{"type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [{"id": "oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/73202", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:15Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Atribuci\u00f3n-NoComercial 3.0 Espa\u00f1aResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 p ixels ( summarized f rom 8 519 u nique t emperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Microclimate", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., Fern\u00e1ndez Calzado, Mar\u00eda Rosa, Lorite Moreno, Juan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/73202"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/73202", "name": "item", "description": "oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/73202", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:digibug.ugr.es:10481/73202"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_38E93A02220B", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:19Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature.", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, J.J., van den Hoogen, J., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M.B., De Frenne, P., Kemppinen, J., Kopeck\u00fd, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, IMD, Crowther, T.W., Bailey, J.J., Haesen, S., Klinges, D.H., Niittynen, P., Scheffers, B.R., Van Meerbeek, K., Aartsma, P., Abdalaze, O., Abedi, M., Aerts, R., Ahmadian, N., Ahrends, A., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, J.M., Allonsius, C.N., Altman, J., Ammann, C., Andres, C., Andrews, C., Ard\u00f6, J., Arriga, N., Arzac, A., Aschero, V., Assis, R.L., Assmann, J.J., Bader, M.Y., Bahalkeh, K., Baran\u010dok, P., Barrio, I.C., Barros, A., Barthel, M., Basham, E.W., Bauters, M., Bazzichetto, M., Marchesini, L.B., Bell, M.C., Benavides, J.C., Benito Alonso, J.L., Berauer, B.J., Bjerke, J.W., Bj\u00f6rk, R.G., Bj\u00f6rkman, M.P., Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir, K., Blonder, B., Boeckx, P., Boike, J., Bokhorst, S., Brum, BNS, Br\u016fna, J., Buchmann, N., Buysse, P., Camargo, J.L., Campoe, O.C., Candan, O., Canessa, R., Cannone, N., Carbognani, M., Carnicer, J., Casanova-Katny, A., Cesarz, S., Chojnicki, B., Choler, P., Chown, S.L., Cifuentes, E.F., \u010ciliak, M., Contador, T., Convey, P., Cooper, E.J., Cremonese, E., Curasi, S.R., Curtis, R., Cutini, M., Dahlberg, C.J., Daskalova, G.N., de Pablo, M.A., Della Chiesa, S., Dengler, J., Deronde, B., Descombes, P., Di Cecco, V., Di Musciano, M., Dick, J., Dimarco, R.D., Dolezal, J., Dorrepaal, E., Du\u0161ek, J., Eisenhauer, N., Eklundh, L., Erickson, T.E., Erschbamer, B., Eugster, W., Ewers, R.M., Exton, D.A., Fanin, N., Fazlioglu, F., Feigenwinter, I., Fenu, G., Ferlian, O., Fern\u00e1ndez Calzado, M.R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Pascual, E., Finckh, M., Higgens, R.F., Forte, TGW, Freeman, E.C., Frei, E.R., Fuentes-Lillo, E., Garc\u00eda, R.A., Garc\u00eda, M.B., G\u00e9ron, C., Gharun, M., Ghosn, D., Gigauri, K., Gobin, A., Goded, I., Goeckede, M., Gottschall, F., Goulding, K., Govaert, S., Graae, B.J., Greenwood, S., Greiser, C., Grelle, A., Gu\u00e9nard, B., Guglielmin, M., Guillemot, J., Haase, P., Haider, S., Halbritter, A.H., Hamid, M., Hammerle, A., Hampe, A., Haugum, S.V., Hederov\u00e1, L., Heinesch, B., Helfter, C., Hepenstrick, D., Herberich, M., Herbst, M., Hermanutz, L., Hik, D.S., Hoffr\u00e9n, R., Homeier, J., H\u00f6rtnagl, L., H\u00f8ye, T.T., Hrbacek, F., Hylander, K., Iwata, H., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M.A., Jactel, H., J\u00e4rveoja, J., Jastrz\u0119bowski, S., Jentsch, A., Jim\u00e9nez, J.J., J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir, I.S., Jucker, T., Jump, A.S., Juszczak, R., Kanka, R., Ka\u0161par, V., Kazakis, G., Kelly, J., Khuroo, A.A., Klemedtsson, L., Klisz, M., Kljun, N., Knohl, A., Kobler, J., Koll\u00e1r, J., Kotowska, M.M., Kov\u00e1cs, B., Kreyling, J., Lamprecht, A., Lang, S.I., Larson, C., Larson, K., Laska, K., le Maire, G., Leihy, R.I., Lens, L., Liljebladh, B., Lohila, A., Lorite, J., Loubet, B., Lynn, J., Macek, M., Mackenzie, R., Magliulo, E., Maier, R., Malfasi, F., M\u00e1li\u0161, F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_38E93A02220B"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_38E93A02220B", "name": "item", "description": "oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_38E93A02220B", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_38E93A02220B"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10017/50911", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:10Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0&#8211;5 and 5&#8211;15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (&#8722;0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Geology", "Geolog\u00eda", "Microclimate", "15. Life