{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, 90.0], [180.0, 90.0], [180.0, -90.0], [-180.0, -90.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2025-02-05T10:34:26", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "A homogenized soil data file for global environmental research: A subset of FAO, ISRIC and NRCS profiles", "description": "A homogenized, global set of 1,125 soil profiles is presented. These profiles have been extracted from the database developed at ISRIC for a project on \"World Inventory of Soil Emission Potentials\" (WISE), as a contribution to the activities of the Global Soils Data Task Group of IGBP-DIS. The subset consists of a selection of 665 profiles originating from digital data files released by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS, Lincoln), 250 profiles obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, Rome), and 210 profiles from the reference collection of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC, Wageningen). All profiles are georeferenced and classified in the FAO-Unesco Legend whereby they can be linked to the edited and digital version of the FAO-Unesco Soil Map of the World. This data set is being released in the public domain for use by global modellers and other interested scientists. It is envisaged that the data set will be expanded by ISRIC when new, uniform soil profile data become available.\n\nNote: \na) A more recent version (some 10,000 profiles) of WISE profiles is available at: http://data.isric.org/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/a351682c-330a-4995-a5a1-57ad160e621c (2009)\nb) For a larger compilation see the WoSIS database: http://isric.org/explore/wosis (2017)", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic carbon", "bulk density", "soil classification", "soil depth", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "soil profiles", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["custodian"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data info desk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information (WDC - Soils)", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "arc-second"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wise/ISRIC_report_1995_10b.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/documents/document-type/isric-report-199510b-homogenized-soil-data-file-global-environmental", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wise/ISRIC-WISE_Internat_Soil_Prof_Data_Set_c.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "name": "item", "description": "0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/0f85c381-e496-47d9-89d8-f1fe2ee1a517"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1950-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1995-07-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.1111/gcb.17247", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T06:59:30Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-16", "title": "Depth\u2010dependent responses of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition", "description": "Abstract<p>Emerging evidence points out that the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to nitrogen (N) addition differ along the soil profile, highlighting the importance of synthesizing results from different soil layers. Here, using a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, we found that N addition significantly enhanced topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) SOC by 3.7% (\uffc2\uffb11.4%) in forests and grasslands. In contrast, SOC in the subsoil (30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) initially increased with N addition but decreased over time. The model selection analysis revealed that experimental duration and vegetation type are among the most important predictors across a wide range of climatic, environmental, and edaphic variables. The contrasting responses of SOC to N addition indicate the importance of considering deep soil layers, particularly for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous N deposition. Finally, the lack of depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent SOC responses to N addition in experimental and modeling frameworks has likely resulted in the overestimation of changes in SOC storage under enhanced N deposition.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "China", "Nitrogen", "nitrogen addition duration", "carbon cycle\u2013climate feedbacks", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Soil", "soil carbon sequestration", "13. Climate action", "soil profiles", "carbon losses"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17247"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/gcb.17247", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/gcb.17247", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/gcb.17247"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2023-12-08T11:18:44", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - July 2016", "description": "The aim of the World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) is to serve quality-assessed, geo-referenced soil data (point, polygon, and grid) to the international community upon their standardisation and harmonisation. So far, the focus has been on developing procedures for legacy point data with special attention to the selection of soil analytical and physical properties considered in the GlobalSoilMap specifications (e.g. organic carbon, soil pH, soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), coarse fragments (\u2009greater than\u2009\u202f2\u202fmm), cation exchange capacity, electrical conductivity, bulk density, and water holding capacity). Profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of soil data providers; the data have been described, sampled, and analysed according to methods and standards in use in the originating countries. Hence, special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values, and soil analytical method descriptions.\n\nAt the time of writing, the full WoSIS database contained some 118\u202f400 unique shared soil profiles, of which some 96\u202f000 are geo-referenced within defined limits. In total, this corresponds with over 31 million soil records, of which some 20\u202f% have so far been quality-assessed and standardised using the sequential procedure discussed in this paper.\n\nThe number of measured data for each property varies between profiles and with depth, generally depending on the purpose of the initial studies. Overall, the data lineage strongly determined which data could be standardised with acceptable confidence in accord with WoSIS procedures, corresponding to over 4 million records for 94\u202f441 profiles.\n\nThe downloadable ZIP file has the data in TSV (tab separated values). It contains the following files:\n- ReadmeFirst_WoSIS_2016.pdf (148.1 KB)\n- wosis_201607_attributes.txt (4.1 KB)\n- wosis_201607_layers.txt (679.1 MB)\n- wosis_201607_profiles.txt (8.8 MB)\n\nCitation:\nBatjes NH, Ribeiro E, van Oostrum A, Leenaars J, and Mendes de Jesus J 2016. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS, July 2016 snapshot), doi:10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20160003.\nThe dataset accompanies the following data paper: Batjes NH, Ribeiro E, van Oostrum A, Leenaars J, Hengl T, and Mendes de Jesus J 2017. WoSIS: Providing standardised soil profile data for the world, Earth System Science Data 9, 1-14, doi:10.5194/essd-9-1-2017.", "formats": [{"name": "Niels H. Batjes"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "water retention", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "roles": ["contributor"]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2016_July.zip", "name": "Download zip", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-1-2017", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wosis_snapshot/wosis_snapshot.