\u00e9rique des planchettes de la Carte des Sols de la Belgique couvrant le territoire wallon, en ce compris les planchettes non \u00e9dit\u00e9es. C\u2019est ainsi plus de 500.000 plages de sols qui sont reprises sous forme de polygones (couche vectorielle). Plus de 6000 unit\u00e9s de sols constituent la l\u00e9gende de la carte, auxquelles se rattachent les plages de sols. Ces unit\u00e9s sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es sous forme de sigles form\u00e9s de la concat\u00e9nation de symboles, chacun d\u00e9livrant une information de nature essentiellement morphologique sur les sols. \n\nL\u2019unit\u00e9 cartographique de base de la l\u00e9gende de la CNSW est la s\u00e9rie principale d\u00e9finie par 3 ou 4 caract\u00e9ristiques majeures : texture, drainage naturel, pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un horizon diagnostique ; nature et importance de la charge en \u00e9l\u00e9ments grossiers. L\u2019ajout de symboles en pr\u00e9fixe (s\u00e9rie d\u00e9riv\u00e9e) ou en suffixe (variante ou phase) permet de pr\u00e9ciser certaines caract\u00e9ristiques secondaires, telles que la nature et la profondeur d\u2019apparition d\u2019un substrat diff\u00e9rent, des particularit\u00e9s li\u00e9es au mat\u00e9riau parental, au d\u00e9veloppement de profil, \u00e0 des influences anthropiques ou \u00e0 la position topographique.\n\nLa version 1.3 (f\u00e9vrier 2021) comprend, outre les champs existants dans la version pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, un nouveau champ pr\u00e9cisant le pourcentage estim\u00e9 de la charge caillouteuse en surface. Cette information est utile pour des questions touchant notamment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9rosion ou \u00e0 la fertilisation. 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