on land", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pablo Hern\u00e1ndez, Miguel \u00c1ngel de", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10017/50911"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10017/50911", "name": "item", "description": "10017/50911", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10017/50911"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10449/74200", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:26Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Microclimate", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/74200/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10449/74200"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10449/74200", "name": "item", "description": "10449/74200", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10449/74200"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10481/73202", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:27Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Atribuci\u00f3n-NoComercial 3.0 Espa\u00f1aResearch in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 p ixels ( summarized f rom 8 519 u nique t emperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Microclimate", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., Fern\u00e1ndez Calzado, Mar\u00eda Rosa, Lorite Moreno, Juan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10481/73202"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10481/73202", "name": "item", "description": "10481/73202", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10481/73202"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-03-08T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "11584/332967", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:40Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2&nbsp;m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315&nbsp;cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts J. J., van den Hoogen J., Aalto J., Ashcroft M. B., De Frenne P., Kemppinen J., Kopecky M., Luoto M., Maclean I. M. D., Crowther T. W., Bailey J. J., Haesen S., Klinges D. H., Niittynen P., Scheffers B. R., Van Meerbeek K., Aartsma P., Abdalaze O., Abedi M., Aerts R., Ahmadian N., Ahrends A., Alatalo J. M., Alexander J. M., Allonsius C. N., Altman J., Ammann C., Andres C., Andrews C., Ardo J., Arriga N., Arzac A., Aschero V., Assis R. L., Assmann J. J., Bader M. Y., Bahalkeh K., Barancok P., Barrio I. C., Barros A., Barthel M., Basham E. W., Bauters M., Bazzichetto M., Marchesini L. B., Bell M. C., Benavides J. C., Benito Alonso J. L., Berauer B. J., Bjerke J. W., Bjork R. G., Bjorkman M. P., Bjornsdottir K., Blonder B., Boeckx P., Boike J., Bokhorst S., Brum B. N. S., Bruna J., Buchmann N., Buysse P., Camargo J. L., Campoe O. C., Candan O., Canessa R., Cannone N., Carbognani M., Carnicer J., Casanova-Katny A., Cesarz S., Chojnicki B., Choler P., Chown S. L., Cifuentes E. F., Ciliak M., Contador T., Convey P., Cooper E. J., Cremonese E., Curasi S. R., Curtis R., Cutini M., Dahlberg C. J., Daskalova G. N., de Pablo M. A., Della Chiesa S., Dengler J., Deronde B., Descombes P., Di Cecco V., Di Musciano M., Dick J., Dimarco R. D., Dolezal J., Dorrepaal E., Dusek J., Eisenhauer N., Eklundh L., Erickson T. E., Erschbamer B., Eugster W., Ewers R. M., Exton D. A., Fanin N., Fazlioglu F., Feigenwinter I., Fenu G., Ferlian O., Fernandez Calzado M. R., Fernandez-Pascual E., Finckh M., Higgens R. F., Forte T. G. W., Freeman E. C., Frei E. R., Fuentes-Lillo E., Garcia R. A., Garcia M. B., Geron C., Gharun M., Ghosn D., Gigauri K., Gobin A., Goded I., Goeckede M., Gottschall F., Goulding K., Govaert S., Graae B. J., Greenwood S., Greiser C., Grelle A., Guenard B., Guglielmin M., Guillemot J., Haase P., Haider S., Halbritter A. H., Hamid M., Hammerle A., Hampe A., Haugum S. V., Hederova L., Heinesch B., Helfter C., Hepenstrick D., Herberich M., Herbst M., Hermanutz L., Hik D. S., Hoffren R., Homeier J., Hortnagl L., Hoye T. T., Hrbacek F., Hylander K., Iwata H., Jackowicz-Korczynski M. A., Jactel H., Jarveoja J., Jastrzebowski S., Jentsch A., Jimenez J. J., Jonsdottir I. S., Jucker T., Jump A. S., Juszczak R., Kanka R., Kaspar V., Kazakis G., Kelly J., Khuroo A. A., Klemedtsson L., Klisz M., Kljun N., Knohl A., Kobler J., Kollar J., Kotowska M. M., Kovacs B., Kreyling J., Lamprecht A., Lang S. I., Larson C., Larson K., Laska K., le Maire G., Leihy R. I., Lens L., Liljebladh B., Lohila A., Lorite J., Loubet B., Lynn J., Macek M., Mackenzie R., Magliulo E., Maier R., Malfasi F., Malis F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/332967/1/2022_Global_maps_soil_temperature_GlobalChangeBiology.