There is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.In an increasingly GIS\uffe2\uff80\uff90literate world, the availability of quality topographic maps and map databases is critical for the numerous users of spatial data. Particularly governmental agencies, first responders, and utility and transportation services, rely on the completeness and classification correctness of these maps. Estonia has systematically updated its topographic Basic Map in digital form over the past 15 years. An analysis of the Estonian production process in the period 2003\uffe2\uff80\uff902006 provides a useful case study of both error types and error frequencies encountered in topographic mapping. Errors of completeness and classification correctness of topographic features are analyzed at two levels of specificity: in general, across all map sheets, and in detail according to the field\uffe2\uff80\uff90workers who performed the mapping. The structure of errors at the two levels was different by geometry and error types; however, both systematic and individual errors were evident. The systematic errors indicated a need for revision and improvement of the data capture specifications, which was accomplished. The individual errors were addressed by additional training for the field\uffe2\uff80\uff90workers involved.
", "keywords": ["classification correctness", " completeness", " error analysis", " field verification", " topographic mapping", "0211 other engineering and technologies", "02 engineering and technology", "01 natural sciences", "0105 earth and related environmental sciences"]}, "links": [{"href": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/tgis.12257/fullpdf"}, {"href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12257"}, {"rel": "related", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/Transactions%20in%20GIS", "name": "related record", "description": "related record", "type": "application/json"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.1111/tgis.12257", "name": "item", "description": "10.1111/tgis.12257", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.1111/tgis.12257"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2016-12-12T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:23:45Z", "type": "Report", "title": "Methodological guidelines to collect data and assess the costs of Carbon Farming practices and associated MRV", "description": "This report, a deliverable of the MARVIC project, provides methodological guidelines for collecting data and assessing the costs of carbon farming (CF) practices and the associated Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) methodologies. The data collected using these guidelines will serve as critical inputs for economic analyses conducted in Work Package 5 (WP5), supporting tasks such as i) assessing the economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of CF practices and schemes, accounting for MRV costs, ii) informing workshops on MRV systems in Test Cases (TCs), and iii) the evaluation of cost-effective regulatory schemes. They will also provide insight into the trade-offs between the cost and accuracy of the MRV methodologies that will be developed in MARVIC (WP2). This document is intended for scientists and experts in charge of the 26 MARVIC Test Cases across Europe, covering a wide range of Land-Uses and Soil Types (LUSTs), i.e., arable land on mineral soils, grassland on mineral soils, managed peatland, and agroforestry/woody crops. It provides practical guidance for standardized data collection, ensuring consistency and comparability of results. It addresses the definition and assessment of various cost (and revenue) categories induced by the adoption of a carbon farming practice and the implementation of an MRV methodology: operational costs (e.g., fertilizers, seeds, labor), opportunity costs (e.g., foregone revenues), and transaction costs (e.g., time spent to gather information on carbon farming schemes and MRV expenses). MRV costs, as a subset of transaction costs, depend on the type of policy, the precision required by the latter, and the methodology used. The report provides practical examples of CF practice costs calculation (e.g., cover /catch crops agroforestry, and peatland rewetting) and an example of MRV cost (for the French Label Bas Carbon certification framework). These are illustrative examples only, and serve to demonstrate data collection and calculation methodologies. Several options for MRV methodologies will be designed in the frame of the MARVIC project, for the different land use and soil types. Once they are available, WP1 will provide a list and a detailed description of the major MARVIC MRV methodologies, including a breakdown into main steps and potential cost items. This information will be used to draft a simple \u201cMRV cost\u201d spreadsheet to help Test Cases collect data and assess the costs of the relevant MRV methodologies for their specific context. WP2, WP3, and Test Cases will also provide information on the accuracy and uncertainty associated with the measurements, models, and operational processing chain tools used to assess carbon removals. This information will be used in Task 5.1 economic models to assess the present and future economic impacts and cost-effectiveness of CF policies, accounting for MRV costs.", "keywords": ["MRV cost", "Cost-effectiveness", "Accuracy and uncertainty", "Monitoring", " Reporting", " and Verification (MRV)", "Carbon farming"], "contacts": [{"organization": "BAMI\u00c8RE, Laure, LOUHICHI, Kamel, PHOTINODELLIS, Roxane, MAITAH, Mansoor, ELOFSSON, Katarina, HASLER, Berit,", "roles": ["creator"]}]}, "links": [{"href": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14230218"}, {"rel": "self", "type": "application/geo+json", "title": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "name": "item", "description": "10.5281/zenodo.14230218", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main/items/10.5281/zenodo.14230218"}, {"rel": "collection", "type": "application/json", "title": "Collection", "name": "collection", "description": "Collection", "href": "https://repository.soilwise-he.eu/cat/collections/metadata:main"}], "time": {"date": "2024-12-06T00:00:00Z"}}, {"id": "2164/13497", "type": "Feature", "geometry": null, "properties": {"updated": "2026-04-13T16:27:02Z", "type": "Journal Article", "created": "2019-08-30", "title": "How to measure, report and verify soil carbon change to realize the potential of soil carbon sequestration for atmospheric greenhouse gas removal", "description": "AbstractThere is growing international interest in better managing soils to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) content to contribute to climate change mitigation, to enhance resilience to climate change and to underpin food security, through initiatives such as international \uffe2\uff80\uff984p1000\uffe2\uff80\uff99 initiative and the FAO's Global assessment of SOC sequestration potential (GSOCseq) programme. Since SOC content of soils cannot be easily measured, a key barrier to implementing programmes to increase SOC at large scale, is the need for credible and reliable measurement/monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) platforms, both for national reporting and for emissions trading. Without such platforms, investments could be considered risky. In this paper, we review methods and challenges of measuring SOC change directly in soils, before examining some recent novel developments that show promise for quantifying SOC. We describe how repeat soil surveys are used to estimate changes in SOC over time, and how long\uffe2\uff80\uff90term experiments and space\uffe2\uff80\uff90for\uffe2\uff80\uff90time substitution sites can serve as sources of knowledge and can be used to test models, and as potential benchmark sites in global frameworks to estimate SOC change. We briefly consider models that can be used to simulate and project change in SOC and examine the MRV platforms for SOC change already in use in various countries/regions. In the final section, we bring together the various components described in this review, to describe a new vision for a global framework for MRV of SOC change, to support national and international initiatives seeking to effect change in the way we manage our soils.