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "name": "item", "description": "76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/76f1bae3-cee1-4bc7-98b2-beb036d88d2b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2013-02-12T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2023-12-08T11:13:11", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - September 2019", "description": "The World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardised soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the first \u2018WoSIS snapshot\u2019, in July 2016, many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardised in accordance with the licences specified by the data providers. Soil profile data managed in WoSIS were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to measures for soil data quality and the standardisation of soil property definitions, soil property values (and units of measurement), and soil analytical method descriptions.\n\nWe presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable.\n\nFurther, for each profile, we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations insofar as these have been specified in the source databases. Measures for geographical accuracy (i.e. location) of the point data as well as a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods are presented, for possible consideration in digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling.\n\nThe present snapshot, referred to as \u2018WoSIS snapshot - September 2019\u2019, comprises 196,498 geo-referenced profiles originating from 173 countries. They represent over 832 thousand soil layers (or horizons), and over 6 million records. The actual number of observations for each property varies (greatly) between pro\ufb01les and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes.\n\nThe downloadable ZIP file has the data in TSV (tab separated values) and GeoPackage format. It contains the following files:\n- ReadmeFirst_WoSIS_2019dec04.pdf (546.7 KB)\n- wosis_201909.gpkg (2.2 GB, same data as in the tsv)\n- wosis_201909_attributes.tsv (8.7 KB)\n- wosis_201909_layers_chemical.tsv (893.5 MB)\n- wosis_201909_layers_physical.tsv (890.7 MB)\n- wosis_201909_profiles.tsv (18.8 MB)\n\nTo read the data in R, please, uncompress the ZIP file and specify the uncompressed folder. Then use read_tsv to read the TSV files, specifying the data types for each column (c = character, i = integer, n = number, d = double, l = logical, f = factor, D = date, T = date time, t = time).\n\nsetwd(\"/YourFolder/WoSIS_2019_September/\")\nattributes = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_attributes.tsv', col_types='cccciicd')\nprofiles = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_profiles.tsv', col_types='icccdddiicccciccccicccc')\nchemical = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_layers_chemical.tsv', col_types='iiddclcdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccc')\nphysical = readr::read_tsv('wosis_201909_layers_physical.tsv', col_types='iiddclcdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccccdccccc')\n\nFor more detailed instructions on how to read the data with R, please visit https://www.isric.org/accessing-wosis-using-r.\n\nCitation:\nBatjes N.H, Ribeiro E, and van Oostrum A.J.M, 2019. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS snapshot - September 2019), https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils.20190901.\nThe dataset accompanies the following data paper: Batjes N.H., Ribeiro E., and van Oostrum A.J.M., 2019. Standardised soil profile data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot - 2019). Earth System Science Data, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-299-2020.", "formats": [{"name": "Niels H. Batjes"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "water retention", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Ad van Oostrum", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "ad.vanoostrum@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Eloi Ribeiro", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": null}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2019_September.zip", "name": "Download zip", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-299-2020", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/wosis_snapshot/wosis_snapshot_201909.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "name": "item", "description": "ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/ca880bd4-cff8-11e9-8046-0cc47adaa92c"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2016-07-05T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2025-02-05T09:26:02", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS snapshot - December 2023", "description": "ABSTRACT:\n\nThe World Soil Information Service (WoSIS) provides quality-assessed and standardized soil profile data to support digital soil mapping and environmental applications at broad scale levels. Since the release of the \u2018WoSIS snapshot 2019\u2019 many new soil data were shared with us, registered in the ISRIC data repository, and subsequently standardized in accordance with the licenses specified by the data providers. The source data were contributed by a wide range of data providers, therefore special attention was paid to the standardization of soil property definitions, soil analytical procedures and soil property values (and units of measurement).\n\nWe presently consider the following soil chemical properties (organic carbon, total carbon, total carbonate equivalent, total Nitrogen, Phosphorus (extractable-P, total-P, and P-retention), soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), bulk density, coarse fragments, and water retention), grouped according to analytical procedures (aggregates) that are operationally comparable.\n\nFor each profile we provide the original soil classification (FAO, WRB, USDA, and version) and horizon designations as far as these have been specified in the source databases. \n\nThree measures for 'fitness-for-intended-use' are provided: positional uncertainty (for site locations), time of sampling/description, and a first approximation for the uncertainty associated with the operationally defined analytical methods. These measures should be considered during digital soil mapping and subsequent earth system modelling that use the present set of soil data. \n\n\nDATA SET DESCRIPTION:\n\nThe 'WoSIS 2023 snapshot' comprises data for 228k profiles from 217k geo-referenced sites that originate from 174 countries. The profiles represent over 900k soil layers (or horizons) and over 6 million records. The actual number of measurements for each property varies (greatly) between pro\ufb01les and with depth, this generally depending on the objectives of the initial soil sampling programmes. \n\nThe data are provided in TSV (tab separated values) format and as GeoPackage. The zip-file (446 Mb) contains the following files: \n\n- Readme_WoSIS_202312_v2.pdf: Provides a short description of the dataset, file structure, column names, units and category values (this file is also available directly under 'online resources'). The pdf includes links to tutorials for downloading the TSV files into R respectively Excel. See also 'HOW TO READ TSV FILES INTO R AND PYTHON' in the next section. \n \n- wosis_202312_observations.tsv: This file lists the four to six letter codes for each observation, whether the observation is for a site/profile or layer (horizon), the unit of measurement and the number of profiles respectively layers represented in the snapshot. It also provides an estimate for the inferred accuracy for the laboratory measurements.\n\n- wosis_202312_sites.tsv: This file characterizes the site location where profiles were sampled.\n\n- wosis_2023112_profiles: Presents the unique profile ID (i.e. primary key), site_id, source of the data, country ISO code and name, positional uncertainty, latitude and longitude (WGS 1984), maximum depth of soil described and sampled, as well as information on the soil classification system and edition. Depending on the soil classification system used, the number of fields will vary .\n\n- wosis_202312_layers: This file characterises the layers (or horizons) per profile, and lists their upper and lower depths (cm). \n\n- wosis_202312_xxxx.tsv : This type of file presents results for each observation (e.g. \u201cxxxx\u201d = \u201cBDFIOD\u201d ), as defined under \u201ccode\u201d in file wosis_202312_observation.tsv. (e.g. wosis_202311_bdfiod.tsv). \n\n- wosis_202312.gpkg: Contains the above datafiles in GeoPackage format (which stores the files within an SQLite database).