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/11584/332967"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "11584/332967", "name": "item", "description": "11584/332967", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/11584/332967"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:43Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "weather stations", "microclimate", "Climate Science", "Klimatvetenskap"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Larson, Keith, Sarneel, Judith M., Walz, Josefine, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "name": "item", "description": "1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1295b9994deae0387c2be67c1d753988"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1854/LU-8743335", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:49Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km(2) resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km(2) pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10 degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 +/- 2.3 degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Technology and Engineering", "soil temperature", "Biology and Life Sciences", "soil-dwelling organisms", "SNOW-COVER", "MITIGATION", "MOISTURE", "FOREST", "weather stations", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "PERMAFROST", "near-surface temperatures", "PLANT-RESPONSES", "bioclimatic variables", "CLIMATIC CONTROLS", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "temperature offset", "SUITABILITY", "global maps", "MICROCLIMATE", "CBCE", "microclimate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/1854/LU-8743335"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1854/LU-8743335", "name": "item", "description": "1854/LU-8743335", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1854/LU-8743335"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "1893/33794", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:24:51Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2021-12-30", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Abstract<p>Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2\uffc2\uffa0m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2resolution for 0\uffe2\uff80\uff935 and 5\uffe2\uff80\uff9315\uffc2\uffa0cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1\uffe2\uff80\uff90km2pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse\uffe2\uff80\uff90grained air temperature estimates from ERA5\uffe2\uff80\uff90Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium\uffe2\uff80\uff90Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\uffc2\uffb0C (mean\uffc2\uffa0=\uffc2\uffa03.0\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.1\uffc2\uffb0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\uffe2\uff88\uff920.7\uffc2\uffa0\uffc2\uffb1\uffc2\uffa02.3\uffc2\uffb0C). The observed substantial and biome\uffe2\uff80\uff90specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near\uffe2\uff80\uff90surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil\uffe2\uff80\uff90related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.</p", "keywords": ["0106 biological sciences", "Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil", "791", "550", ":Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP]", "VDP::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480", "551", "Q1", "7. Clean energy", "01 natural sciences", "41 Environmental sciences", "Global map", "SDG 13 - Climate Action", "Soil temperature", "MICROCLIMATE", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences", "soil-dwelling organism", "bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations", "weather station", "GB", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_34836", "Geology", "16. Peace & justice", "Settore BIOS-01/C - Botanica ambientale e applicata", "6. Clean water", "Near-surface soil temperature", "international", "[SDE]Environmental Sciences", "551: Geologie und Hydrologie", "Near-surface temperature", "Near-surface temperatures", "soil temperature", "P40 - M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et climatologie", "577", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences", "MITIGATION", "bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology", "12. Responsible consumption", "near-surface temperatures", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology|Climate", "bioclimatic variables", "Bioclimatic variables", "Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA", "temperature offset", "global maps", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1344", "577: \u00d6kologie", "global map", "Biology", "Ecosystem", "Ekologi", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_24894", "Science & Technology", "ddc:550", "9. Industry