{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.095", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"license": "Open Access", "updated": "2026-07-28T16:15:59Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2017-03-20", "title": "Hydrothermal treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization as means to valorise agro- and forest-based biomass residues", "description": "The suitability of several abundant but underutilized agro and forest based biomass residues for hydrothermal treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis as well as for hydrothermal carbonization was studied. The selected approaches represent simple biotechnical and thermochemical treatment routes suitable for wet biomass. Based on the results, the hydrothermal pre-treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis seemed to be most suitable for processing of carbohydrate rich corn leaves, corn stover, wheat straw and willow. High content of thermally stable components (i.e. lignin) and low content of ash in the biomass were advantageous for hydrothermal carbonization of grape pomace, coffee cake, Scots pine bark and willow.", "keywords": ["2. Zero hunger", "biomass", "Hydrolysis", "ta220", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "Forests", "15. Life on land", "enzyme hydrolysis", "Lignin", "Zea mays", "01 natural sciences", "7. Clean energy", "hydrothermal carbonization", "hydrothermal treatment", "lignocellulose", "13. 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In this study, the effects of biomass type, pre-carbonization process, and activation method on the properties of ACs were investigated. Chemical (KOH and H3PO4) and physical (CO2) activations were performed on slow pyrolyzed and hydrothermally carbonized (HTC) biochars produced from two feedstocks, willow and Scots pine bark (SPB). In addition, the adsorption capacities of the ACs were tested with two dyes and zinc metal. Distinct differences were found between the biochars and ACs regarding pore size distributions, surface area (238 \uffe2\uff80\uff93 3505 m2 g-1), and surface chemistry. KOH activation produced highly microporous ACs from all biochars, whereas with H3PO4 and CO2 there was also increase in the meso- and macroporosity with the HTC biochars. Adsorption capacity for dyes was dependent on the surface area, while for zinc it depended on AC\uffe2\uff80\uff99s pH. 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