\n\n\nHOW TO READ TSV FILES INTO R  AND PYTHON:\n\nA) To read the data in R, please uncompress the ZIP file and specify the uncompressed folder. \n\nsetwd(\"/YourFolder/WoSIS_2023_December/\")       ## For example: setwd('D:/WoSIS_2023_December/')\n\nThen use read_tsv to read the TSV files, specifying the data types for each column (c = character, i = integer, n = number, d = double, l = logical, f = factor, D = date, T = date time, t = time).\n\nobservations = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_observations.tsv', col_types='cccciid')  \nobservations          ## show columns and first 10 rows    \n\nsites = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_sites.tsv', col_types='iddcccc')\nsites   \n\nprofiles = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_profiles.tsv', col_types='icciccddcccccciccccicccci')\nprofiles \n\nlayers = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_layers.tsv', col_types='iiciciiilcc')\nlayers  \n\n## Do this for each observation 'XXXX', e.g. file 'Wosis_202312_orgc.tsv':\norgc = readr::read_tsv('wosis_202312_orgc.tsv', col_types='iicciilccdccddccccc')   \norgc\n\n\nNote: One may also use the following R code (example is for file 'observations.tsv'):\nobservations <- read.table(\"wosis_202312_observations.tsv\",\n sep = \"\\t\",\n header = TRUE,\n quote = \"\",\n comment.char = \"\",\n stringsAsFactors = FALSE\n )\n\n\nB) To read the files into python first decompress the files to your selected folder.  Then in python: \n\n# import the required library\nimport pandas as pd\n\n# Read the observations data\nobservations = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_observations.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n    # print the data frame header and some rows\n      observations.head()\n\n# Read the sites data\nsites = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_sites.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the profiles data\nprofiles = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_profiles.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the layers data\nlayers = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_layers.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n# Read the soil property data, e.g. 'cfvo' (do this for each observation)\ncfvo = pd.read_csv(\"wosis_202312_cfvo.tsv\", sep=\"\\t\")\n\n\nCITATION:\nCalisto, L., de Sousa, L.M., Batjes, N.H., 2023. Standardised soil profile data for the world (WoSIS snapshot \u2013 December 2023), https://doi.org/10.17027/isric-wdcsoils-20231130\n\nSupplement to:\nBatjes N.H., Calisto, L. and de Sousa L.M., 2023. Providing quality-assessed and standardised soil data to support global mapping and modelling (WoSIS snapshot 2023). Earth System Science Data,  https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024.", "formats": [{"name": "TSV and Geopackage"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "cation exchange capacity", "soil classification", "coarse fragments", "clay", "effective cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "organic carbon", "pH", "sand", "silt", "calcium carbonate", "texture", "soil profiles", "water retention", "total nitrogen", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Luis Calisto", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Database expert", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.calisto@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Luis M. de Sousa", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Geoinformatic", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.deSousa@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["P.O. Box 47"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6708 PB", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/wosis_snapshot/WoSIS_2023_December.zip", "name": "Download zipped dataset", "description": "Zip file with the WoSIS December 2023 snapshot", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024", "name": "Scientific paper", "description": "Goes to landing page for ESSD snapshot paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage (FAQ)", "description": "Provides answers to frequently asked questions about WoSIS", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/Readme_WoSIS_202312.pdf", "name": "ReadMe file for 'wosis_snapshot_2023'", "description": "This pdf report describes the 'wosis snapshot 2023' dataset and includes links to guidelines on how to import the TSV files into R resp. Excel.", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--link", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/wosis_latest_2023may.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "name": "item", "description": "e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/e50f84e1-aa5b-49cb-bd6b-cd581232a2ec"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2022-12-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:02:13Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Data from: A tipping-point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen", "description": "unspecifiedTundra ecosystems are global belowground sinks for atmospheric CO2.  Ongoing warming-induced encroachment by shrubs and trees risks turning  this sink into a CO2 source, resulting in a positive feedback on climate  warming. To advance mechanistic understanding of how shifts in mycorrhizal  types affect long-term carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, we studied  small-scale soil depth profiles of fungal communities and C-N dynamics  across a subarctic-alpine forest-heath vegetation gradient. Belowground  organic stocks decreased abruptly at the transition from heath to forest,  linked to the presence of certain tree-associateds ectomycorrhizal fungi  that contribute to decomposition when mining N from organic matter. In  contrast, ericoid mycorrhizal plants and fungi were associated with  organic matter accumulation and slow decomposition. If climatic controls  on arctic-alpine forest lines are relaxed, increased decomposition will  likely outbalance increased plant productivity, decreasing the overall C  sink capacity of displaced tundra.", "keywords": ["C-N dynamics", "ectomycorrhizal exploration type", "functional genes", "ergosterol", "ITS2 meta-barcoding", "Fungal community", "Arctic greening", "Climate feedback", "15. Life on land", "litter saprotrophs", "mycorrhizal type", "litter bags", "13. Climate action", "soil solution", "FOS: Biological sciences", "soil carbon storage", "quantitative PCR", "soil profiles", "Ectomycorrhizal fungal community", "Ericoid Mycorrhiza", "treeline ecotone"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Clemmensen, Karina E, Durling, Mikael B, Michelsen, Anders, Hallin, Sara, Finlay, Roger D, Lindahl, Bj\u00f6rn D,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "name": "item", "description": "10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5061/dryad.79cnp5htw"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-02-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.15593990", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:03:43Z", "type": "Report", "title": "An Open Compendium of Soil Datasets: Soil Observations and Measurements", "description": "This is a public compendium of global, regional, national and sub-national\u00a0soil samples\u00a0and/or\u00a0soil profile\u00a0datasets (points with Observations and Measurements of soil properties and characteristics). Datasets listed here, assuming compatible open license, are afterwards imported into the\u00a0Global compilation of soil chemical and physical properties and soil classes\u00a0and eventually used to create a better open soil information across countries. Please feel free to contribute entries. See\u00a0GitHub repository\u00a0for more detailed instructions.  