and infrastructure", "31 Biological sciences", "Biology and Life Sciences", "Microclimate", "06 Biological Sciences", "15. Life on land", "weather stations", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Environmental Sciences|Environmental Monitoring", "900", "cartographie", "microclimate", "Klimatvetenskap", "[SDE] Environmental Sciences", "Biodiversity & Conservation", "05 Environmental Sciences", "Weather stations", "Temperature offset", "Plan_S-Compliant-OA", "Soil", "bepress|Life Sciences", "Geolog\u00eda", "Research Articles", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/570", "changement climatique", "Ecology", "zone climatique", "4. Education", "Temperature", "Biological Sciences", "bioclimatologie", "FOREST", "Weather station", "Chemistry", "Biodiversity Conservation", "Life Sciences & Biomedicine", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics", "Technology and Engineering", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1669", "bioclimatic variable", "Climate Change", "soil-dwelling organisms", "Environmental Sciences & Ecology", "MOISTURE", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "PERMAFROST", "near-surface temperature", "temp\u00e9rature du sol", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology", "SUITABILITY", "G1", "VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480", "Global maps", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_1666", ":Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP]", "Soil-dwelling organisms", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences", "info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550", "r\u00e9chauffement global", "Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_9260", "P30 - Sciences et am\u00e9nagement du sol", "Aquatic Ecology", "Bioclimatic variable", "SNOW-COVER", "Climate Science", "37 Earth sciences", "Climate Action", "bepress|Physical Sciences and Mathematics|Earth Sciences|Soil Science", "[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "Earth sciences", "variation saisonni\u00e8re", "PLANT-RESPONSES", "CLIMATIC CONTROLS", "Soil-dwelling organism", "Settore BIOS-05/A - Ecologia", "13. Climate action", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480", "VDP::Zoology and botany: 480", "[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology", "CBCE", "http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_7197", "Environmental Sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://ray.yorksj.ac.uk/id/eprint/5803/1/20211222_SoilTemp_maps_preformatted.pdf"}, {"href": "http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33794/1/Lembrechts-etal-GCB-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/183991/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/445619/1/prod_462419-doc_189996.pdf"}, {"href": "https://openpub.fmach.it/bitstream/10449/74200/1/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/332967/1/2022_Global_maps_soil_temperature_GlobalChangeBiology.pdf"}, {"href": "https://ricerca.univaq.it/bitstream/11697/178559/2/Global%20Change%20Biology%20-%202022%20-%20Lembrechts%20-%20Global%20maps%20of%20soil%20temperature.pdf"}, {"href": "https://vb.gamtc.lt/object/elaba:126634244/126634244.pdf"}, {"href": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gcb.16060"}, {"href": "https://escholarship.org/content/qt6hg3313z/qt6hg3313z.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/1893/33794"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Global%20Change%20Biology", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "1893/33794", "name": "item", "description": "1893/33794", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/1893/33794"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-03-21T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "20.500.14243/445619", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:05Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "weather stations", "microclimate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.cnr.it/bitstream/20.500.14243/445619/1/prod_462419-doc_189996.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/20.500.14243/445619"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "20.500.14243/445619", "name": "item", "description": "20.500.14243/445619", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/20.500.14243/445619"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "23546339ad735a64e55426484b88fe14", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:25:17Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature.", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Climate Change; Ecosystem; Microclimate; Soil; Temperature; bioclimatic variables; global maps; microclimate; near-surface temperatures; soil temperature; soil-dwelling organisms; temperature offset; weather stations"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, J.J., van den Hoogen, J., Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M.B., De Frenne, P., Kemppinen, J., Kopeck\u00fd, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, IMD, Crowther, T.W., Bailey, J.J., Haesen, S., Klinges, D.H., Niittynen, P., Scheffers, B.R., Van Meerbeek, K., Aartsma, P., Abdalaze, O., Abedi, M., Aerts, R., Ahmadian, N., Ahrends, A., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, J.M., Allonsius, C.N., Altman, J., Ammann, C., Andres, C., Andrews, C., Ard\u00f6, J., Arriga, N., Arzac, A., Aschero, V., Assis, R.L., Assmann, J.J., Bader, M.Y., Bahalkeh, K., Baran\u010dok, P., Barrio, I.C., Barros, A., Barthel, M., Basham, E.W., Bauters, M., Bazzichetto, M., Marchesini, L.B., Bell, M.C., Benavides, J.C., Benito Alonso, J.L., Berauer, B.J., Bjerke, J.W., Bj\u00f6rk, R.G., Bj\u00f6rkman, M.P., Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir, K., Blonder, B., Boeckx, P., Boike, J., Bokhorst, S., Brum, BNS, Br\u016fna, J., Buchmann, N., Buysse, P., Camargo, J.L., Campoe, O.C., Candan, O., Canessa, R., Cannone, N., Carbognani, M., Carnicer, J., Casanova-Katny, A., Cesarz, S., Chojnicki, B., Choler, P., Chown, S.L., Cifuentes, E.F., \u010ciliak, M., Contador, T., Convey, P., Cooper, E.J., Cremonese, E., Curasi, S.R., Curtis, R., Cutini, M., Dahlberg, C.J., Daskalova, G.N., de Pablo, M.A., Della Chiesa, S., Dengler, J., Deronde, B., Descombes, P., Di Cecco, V., Di Musciano, M., Dick, J., Dimarco, R.D., Dolezal, J., Dorrepaal, E., Du\u0161ek, J., Eisenhauer, N., Eklundh, L., Erickson, T.E., Erschbamer, B., Eugster, W., Ewers, R.M., Exton, D.A., Fanin, N., Fazlioglu, F., Feigenwinter, I., Fenu, G., Ferlian, O., Fern\u00e1ndez Calzado, M.R., Fern\u00e1ndez-Pascual, E., Finckh, M., Higgens, R.F., Forte, TGW, Freeman, E.C., Frei, E.R., Fuentes-Lillo, E., Garc\u00eda, R.A., Garc\u00eda, M.B., G\u00e9ron, C., Gharun, M., Ghosn, D., Gigauri, K., Gobin, A., Goded, I., Goeckede, M., Gottschall, F., Goulding, K., Govaert, S., Graae, B.J., Greenwood, S., Greiser, C., Grelle, A., Gu\u00e9nard, B., Guglielmin, M., Guillemot, J., Haase, P., Haider, S., Halbritter, A.H., Hamid, M., Hammerle, A., Hampe, A., Haugum, S.V., Hederov\u00e1, L., Heinesch, B., Helfter, C., Hepenstrick, D., Herberich, M., Herbst, M., Hermanutz, L., Hik, D.S., Hoffr\u00e9n, R., Homeier, J., H\u00f6rtnagl, L., H\u00f8ye, T.T., Hrbacek, F., Hylander, K., Iwata, H., Jackowicz-Korczynski, M.A., Jactel, H., J\u00e4rveoja, J., Jastrz\u0119bowski, S., Jentsch, A., Jim\u00e9nez, J.J., J\u00f3nsd\u00f3ttir, I.S., Jucker, T., Jump, A.S., Juszczak, R., Kanka, R., Ka\u0161par, V., Kazakis, G., Kelly, J., Khuroo, A.A., Klemedtsson, L., Klisz, M., Kljun, N., Knohl, A., Kobler, J., Koll\u00e1r, J., Kotowska, M.M., Kov\u00e1cs, B., Kreyling, J., Lamprecht, A., Lang, S.I., Larson, C., Larson, K., Laska, K., le Maire, G., Leihy, R.I., Lens, L., Liljebladh, B., Lohila, A., Lorite, J., Loubet, B., Lynn, J., Macek, M., Mackenzie, R., Magliulo, E., Maier, R., Malfasi, F., M\u00e1li\u0161, F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/23546339ad735a64e55426484b88fe14"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "23546339ad735a64e55426484b88fe14", "name": "item", "description": "23546339ad735a64e55426484b88fe14", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/23546339ad735a64e55426484b88fe14"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|core_ac_uk__::a26ef428f914921fdee6852647f58483", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:26:17Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km\u00b2 pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u2019s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "13. Climate action", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "15. Life on land", "weather stations", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopeck\u00fd, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Jump, Alistair S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33794/1/Lembrechts-etal-GCB-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/50|core_ac_uk__::a26ef428f914921fdee6852647f58483"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "50|core_ac_uk__::a26ef428f914921fdee6852647f58483", "name": "item", "description": "50|core_ac_uk__::a26ef428f914921fdee6852647f58483", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/50|core_ac_uk__::a26ef428f914921fdee6852647f58483"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|od______3272::ba0a390ff7222134dc20acc64f02e995", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:26:20Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "13. Climate action", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "15. Life on