To see the most up-to-date version of this compendium please visit: https://soildb.OpenLandMap.org/", "keywords": ["soil samples", "soil profiles", "15. Life on land", "soil spectroscopy", "soil mapping"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Hengl, T., Gupta, Surya,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15593990"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.15593990", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.15593990", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.15593990"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-06-04T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.7876731", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:04:16Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Revised database of the Soil Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean, SISLAC version 1.2", "description": "The SISLAC_database version 1.2 contains the revised version of the SISLAC database in comma-separated values (csv) format. This database was reviewed and the inconsistencies found in the profiles and in the description of their horizons were corrected. The key field between both tables is the profile identifier, column <strong><em>profile_id</em></strong>.", "keywords": ["Soil Organic Carbon", "soil profiles", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D\u00edaz-Guadarrama, Sergio, Guevara, Mario,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7876731"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.7876731", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.7876731", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.7876731"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2023-04-28T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.6540710", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:04:05Z", "type": "Dataset", "title": "Revised database of the Soil Information System of Latin America and the Caribbean, SISLAC", "description": "This dataset contains the revised version of the SISLAC database in three formats: comma-separated values (.csv), microsoft access (.mdb) and PostGIS database (.backup). This database was reviewed and the inconsistencies found in the profiles and in the description of their horizons were corrected. Consists of two tables, one for the description of the profiles and the other with the description of the horizons and their properties. The key field between both tables is the profile identifier, column <strong><em>profile_id</em></strong>.", "keywords": ["organic carbon", "soil profiles", "15. Life on land"], "contacts": [{"organization": "D\u00edaz-Guadarrama, Sergio, Guevara, Mario,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6540710"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.6540710", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.6540710", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.6540710"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.7910/DVN/1PEEY0", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-31T07:05:01Z", "type": "Dataset", "created": "2015-09-30", "title": "Global High-Resolution Soil Profile Database for Crop Modeling Applications", "description": "One of the obstacles in applying advanced crop simulation models such as DSSAT at a grid-based platform is the lack of gridded soil input data at various resolutions. Recently, there has been many efforts in scientific communities to develop spatially continuous soil database across the globe. The most representative example is the SoilGrids 1km released by ISRIC in 2014. In addition recent AfSIS project put a lot of efforts to develop more accurate soil database in Africa at high spatial resolution. Taking advantage of those two available high resolution soil databases (SoilGrids 1km and ISRIC-AfSIS at 1km resolution), this project aims to develop a set of DSSAT compatible soil profiles on 5 arc-minute grid (which is HarvestChoice\u2019s standard grid). Six soil properties (bulk density, organic carbon, percentage of clay and silt, soil pH and cation exchange capacity) available from the original SoilGrids 1km or ISRIC-AfSIS were directly used as DSSAT inputs. We applied a pedo-transfer function to derive some soil hydraulic properties (saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water content at field capacity, wilting point and saturation) which are critical to simulate crop growth. For other required variables, HarvestChoice\u2019s HC27 database are used as a reference. Final outputs are provided in *.SOL file format (DSSAT soil database) for each country at 5-min resolution. In addition, uncertainty maps for organic carbon and soil water content at wilting points at the top 15 cm soil layers were generated to provide brief idea about accuracy of the final products. The generated soil properties were evaluated by visualizing their global maps and by comparing them with IIASA-IFPRI cropland map and AfSIS-GYGA\u2019s available water content maps.", "keywords": ["Computer and Information Science", "Agricultural Sciences", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "soil profiles", "crop modelling"], "contacts": [{"organization": "International Research Institute For Climate And Society (IRI), Michigan State University (MSU), HarvestChoice, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI),", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1PEEY0"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.7910/DVN/1PEEY0", "name": "item", "description": "10.7910/DVN/1PEEY0", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.7910/DVN/1PEEY0"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2015-10-15T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-157.9, -38.8], [-157.9, 29.1], [175.9, 29.1], [175.9, -38.8], [-157.9, -38.8]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Australia"}, {"id": "Bangladesh"}, {"id": "Belize"}, {"id": "Benin"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Cameroon"}, {"id": "China"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Dominican Republic"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "Egypt"}, {"id": "El Salvador"}, {"id": "French Guiana"}, {"id": "Guadeloupe"}, {"id": "Honduras"}, {"id": "Hong Kong"}, {"id": "India"}, {"id": "Indonesia"}, {"id": "Madagascar"}, {"id": "Malaysia"}, {"id": "Mexico"}, {"id": "Micronesia"}, {"id": "Mozambique"}, {"id": "New Zealand"}, {"id": "Nigeria"}, {"id": "Palau"}, {"id": "Panama"}, {"id": "Philippines"}, {"id": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"id": "Singapore"}, {"id": "South Africa"}, {"id": "Sri Lanka"}, {"id": "Taiwan"}, {"id": "Thailand"}, {"id": "United States"}, {"id": "Vietnam"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2024-11-27T10:08:58", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Global mangrove soil carbon: dataset and spatial maps", "description": "Model outputs were updated on Dec 20, 2017. This project used a machine learning data-driven model to predict the distribution of soil carbon under mangrove forests globally. Specifically this dataset contains: 1) a compilation of georeferenced and harmonized soil profile data under mangroves compiled from literature, reports and unpublished contributions 2) global mosaics of soil carbon stocks to 1m and 2m depths produced at 100 m resolution 3) tiled predictions of soil carbon stocks produced at 30 m resolution 4) shape file containing the tiling system 5) shape file containing country boundaries used for calculating national level statistics.\nFor detailed methodologies, please see the scientific paper (https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c).", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["carbon", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Australia", "Bangladesh", "Belize", "Benin", "Brazil", "Cameroon", "China", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Dominican Republic", "Ecuador", "Egypt", "El Salvador", "French Guiana", "Guadeloupe", "Honduras", "Hong Kong", "India", "Indonesia", "Madagascar", "Malaysia", "Mexico", "Micronesia", "Mozambique", "New Zealand", "Nigeria", "Palau", "Panama", "Philippines", "Saudi Arabia", "Singapore", "South Africa", "Sri Lanka", "Taiwan", "Thailand", "United States", "Vietnam"], "contacts": [{"name": "Jonathan Sanderman", "organization": "Woods Hole Research Centre", "position": "Associate scientist", "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "jsanderman@whrc.