land", "weather stations", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, J. J., Hoogen, J. van den, Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M. B., Frenne, P. de, Kemppinen, J., Kopecky, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, I. M. D., Mu\u00f1oz Rojas, Miriam,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/50|od______3272::ba0a390ff7222134dc20acc64f02e995"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "50|od______3272::ba0a390ff7222134dc20acc64f02e995", "name": "item", "description": "50|od______3272::ba0a390ff7222134dc20acc64f02e995", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/50|od______3272::ba0a390ff7222134dc20acc64f02e995"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-11-11T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|od_______325::2ec7e67709250f86d148c85d898647d7", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:26:21Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2&nbsp;m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15&nbsp;cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["soil temperature", "Ecology", "Climate Change", "Temperature", "soil-dwelling organisms", "Microclimate", "Biological Sciences", "weather stations", "Climate Action", "Soil", "near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "temperature offset", "global maps", "Ecosystem", "microclimate", "Environmental Sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J, Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopeck\u00fd, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya MD, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ard\u00f6, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Baran\u010dok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Alonso, Jos\u00e9 Luis Benito, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Bj\u00f6rk, Robert G, Bj\u00f6rkman, Mats P, Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, B\u00e1rbara NS, Br\u016fna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds, Campoe, Ot\u00e1vio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova\u2010Katny, Ang\u00e9lica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, \u010ciliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, J\u00fcrgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Du\u0161ek, Ji\u0159\u00ed, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/50|od_______325::2ec7e67709250f86d148c85d898647d7"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "50|od_______325::2ec7e67709250f86d148c85d898647d7", "name": "item", "description": "50|od_______325::2ec7e67709250f86d148c85d898647d7", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/50|od_______325::2ec7e67709250f86d148c85d898647d7"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "50|od_______330::f4436e280ea4dbf5c31d9cc8ac41463b", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:26:21Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km(2) resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km(2) pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10 degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 +/- 2.3 degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Technology and Engineering", "soil temperature", "Biology and Life Sciences", "soil-dwelling organisms", "SNOW-COVER", "MITIGATION", "MOISTURE", "FOREST", "weather stations", "LITTER DECOMPOSITION", "PERMAFROST", "near-surface temperatures", "PLANT-RESPONSES", "bioclimatic variables", "CLIMATIC CONTROLS", "Earth and Environmental Sciences", "temperature offset", "SUITABILITY", "global maps", "MICROCLIMATE", "CBCE", "microclimate"]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/50|od_______330::f4436e280ea4dbf5c31d9cc8ac41463b"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "50|od_______330::f4436e280ea4dbf5c31d9cc8ac41463b", "name": "item", "description": "50|od_______330::f4436e280ea4dbf5c31d9cc8ac41463b", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/50|od_______330::f4436e280ea4dbf5c31d9cc8ac41463b"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:idus.us.es:11441/139324", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:17Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "weather stations", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, J. J., Hoogen, J. van den, Aalto, J., Ashcroft, M. B., Frenne, P. de, Kemppinen, J., Kopecky, M., Luoto, M., Maclean, I. M. D., Mu\u00f1oz Rojas, Miriam,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:idus.us.es:11441/139324"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:idus.us.es:11441/139324", "name": "item", "description": "oai:idus.us.es:11441/139324", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:idus.us.es:11441/139324"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:DiVA.org:umu-219790", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:13Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "weather