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": "Falmouth, Massachusetts", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "MA 02540", "country": "United States of America"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Tom Hengl", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Former staff", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "distancevalue": "30", "distanceuom": "m"}, "links": [{"href": "https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/OCYUIT", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aabe1c", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/other/WD-Mangroves.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "name": "item", "description": "31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/31769934-038c-4873-ab14-4b6b66531103"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1969-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2015-09-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "10261/392191", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:05:16Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2025-02-25", "title": "Herbicide and metabolite mobility in soil profiles under conventional tillage and non-tillage: A two-year comparative field experiment", "description": "A two-year field experiment was conducted to compare the impact of conventional tillage (CT) and non-tillage (NT) on the mobility in two soils (S1 and S2) of the herbicides S-metolachlor (SMOC), foramsulfuron (FORAM), and thiencarbazone-methyl (TCM), and the formation of their main metabolites. Herbicide and metabolite distribution through the soil profiles (0-50\u00a0cm) was determined over two maize cycles. After the first application, the mobility of SMOC and TCM was similar under CT conditions, with higher concentrations in S2\u00a0+\u00a0CT topsoil than in S1\u00a0+\u00a0CT due to the higher organic carbon content in S2 and its retention ability, while both herbicides were detected in the entire S1\u00a0+\u00a0CT profile over time. Under NT management, partial interception by the mulch during application reduced the amount of herbicides that initially reached the topsoil, modifying their mobility dynamics. SMOC and TCM properties facilitated their transport through the soil profile, favoured by the irrigation applied shortly after their application. The total SMOC and TCM balance in S1 and S2 profiles revealed possible leaching below 50\u00a0cm, especially in soils+CT. However, the simultaneous degradation of SMOC and TCM might also occur on the mulch and/or in soil profiles, as indicated by the continuous detection of two SMOC metabolites (ethane sulfonic acid, SMOC-ESA, and oxanilic acid, SMOC-OA) and one TCM metabolite (thiencarbazone, TCM-MET1) throughout the soil profile in all the treatments assayed. FORAM dissipated faster than SMOC and TCM in all the treatments, with a total balance in all the soil profiles <40\u00a0% after 13\u00a0days. The high water solubility and polarity of FORAM might have enhanced its leaching, although its degradation to its two main metabolites was also observed in all cases. The mobility dynamics of the three herbicides in the second experimental period were similar for both soils under CT, but differed in soils under NT compared to the first application, with higher interception by the greater amount of mulch on the soil surface in the second year.", "keywords": ["Conservation agriculture", "Herbicides", "field experimentation", "Metabolite", "Agriculture", "Field experiment", "leaching", "Soil", "herbicides", "conservation agriculture", "Soil profile", "Acetamides", "Leaching", "soil profiles", "Soil Pollutants", "Herbicide", "metabolites", "Environmental Monitoring"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10261/392191"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Science%20of%20The%20Total%20Environment", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10261/392191", "name": "item", "description": "10261/392191", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10261/392191"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2025-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1069afa2-e7ee-4c57-8e5f-06cf489b7623", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[12.1, 41.2], [12.1, 60.0], [41.1, 60.0], [41.1, 41.2], [12.1, 41.2]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Europe"}, {"id": "Eastern Europe"}, {"id": "Central Europe"}, {"id": "Bulgaria"}, {"id": "Czech Republic"}, {"id": "Belarus"}, {"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Moldova"}, {"id": "Poland"}, {"id": "Romania"}, {"id": "Russia"}, {"id": "Slovakia"}, {"id": "Ukraine"}, {"id": "Estonia"}, {"id": "Latvia"}, {"id": "Lithuania"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:16", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "SOTER-based soil parameter estimates (SOTWIS) for Central and Eastern Europe, version 1.0", "description": "This harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Central and Eastern Europe has been derived from a revised version of the 1:2.5M Soil and Terrain (SOTER) Database for Central and Eastern Europe (SOVEUR ver. 1.1) and the ISRIC-WISE soil profile database.\n\nThe land surface of Central and Eastern Europe, West of the Ural Mountains, has been characterized using 8361 unique maps or SOTER units. The corresponding GIS files include some 9500 mapped polygons, including miscellaneous units. The major soils have been described using 662 profiles, selected by national soil experts as being representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. These sources seldom hold all the physical and chemical attributes ideally required by SOTER. Gaps in the measured soil profile data have been filled using a procedure that uses taxotransfer rules, based on about 9600 soil profiles held in the WISE database, complemented with expert-rules. \n\nParameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminium saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments (less than 2 mm), and available water capacity (-33 to -1500 kPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change. \n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure; taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the confidence in the derived data.\n\nResults are presented as summary files and can be linked to the 1:2.5M scale SOVEUR map in a GIS, through the unique SOTER-unit code. The secondary data are considered appropriate for studies at the continental scale (greater than 1:2.5 million); correlation of soil analytical data should be done more rigorously when more detailed scientific work is considered.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Europe", "Eastern Europe", "Central Europe", "Bulgaria", "Czech Republic", "Belarus", "Hungary", "Moldova", "Poland", "Romania", "Russia", "Slovakia", "Ukraine", "Estonia", "Latvia", "Lithuania"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "2500000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/sotwis/SOTWIS_SOVEUR_v1.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/harmonized-continental-soter-derived-database-sotwis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2000_02a.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/sotwis/SOTWIS_SOVEUR_v2.