stations", "microclimate", "Climate Science", "Klimatvetenskap"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Larson, Keith, Sarneel, Judith M., Walz, Josefine, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:DiVA.org:umu-219790"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:DiVA.org:umu-219790", "name": "item", "description": "oai:DiVA.org:umu-219790", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:DiVA.org:umu-219790"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/33794", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:16Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km\u00b2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km\u00b2 pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u2019s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "soil temperature", "13. Climate action", "temperature offset", "global maps", "soil-dwelling organisms", "15. Life on land", "weather stations", "microclimate"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopeck\u00fd, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Jump, Alistair S.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/33794/1/Lembrechts-etal-GCB-2022.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/33794"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/33794", "name": "item", "description": "oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/33794", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/33794"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/50911", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:16Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0&#8211;5 and 5&#8211;15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean = 3.0 \u00b1 2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (&#8722;0.7 \u00b1 2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["13. Climate action", "Bioclimatic variables", "Global maps", "Soil temperature", "Temperature offset", "Weather stations", "Geology", "Geolog\u00eda", "Microclimate", "15. Life on land", "Near-surface temperatures", "Soil-dwelling organisms"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Pablo Hern\u00e1ndez, Miguel \u00c1ngel de", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/50911"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/50911", "name": "item", "description": "oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/50911", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:ebuah.uah.es:10017/50911"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2021-12-29T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6hg3313z", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:16Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2&nbsp;m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15&nbsp;cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["soil temperature", "Ecology", "Climate Change", "Temperature", "soil-dwelling organisms", "Microclimate", "Biological Sciences", "weather stations", "Climate Action", "Soil", "near-surface temperatures", "bioclimatic variables", "temperature offset", "global maps", "Ecosystem", "microclimate", "Environmental Sciences"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts, Jonas J, Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopeck\u00fd, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya MD, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ard\u00f6, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Baran\u010dok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Alonso, Jos\u00e9 Luis Benito, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Bj\u00f6rk, Robert G, Bj\u00f6rkman, Mats P, Bj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, B\u00e1rbara NS, Br\u016fna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds, Campoe, Ot\u00e1vio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova\u2010Katny, Ang\u00e9lica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, \u010ciliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, J\u00fcrgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Du\u0161ek, Ji\u0159\u00ed, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6hg3313z"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6hg3313z", "name": "item", "description": "oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6hg3313z", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt6hg3313z"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-05-01T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "oai:iris.unica.it:11584/332967", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-05-23T16:32:17Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Global maps of soil temperature", "description": "Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2&nbsp;m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0\u20135 and 5\u201315&nbsp;cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10\u00b0C (mean&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.1\u00b0C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (\u22120.7&nbsp;\u00b1&nbsp;2.3\u00b0C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.", "keywords": ["Bioclimatic variables; Global maps; Microclimate; Near-surface temperatures; Soil temperature; Soil-dwelling organisms; Temperature offset; Weather stations; Climate change; Temperature; Ecosystem; Soil"], "contacts": [{"organization": "Lembrechts J. J., van den Hoogen J., Aalto J., Ashcroft M. B., De Frenne P., Kemppinen J., Kopecky M., Luoto M., Maclean I. M. D., Crowther T. W., Bailey J. J., Haesen S., Klinges D. H., Niittynen P., Scheffers B. R., Van Meerbeek K., Aartsma P., Abdalaze O., Abedi M., Aerts R., Ahmadian N., Ahrends A., Alatalo J. M., Alexander J. M., Allonsius C. N., Altman J., Ammann C., Andres C., Andrews C., Ardo J., Arriga N., Arzac A., Aschero V., Assis R. L., Assmann J. J., Bader M. Y., Bahalkeh K., Barancok P., Barrio I. C., Barros A., Barthel M., Basham E. W., Bauters M., Bazzichetto M., Marchesini L. B., Bell M. C., Benavides J. C., Benito Alonso J. L., Berauer B. J., Bjerke J. W., Bjork R. G., Bjorkman M. P., Bjornsdottir K., Blonder B., Boeckx P., Boike J., Bokhorst S., Brum B. N. S., Bruna J., Buchmann N., Buysse P., Camargo J. L., Campoe O. C., Candan O., Canessa R., Cannone N., Carbognani M., Carnicer J., Casanova-Katny A., Cesarz S., Chojnicki B., Choler P., Chown S. L., Cifuentes E. F., Ciliak M., Contador T., Convey P., Cooper E. J., Cremonese E., Curasi S. R., Curtis R., Cutini M., Dahlberg C. J., Daskalova G. N., de Pablo M. A., Della Chiesa S., Dengler J., Deronde B., Descombes P., Di Cecco V., Di Musciano M., Dick J., Dimarco R. D., Dolezal J., Dorrepaal E., Dusek J., Eisenhauer N., Eklundh L., Erickson T. E., Erschbamer B., Eugster W., Ewers R. M., Exton D. A., Fanin N., Fazlioglu F., Feigenwinter I., Fenu G., Ferlian O., Fernandez Calzado M. R., Fernandez-Pascual E., Finckh M., Higgens R. F., Forte T. G. W., Freeman E. C., Frei E. R., Fuentes-Lillo E., Garcia R. A., Garcia M. B., Geron C., Gharun M., Ghosn D., Gigauri K., Gobin A., Goded I., Goeckede M., Gottschall F., Goulding K., Govaert S., Graae B. J., Greenwood S., Greiser C., Grelle A., Guenard B., Guglielmin M., Guillemot J., Haase P., Haider S., Halbritter A. H., Hamid M., Hammerle A., Hampe A., Haugum S. V., Hederova L., Heinesch B., Helfter C., Hepenstrick D., Herberich M., Herbst M., Hermanutz L., Hik D. S., Hoffren R., Homeier J., Hortnagl L., Hoye T. T., Hrbacek F., Hylander K., Iwata H., Jackowicz-Korczynski M. A., Jactel H., Jarveoja J., Jastrzebowski S., Jentsch A., Jimenez J. J., Jonsdottir I. S., Jucker T., Jump A. S., Juszczak R., Kanka R., Kaspar V., Kazakis G., Kelly J., Khuroo A. A., Klemedtsson L., Klisz M., Kljun N., Knohl A., Kobler J., Kollar J., Kotowska M. M., Kovacs B., Kreyling J., Lamprecht A., Lang S. I., Larson C., Larson K., Laska K., le Maire G., Leihy R. I., Lens L., Liljebladh B., Lohila A., Lorite J., Loubet B., Lynn J., Macek M., Mackenzie R., Magliulo E., Maier R., Malfasi F., Malis F.,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/332967/1/2022_Global_maps_soil_temperature_GlobalChangeBiology.pdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/oai:iris.unica.it:11584/332967"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "oai:iris.unica.it:11584/332967", "name": "item", "description": "oai:iris.unica.it:11584/332967", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/oai:iris.unica.it:11584/332967"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"}}], "links": [{"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "This document as GeoJSON", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=temperature+offset&f=json", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "alternate", "type": "text/html", "title": "This document as HTML", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=temperature+offset&f=html", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection URL", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"type": "application/geo+json", "rel": "first", "title": "items (first)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=temperature+offset&", "hreflang": "en-US"}, {"rel": "last", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "items (last)", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items?keywords=temperature+offset&offset=21", "hreflang": "en-US"}], "numberMatched": 21, "numberReturned": 21, "distributedFeatures": [], "timeStamp": "2026-05-25T03:58:23.563550Z"}