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1069afa2-e7ee-4c57-8e5f-06cf489b7623", "name": "item", "description": "1069afa2-e7ee-4c57-8e5f-06cf489b7623", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1069afa2-e7ee-4c57-8e5f-06cf489b7623"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1930-07-01T00:00:00Z", "1997-09-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "1081ac75-78f7-4db3-b8cc-23b78a3aa769", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-172.5, -38.6], [-172.5, 64.9], [153.1, 64.9], [153.1, -38.6], [-172.5, -38.6]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Australia"}, {"id": "Botswana"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Cameroon"}, {"id": "China"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Cote d Ivoire"}, {"id": "Cuba"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "Finland"}, {"id": "France"}, {"id": "Gabon"}, {"id": "Germany"}, {"id": "Ghana"}, {"id": "Greece"}, {"id": "Hungary"}, {"id": "Spain"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:10", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "A Globally Distributed Soil Spectral Library Visible Near Infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectra", "description": "The ICRAF-ISRIC Soil VNIR Spectral Library contains visible near infrared spectra of 4,438 soils selected from the Soil Information System (ISIS) of the International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC). The samples consist of all physically archived samples at ISRIC in 2004 for which soil attribute data was available. The spectra were measured at the World Agroforestry Center's (ICRAF) Soil and Plant Spectral Diagnostic Laboratory. The samples are from 58 countries spanning Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Associated attribute data, such as geographical coordinates, horizon (depth), and physical and chemical properties, are provided in a single relational database. The purpose of the library is to provide a resource for research and applications for sensing soil quality both in the laboratory and from space.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["soil profiles", "colour", "moisture", "texture", "spectroscopy data", "Soil science", "Australia", "Botswana", "Brazil", "Cameroon", "China", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Cote d Ivoire", "Cuba", "Ecuador", "Finland", "France", "Gabon", "Germany", "Ghana", "Greece", "Hungary", "Spain"], "contacts": [{"name": "Keith Shepherd", "organization": "World Agroforestry Centre", "position": "Senior scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "afsis.info@africasoils.net"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 30677"], "city": "Nairobi", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00100", "country": "Kenya"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Stephan Mantel", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Sustainable land management", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "stephan.mantel@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/other/", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/explore/ISRIC-collections", "name": "Project webpage ISRIC", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sd/landhealth/soil-plant-spectral-diagnostics-laboratory/soil-spectra-library", "name": "Project webpage ICRAF", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "http://worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/Description_ICRAF-ISRIC%20Soil%20VNIR%20Spectral%20Library.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/other/ICRAF-ISRICVNIRSoilDatabase.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1081ac75-78f7-4db3-b8cc-23b78a3aa769", "name": "item", "description": "1081ac75-78f7-4db3-b8cc-23b78a3aa769", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1081ac75-78f7-4db3-b8cc-23b78a3aa769"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1996-11-01T00:00:00Z", "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "1a8f1290-f75a-4c86-bf7a-7b44d03089c3", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Licenced per profile, as specified by data provider and indicated in the data", "updated": "2024-11-26T15:42:30", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS latest - Silt total", "description": "X to Y mm fraction of the fine earth fraction*; Y as specified in the analytical method description (e.g. Y = 0.05 mm) (g/100g).\n       \nWoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts).\n\nBeing dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required.\n\nStatic snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024.\n\nFor general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}, {"name": "OGC:WFS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["silt", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Luis de Sousa", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.desousa@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Luis Calisto", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Database Expert", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.calisto@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/wosis_latest.map", "name": ":wosis_latest_silt", "description": "WoSIS latest - 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The samples consist of all physically archived samples at ISRIC in 2004 for which soil attribute data was available. The spectra were measured at the World Agroforestry Center's (ICRAF) Soil and Plant Spectral Diagnostic Laboratory. The samples are from 58 countries spanning Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Associated attribute data, such as geographical coordinates, horizon (depth), and physical and chemical properties, are provided in a single relational database. The purpose of the library is to provide a resource for research and applications for sensing soil quality both in the laboratory and from space", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["soil profiles", "colour", "moisture", "texture", "spectroscopy data", "Soil science", "Australia", "Botswana", "Brazil", "Cameroon", "China", "Colombia", "Costa Rica", "Cote d Ivoire", "Cuba", "Ecuador", "Finland", "France", "Gabon", "Germany", "Ghana", "Greece", "Hungary", "Spain"], "contacts": [{"name": "Keith Shepherd", "organization": "World Agroforestry Centre", "position": "Senior scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "afsis.info@africasoils.net"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 30677"], "city": "Nairobi", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "00100", "country": "Kenya"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Stephan Mantel", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Sustainable land management", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "stephan.mantel@wur.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/other/", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/explore/ISRIC-collections", "name": "Project webpage ISRIC", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.worldagroforestry.org/sd/landhealth/soil-plant-spectral-diagnostics-laboratory/soil-spectra-library", "name": "Project webpage ICRAF", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "http://worldagroforestry.org/sites/default/files/Description_ICRAF-ISRIC%20Soil%20VNIR%20Spectral%20Library.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/other/ICRAF-ISRICVNIRSoilDatabase.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1b65024a-cd9f-11e9-a8f9-a0481ca9e724", "name": "item", "description": "1b65024a-cd9f-11e9-a8f9-a0481ca9e724", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1b65024a-cd9f-11e9-a8f9-a0481ca9e724"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1996-11-01T00:00:00Z", "2006-11-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "1e25bd5b-81d4-4b41-a3a5-2368d4f1f617", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Licenced per profile, as specified by data provider and indicated in the data", "updated": "2024-11-26T15:18:59", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS latest - Water retention gravimetric - 6 kPa", "description": "Soil moisture content by weight, at tension 6 kPa (pF 1.8) (g/100g).\n       \nWoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts).\n\nBeing dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required.\n\nStatic snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024.\n\nFor general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}, {"name": "OGC:WFS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["water retention", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Luis de Sousa", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.desousa@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Luis Calisto", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Database Expert", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.calisto@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/wosis_latest.map", "name": ":wosis_latest_wg0006", "description": "WoSIS latest - Water retention gravimetric - 6 kPa", "protocol": "OGC:WFS", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/wosis_latest.map", "name": "wosis_latest_wg0006", "description": "WoSIS latest - Water retention gravimetric - 6 kPa", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.isric.org/geonetwork/srv/api/records/1e25bd5b-81d4-4b41-a3a5-2368d4f1f617/attachments/WoSIS%20latest%20-%20Water%20retention%20gravimetric%20-%206%20kPa.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1e25bd5b-81d4-4b41-a3a5-2368d4f1f617", "name": "item", "description": "1e25bd5b-81d4-4b41-a3a5-2368d4f1f617", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1e25bd5b-81d4-4b41-a3a5-2368d4f1f617"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2013-02-12T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "20.500.11755/fc59f818-7a90-4dbf-89a4-a82403789e1e", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-05-31T07:05:54Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2024-03-16", "title": "Depth\u2010dependent responses of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition", "description": "Abstract<p>Emerging evidence points out that the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to nitrogen (N) addition differ along the soil profile, highlighting the importance of synthesizing results from different soil layers. Here, using a global meta\uffe2\uff80\uff90analysis, we found that N addition significantly enhanced topsoil (0\uffe2\uff80\uff9330\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) SOC by 3.7% (\uffc2\uffb11.4%) in forests and grasslands. In contrast, SOC in the subsoil (30\uffe2\uff80\uff93100\uffe2\uff80\uff89cm) initially increased with N addition but decreased over time. The model selection analysis revealed that experimental duration and vegetation type are among the most important predictors across a wide range of climatic, environmental, and edaphic variables. The contrasting responses of SOC to N addition indicate the importance of considering deep soil layers, particularly for long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term continuous N deposition. Finally, the lack of depth\uffe2\uff80\uff90dependent SOC responses to N addition in experimental and modeling frameworks has likely resulted in the overestimation of changes in SOC storage under enhanced N deposition.</p", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "Carbon Sequestration", "China", "Nitrogen", "nitrogen addition duration", "carbon cycle\u2013climate feedbacks", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "Carbon", "Soil", "soil carbon sequestration", "13. Climate action", "soil profiles", "carbon losses"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.11755/fc59f818-7a90-4dbf-89a4-a82403789e1e"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.11755/fc59f818-7a90-4dbf-89a4-a82403789e1e", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.11755/fc59f818-7a90-4dbf-89a4-a82403789e1e", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.11755/fc59f818-7a90-4dbf-89a4-a82403789e1e"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-03-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "24faf77e-848b-4378-9a84-0f6e03314f1b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Licenced per profile, as specified by data provider and indicated in the data", "updated": "2024-11-26T15:30:04", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS latest - Bulk density whole soil - 33 kPa", "description": "Bulk density of the whole soil including coarse fragments, equilibrated at 33 kPa (kg/dm\u00b3).\n       \nWoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). The source data were shared by a wide range of data providers (see: https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/wosis-contributing-institutions-and-experts).\n\nBeing dynamic, the contents of 'wosis_latest' will change once new point data are acquired, cleansed and standardised, additional soil properties are considered, and/or when possible amendments are required.\n\nStatic snapshots of 'wosis_latest' are released at irregular intervals for consistent citation purposes and to discuss methodological changes; the last snapshot is available at https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024.\n\nFor general information about WoSIS please see the FAQ-page at https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis.", "formats": [{"name": "CSV"}, {"name": "OGC:WFS"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}, {"name": "OGC:WMS"}], "keywords": ["bulk density", "soil profiles", "Soil science", "Global"], "contacts": [{"name": "Luis de Sousa", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Guest researcher", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.deSousa@isric.nl"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Data infodesk", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["pointOfContact"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "data@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": [null], "city": null, "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": null, "country": null}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Luis Calisto", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Database Expert", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "luis.calisto@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "100000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/wosis_latest.map", "name": ":wosis_latest_bdws33", "description": "WoSIS latest - Bulk density whole soil - 33 kPa", "protocol": "OGC:WFS", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4735-2024", "name": "Scientific paper", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://www.isric.org/explore/wosis/faq-wosis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://maps.isric.org/mapserv?map=/map/wosis_latest.map", "name": "wosis_latest_bdws33", "description": "WoSIS latest - Bulk density whole soil - 33 kPa", "protocol": "OGC:WMS", "rel": null}, {"href": "https://data.isric.org/geonetwork/srv/api/records/24faf77e-848b-4378-9a84-0f6e03314f1b/attachments/WoSIS%20latest%20-%20Bulk%20density%20whole%20soil%20-%20oven%20dry.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "24faf77e-848b-4378-9a84-0f6e03314f1b", "name": "item", "description": "24faf77e-848b-4378-9a84-0f6e03314f1b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/24faf77e-848b-4378-9a84-0f6e03314f1b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1918-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2013-02-12T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "2b643ef9-4bee-44d4-b50d-5020c9133b8b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-173.2, -78.5], [-173.2, 80.0], [178.5, 80.0], [178.5, -78.5], [-173.2, -78.5]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Global"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "license": "Licenced per profile, as specified by data provider and indicated in the data", "updated": "2024-11-26T15:41:31", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "WoSIS latest - Organic carbon", "description": "Gravimetric content of organic carbon in the fine earth fraction* (g/kg).\n       \nWoSIS_latest is a 'dynamic dataset' that contains the most recent complement of quality-assessed and standardised soil data served from WoSIS (ISRIC World Soil Information Service). 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Each SOTER unit may consist of up to 6 soil components; each of these has been characterized by a representative profile. The main soil units mapped for the region have been characterized using 167 real profiles, selected by soil experts as being regionally representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. \n\nGaps in the measured soil data have been filled using a scheme of using a step-wise procedure that uses taxotransfer rules. These rules were developed using some 5672 soil profiles, held in the ISRIC-WISE database, having similar FAO soil unit names as those reported in the primary SOTERCAF database. \n\nParameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminium saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments (less than 2 mm), and available water capacity (-33 kPa to -1.5 MPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change. \n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure. Taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the possible confidence in the derived data.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Africa", "Central Africa", "Rwanda", "Burundi", "DR of the Congo"], "contacts": [{"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "2000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/sotwis/SOTWIS_CAF.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/projects/harmonized-continental-soter-derived-database-sotwis", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2007_02.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/sotwis/SOTWIS_CAF.jpg", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "348a9bcc-ca7d-4fe9-ad34-42fed0d0bf52", "name": "item", "description": "348a9bcc-ca7d-4fe9-ad34-42fed0d0bf52", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/348a9bcc-ca7d-4fe9-ad34-42fed0d0bf52"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1955-01-01T00:00:00Z", "1992-07-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "3571c1f3-159d-442c-b324-0af53d03f12e", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[11.7, -34.8], [11.7, -1.0], [40.8, -1.0], [40.8, -34.8], [11.7, -34.8]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Africa"}, {"id": "Southern Africa"}, {"id": "Angola"}, {"id": "Botswana"}, {"id": "Lesotho"}, {"id": "Mozambique"}, {"id": "Namibia"}, {"id": "South Africa"}, {"id": "Swaziland"}, {"id": "Tanzania"}, {"id": "Zimbabwe"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2024-04-11T12:43:18", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "Soil and Terrain Database for Southern Africa (SOTERSAF)", "description": "The Soil and Terrain database for Southern Africa (SOTERSAF version 1.0), at scale 1:2 million, include the spatial and soil attribute data for 8 Southern African countries. The SOTERSAF database was compiled using the existing soil information and following the SOTER methodology of the 1:1 million scale with respect to pedon attribute data storage. \n\nThe data (SOTERSAF) were compiled in the framework of the ongoing activities of ISRIC, FAO and UNEP to update the world's baseline information on natural resources in SOTER.The project involved collaboration with national soil institutes from the countries in the region as well as individual experts.", "formats": [{"name": "zip"}, {"name": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download"}, {"name": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related"}], "keywords": ["calcium", "carbon", "cation exchange capacity", "electrical conductivity", "nitrogen", "organic matter", "bulk density", "soil profiles", "pH", "salinity", "texture", "water holding capacity", "nutrients", "Soil science", "Africa", "Southern Africa", "Angola", "Botswana", "Lesotho", "Mozambique", "Namibia", "South Africa", "Swaziland", "Tanzania", "Zimbabwe"], "contacts": [{"name": "J.A. Dijkshoorn", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": null, "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "None"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}, {"name": "Niels Batjes", "organization": "ISRIC - World Soil Information", "position": "Senior Soil Scientist", "roles": ["Author"], "phones": [{"value": null}], "emails": [{"value": "niels.batjes@isric.org"}], "addresses": [{"deliveryPoint": ["PO Box 353"], "city": "Wageningen", "administrativeArea": null, "postalCode": "6700AJ", "country": "Netherlands"}], "links": [{"href": null}]}], "denominator": "2000000"}, "links": [{"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/soter/SAF-SOTER.zip", "name": "Download", "protocol": "WWW:DOWNLOAD-1.0-ftp--download", "rel": "download"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/index.php/projects/soil-and-terrain-soter-database-programme", "name": "Project webpage", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://isric.org/sites/default/files/isric_report_2004_04.pdf", "name": "Report", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--related", "rel": "information"}, {"href": "https://files.isric.org/public/thumbnails/soter/SOTERSAF.png", "name": "preview", "description": "Web image thumbnail (URL)", "protocol": "WWW:LINK-1.0-http--image-thumbnail", "rel": "preview"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "3571c1f3-159d-442c-b324-0af53d03f12e", "name": "item", "description": "3571c1f3-159d-442c-b324-0af53d03f12e", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/3571c1f3-159d-442c-b324-0af53d03f12e"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"interval": ["1951-01-01T00:00:00Z", "2000-11-01T00:00:00Z"]}}, {"id": "3a9ed87d-affc-4f72-aa6e-72db4fefec40", "type": "Feature", "geometry": {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[-118.5, -58.0], [-118.5, 32.7], [-34.8, 32.7], [-34.8, -58.0], [-118.5, -58.0]]]}, "properties": {"themes": [{"concepts": [{"id": "geoscientificInformation"}], "scheme": "https://standards.iso.org/iso/19139/resources/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_TopicCategoryCode"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "Soil science"}], "scheme": "Stratum"}, {"concepts": [{"id": "South America"}, {"id": "Latin America"}, {"id": "Caribbean"}, {"id": "Argentina"}, {"id": "Brazil"}, {"id": "Belize"}, {"id": "Bolivia"}, {"id": "Caribbean Islands"}, {"id": "Chile"}, {"id": "Colombia"}, {"id": "Costa Rica"}, {"id": "Ecuador"}, {"id": "El Salvador"}, {"id": "French Guiana"}, {"id": "Guatemala"}, {"id": "Guiana"}, {"id": "Honduras"}, {"id": "Mexico"}, {"id": "Nicaragua"}, {"id": "Panama"}, {"id": "Paraguay"}, {"id": "Peru"}, {"id": "Suriname"}, {"id": "Uruguay"}, {"id": "Venezuela"}, {"id": "Cuba"}, {"id": "Jamaica"}, {"id": "Dominican Republic"}, {"id": "Haiti"}, {"id": "Trinidad and Tobago"}], "scheme": "Region"}], "updated": "2021-07-14T11:52:05", "type": "Dataset", "language": "eng", "title": "SOTER-based soil parameter estimates (SOTWIS) for Latin America and the Caribbean", "description": "This harmonized set of soil parameter estimates for Latin America and the Caribbean was derived from a revised version of the 1:5M Soil and Terrain Database for the region (SOTERLAC, ver. 2.0) and the ISRIC-WISE soil profile database.\n\nThe land surface of Latin America and the Caribbean has been characterized using 1585 unique SOTER units, corresponding with 5855 polygons. The major soils have been described using 1660 profiles, selected by national soil experts as being representative for these units. The associated soil analytical data have been derived from soil survey reports. These sources seldom hold all the physical and chemical attributes ideally required by SOTER. Gaps in the measured soil profile data have been filled using a step-wise procedure that uses taxotransfer rules, based on about 9600 soil profiles held in the WISE database, complemented with expert-rules.\n\nParameter estimates are presented by soil unit for fixed depth intervals of 0.2 m to 1 m depth for: organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH(H2O), CECsoil, CECclay, base saturation, effective CEC, aluminium saturation, CaCO3 content, gypsum content, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), electrical conductivity of saturated paste (ECe), bulk density, content of sand, silt and clay, content of coarse fragments (less than 2 mm), and available water capacity (-33 to -1500 kPa). These attributes have been identified as being useful for agro-ecological zoning, land evaluation, crop growth simulation, modelling of soil carbon stocks and change, and analyses of global environmental change.\n\nThe current parameter estimates should be seen as best estimates based on the current selection of soil profiles and data clustering procedure. Taxotransfer rules have been flagged to provide an indication of the possible confidence in the derived data. Results are presented as summary files and can be linked to the 1:5M scale SOTERLAC map in a GIS, through the unique SOTER-unit code. The secondary data set is considered appropriate for studies at the continental scale (greater than 1:5M). 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